The high potential of methyl laurate as a recyclable competitor to conventional toxic solvents in [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions

• Ayhan Yıldırım and
• Mustafa Göker

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2389–2415, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.184

• all of the above criteria. For example, it can be synthesized easily and with high efficiency through the biodiesel production process, it can be reused, it is stable under storage conditions, it can be obtained from renewable resources, it is biodegradable, non-flammable etc. It is widely

Calcium waste as a catalyst in the transesterification for demanding esters: scalability perspective

• Anton N. Potorochenko and
• Konstantin S. Rodygin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1520–1527, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.114

• amounts of 1–5 wt %. Keywords: biodiesel; calcium oxide; carbide slag; ester; transesterification; Introduction The ester moiety in molecules is one of the most important functional groups, which is widespread in nature, products of fine organic synthesis, and large-scale chemical manufacturing [1][2][3

• [31][32][33][34], and cosmetic industries [16][17][35][36]. Fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) are of particular interest due to their current use as fuel in vehicles and promising applications [37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. The esters are demanded in large amounts according to available methods for

• applied as a transesterification catalyst for biodiesel production [50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57]. The amount of carbide slag generated is significant because of the many applications in chemistry [58][59][60][61] and industry as a large-tonnage product. Carbide slag was successfully utilized in various

Inductive heating and flow chemistry – a perfect synergy of emerging enabling technologies

• Conrad Kuhwald,
• Sibel Türkhan and
• Andreas Kirschning

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 688–706, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.70

• naturally occurring waste. Two factors that mainly affect the conversion rate of biodiesel are the use of catalysts and the heating process chosen. Inductive heating is applied to improve the pyrolysis of bio-oils, a process used to obtain high quality biofuels. Inductive heating is advantageous in this

A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries

• Guido Gambacorta,
• James S. Sharley and
• Ian R. Baxendale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1181–1312, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.90

Synthetic accesses to biguanide compounds

• Oleksandr Grytsai,
• Cyril Ronco and
• Rachid Benhida

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1001–1040, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.82

• production of biodiesel [5][80], intermediates for triazine synthesis [48], etc. Some derivatives were grafted onto polystyrene resins for catalytic uses [5]. Various solvents and temperatures were used such as hot DMF [5], neat [79], toluene or hexane at 25–100 °C [79]. Generally, higher temperatures seem

An overview on recent advances in the synthesis of sulfonated organic materials, sulfonated silica materials, and sulfonated carbon materials and their catalytic applications in chemical processes

• Hashem Sharghi,
• Pezhman Shiri and
• Mahdi Aberi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2745–2770, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.253

• ; biodiesel synthesis; sulfonated carbon materials; sulfonated industrial and laboratory products; sulfonated organic materials; sulfonated silica materials; Review 1. Introduction Mineral acids (sulfuric acid, sulfonic acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, and boric acid) as homogeneous catalysts were

• triglycerides with methanol, the etherification of isopentene with methanol, the esterification of palm fatty acid distillate with methanol, the dehydration of D-xylose into furfural, the production of ethyl acetate from ethanol and acetic acid, and the transesterification of palm oil with methanol into biodiesel

• isolation of products, very short reaction times (only 10 s), and better yields. The use of glycerol as a starting material is another important advantage because it is the main byproduct in the biodiesel industry and the application of renewable feedstocks for the preparation of suitable chemicals and

Spectroelectrochemical studies on the effect of cations in the alkaline glycerol oxidation reaction over carbon nanotube-supported Pd nanoparticles

• Dennis Hiltrop,
• Steffen Cychy,
• Karina Elumeeva,
• Wolfgang Schuhmann and
• Martin Muhler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1428–1435, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.120

• oxidation. Keywords: cation effect; electrocatalysis; glycerol oxidation; in situ electrochemistry/IR spectroscopy; Introduction The conversion of biomass to biofuels is a promising process for carbon-neutral energy conversion [1]. First-generation biofuels such as bioethanol or biodiesel are produced

Poly(ethylene glycol)s as grinding additives in the mechanochemical preparation of highly functionalized 3,5-disubstituted hydantoins

• Andrea Mascitti,
• Massimiliano Lupacchini,
• Ruben Guerra,
• Ilya Taydakov,
• Lucia Tonucci,
• Nicola d’Alessandro,
• Frederic Lamaty,
• Jean Martinez and
• Evelina Colacino

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 19–25, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.3

• actually produced in very large amount as byproduct from biodiesel synthesis [17]. With this background, 3-ethyl-5-benzylhydantoin (3a) [9] (R1 = CH2Ph and R2 = CH2CH3) was also prepared using solid MeO-PEG-2000-OMe and HO-PEG-3400-OH as additives (Table 2). Using (L)-H-Phe-OMe.HCl as substrate, as a

Electron-transfer-initiated benzoin- and Stetter-like reactions in packed-bed reactors for process intensification

• Anna Zaghi,
• Daniele Ragno,
• Graziano Di Carmine,
• Carmela De Risi,
• Olga Bortolini,
• Pier Paolo Giovannini,
• Giancarlo Fantin and
• Alessandro Massi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2719–2730, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.268

• reaction setup [22][23][24]. An integrated flow system for the synthesis of biodiesel employing an uninterrupted sequence of two fixed-bed reactors packed with a supported acid for esterification of free fatty acids and with an immobilized imidazolidene catalyst for transesterification has been recently

Ionic liquids as transesterification catalysts: applications for the synthesis of linear and cyclic organic carbonates

• Maurizio Selva,
• Alvise Perosa,
• Sandro Guidi and
• Lisa Cattelan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1911–1924, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.181

• an elegant investigation on the model transesterification of ethyl acetate with methanol [9]. The production of biodiesel blends is another sector in which the catalytic transesterification is extensively used. In particular, heterogeneous catalysts including calcium, manganese and zinc oxides as

• ], and iii) the conversion of oils for which lipase was identified as the most suitable enzyme for an innovative and green production of biodiesel [19]. Other catalytic systems: In addition to the above-described catalysts, amines and organometallic derivatives also find applications in the field of

• ) catalysts are achieved by the dispersion of liquid organic salts on highly porous materials, amongst which montmorillonite clays, modified silica, and polystyrene-based solids are the most frequently used [36][37]. Some very recent examples described the production of biodiesel via the transesterification

Biocatalysis for the application of CO₂ as a chemical feedstock

• Apostolos Alissandratos and
• Christopher J. Easton

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2370–2387, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.259

• requirement for arable land [81]. In addition, microalgae have been employed for the production of chemicals as a metabolic end-product of the fixed carbon, with particular emphasis on oils for use as biodiesel feedstock [82]. Cyanobacteria, mainly Synechocystis spp., have proven easier to engineer than their

The synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) using continuous flow chemistry

• Marcus Baumann and
• Ian R. Baxendale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1194–1219, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.134

• . Several working units have been assembled and successfully used for a range of chemistries including hydroformulations, biodiesel and acrylic acid production and large scale polymerisation reactions [109]. Flow manufacturing Whereas the previous applications have demonstrated how flow chemistry can enable

One-step synthesis of pyridines and dihydropyridines in a continuous flow microwave reactor

• Mark C. Bagley,
• Vincenzo Fusillo,
• Robert L. Jenkins,
• M. Caterina Lubinu and
• Christopher Mason

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1957–1968, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.232

• fibre optic temperature measurement [30], to the continuous flow preparation of biodiesel on large scale [31], processing up to 7.2 L min–1, and waxy ester production on pilot scale using a continuous microwave dry-media reactor [32]. The introduction of proprietary instruments capable of carrying out