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Search for "fluorescent dye" in Full Text gives 34 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry.
Come-back of phenanthridine and phenanthridinium derivatives in the 21st century
- Lidija-Marija Tumir,
- Marijana Radić Stojković and
- Ivo Piantanida
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2930–2954, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.312
- bromide was introduced as a part of a heterogenic two-chromophore system, to take advantage of very efficient FRET energy transfer process (77%) from fluorescein to the RNA-intercalated phenanthridinium fluorophore (Figure 8, left) [83]. The resulting fluorescent dye exhibited improved ds-RNA-marker
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: The Grignard-based synthesis of 6-alkyl phenanthridine.
Scheme 2: Radical-mediated synthesis of 6-arylphenanthridine [14].
Scheme 3: A t-BuO• radical-assisted homolytic aromatic substitution mechanism proposed for the conversion of ...
Scheme 4: Synthesis of 5,6-unsubstituted phenanthridine starting from 2-iodobenzyl chloride and aniline [17].
Scheme 5: Phenanthridine synthesis initiated by UV-light irradiation photolysis of acetophenone O-ethoxycarbo...
Scheme 6: PhI(OAc)2-mediated oxidative cyclization of 2-isocyanobiphenyls with CF3SiMe3 [19,20].
Scheme 7: Targeting 6-perfluoroalkylphenanthridines [21,22].
Scheme 8: Easily accessible biphenyl isocyanides reacting under mild conditions (room temp., visible light ir...
Scheme 9: Microwave irradiation of Diels–Alder adduct followed by UV irradiation of dihydrophenanthridines yi...
Scheme 10: A representative palladium catalytic cycle.
Scheme 11: The common Pd-catalyst for the biphenyl conjugation results simultaneously in picolinamide-directed...
Scheme 12: Pd(0)-mediated cyclisation of imidoyl-selenides forming 6-arylphenanthridine derivatives [16]. The inse...
Scheme 13: Palladium-catalysed phenanthridine synthesis.
Scheme 14: Aerobic domino Suzuki coupling combined with Michael addition reaction in the presence of a Pd(OAc)2...
Scheme 15: Rhodium-catalysed alkyne [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions [36].
Scheme 16: The O-acetyloximes derived from 2′-arylacetophenones underwent N–O bond cleavage and intramolecular ...
Scheme 17: C–H arylation with aryl chloride in the presence of a simple diol complex with KOt-Bu (top) [39]; for s...
Scheme 18: The subsequent aza-Claisen rearrangement, ring-closing enyne metathesis and Diels–Alder reaction – ...
Scheme 19: Phenanthridine central-ring cyclisation with simultaneous radical-driven phosphorylation [42].
Scheme 20: Three component reaction yielding the benzo[a]phenanthridine core in excellent yields [44].
Scheme 21: a) Reaction of malononitrile and 1,3-indandione with BEP to form the cyclised DPP products; b) pH c...
Figure 1: Schematic presentation of the intercalative binding mode by the neighbour exclusion principle and i...
Figure 2: Urea and guanidine derivatives of EB with modified DNA interactions [57].
Figure 3: Structure of mono- (3) and bis-biguanide (4) derivative. Fluorescence (y-axis normalised to startin...
Scheme 22: Bis-phenanthridinium derivatives (5–7; inert aliphatic linkers, R = –(CH2)4– or –(CH2)6–): rigidity...
Figure 4: Series of amino acid–phenanthridine building blocks (general structure 10; R = H; Gly) and peptide-...
Figure 5: General structure of 45 bis-ethidium bromide analogues. Reproduced with permission from [69]. Copyright...
Scheme 23: Top: Recognition of poly(U) by 12 and ds-polyAH+ by 13; bottom: Recognition of poly(dA)–poly(dT) by ...
Figure 6: The bis-phenanthridinium–adenine derivative 15 (LEFT) showed selectivity towards complementary UMP;...
Figure 7: The neomycin–methidium conjugate targeting DNA:RNA hybrid structures [80].
Figure 8: Two-colour RNA intercalating probe for cell imaging applications: Left: Chemical structure of EB-fl...
Figure 9: The ethidium bromide nucleosides 17 (top) and 18 (bottom). DNA duplex set 1 and 2 (E = phenanthridi...
Figure 10: Left: various DNA duplexes; DNA1 and DNA2 used to study the impact on the adjacent basepair type on...
Figure 11: Structure of 4,9-DAP derivative 19; Rright: MIAPaCa-2 cells stained with 10 μM 19 after 60 and 120 ...
Figure 12: Examples of naturally occurring phenanthridine analogues.
Specific DNA duplex formation at an artificial lipid bilayer: fluorescence microscopy after Sybr Green I staining
- Emma Werz and
- Helmut Rosemeyer
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2307–2321, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.240
- complexes consisting of various DNA duplexes and the fluorescent dye were studied with respect to the kinetics of their formation as well as to their stability against perfusion. Keywords: artificial lipid bilayers; lipo-oligonucleotide duplexes; nucleic acids; Sybr Green I; Introduction The post
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Chemical formulae and lipo-oligonucleotide sequences.
Figure 2: Schematic illustrations (experiments A–F) of the specific DNA duplex formation at artificial lipid ...
Figure 3: Experimental setup. Schematic drawing of the laser scanning microscope, the optical transparent mic...
Figure 4: Chronological protocol of duplex formation of the lipo-oligonucleotide 4 with the complementary Cy5...
Figure 5: Comparison of the bilayer brightness intensity with either Cy5 (irradiation: 635 nm) or Sybr Green ...
Figure 6: Scheme of a z-scan of a lipid bilayer showing two locations for measurements of the diffusion times...
Figure 7: Experiment B (4 + 6 + SG). Bilayer brightness as function of the various events (addition of oligon...
Figure 8: Experiment D (4 + 9 + SG). Bilayer brightness as function of time and the various events [addition ...
Figure 9: Conceivable geometry of the complex at the bilayer surface (cis compartment).
Figure 10: Experiment E (10 + 6 + SG). Bilayer brightness as a function of time as well as of various events [...
Figure 11: Experiment E (10 + 6 + SG). Bilayer brightness as function of the incubation time (A), of the perfu...
Figure 12: Z-scans of the experiment E before and after the addition of Sybr Green I. A) Z-scan after the addi...
Figure 13: Experiment E in reversed order of component addition; SG + 10 + 6.
Figure 14: Bilayer brightness as a function of perfusion number and incubation periods for the experiment E in...
Figure 15: Bilayer brightness as a function of perfusion number and incubation periods for the experiment F (SG...
Figure 16: Kinetics of the tertiary complex formations of various lipo-DNA/DNA with Sybr Green I during incuba...
Figure 17: Trafficking of a siRNA by a lipophilized DNA.
Figure 18: A) Stage unit of the ‘Ionovation Explorer’ mounted on a standard inverted fluorescence microscope. ...
Design and synthesis of tag-free photoprobes for the identification of the molecular target for CCG-1423, a novel inhibitor of the Rho/MKL1/SRF signaling pathway
- Jessica L. Bell,
- Andrew J. Haak,
- Susan M. Wade,
- Yihan Sun,
- Richard R. Neubig and
- Scott D. Larsen
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 966–973, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.111
- , click ligation of a fluorescent dye, and gel electrophoresis revealed specific labeling of a single 24 kDa band that could be blocked with an active competitor. Future work will focus on identifying the labeled protein(s). Keywords: CCG-1423; click ligation; photoaffinity labeling; Rho pathway
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Structures of lead Rho/MKL1/SRF inhibitor 1 and conformationally restricted analogue 2.
Figure 2: Strategy for tag-free photolabeling in whole cells (PG = photoactivatable group, TAG = fluorescent ...
Scheme 1: General synthesis of model benzophenone probes.
Scheme 2: Synthesis of aryl azide model probe 14.
Scheme 3: Synthesis of benzophenone photoaffinity probe 19.
Scheme 4: Synthesis of benzophenone photoaffinity probe 24.
Scheme 5: Synthesis of aryl azide photoaffinity probes.
Figure 3: Photoprobe 24 (CCG-206559) retains biological activity to block prostate cancer migration. A. Cellu...
Figure 4: Structure of the competitor used in the photolabeling experiment.
Figure 5: SDS-PAGE gel of photolabeling experiment in whole PC-3 cells. Lane 1 contains 0.3 µM 24 after 30 mi...
Superstructures of fluorescent cyclodextrin via click-reaction
- Arkadius Maciollek,
- Helmut Ritter and
- Rainer Beckert
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 827–831, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.94
- the elongated noncovalent polymeric structures collapse. Keywords: fluorescent dye; cyclodextrins; host–guest interaction; supramolecular polymer; Introduction Most small heterocyclic molecules show low fluorescence. However, as we reported earlier, substituted 4-hydroxythiazoles have a high
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Synthesis of fluorescent cyclodextrin 3 by click-chemistry.
Figure 1: 1H NMR-ROESY spectrum of the modified CD 3.
Figure 2: UV–vis spectrum of 3 (4 × 10−4 M) with and without a 10-fold excess of potassium adamantane-1-carbo...
Figure 3: Fluorescence spectrum of 3 (4 × 10−4 M) with and without a 10-fold excess of 1-adamantanecarboxylic...
Figure 4: DLS measurement of 3 with and without a 10-fold excess of potassium adamantane-1-carboxylate; black...
Figure 5: AF4 elution diagram of 3.
Expeditious, mechanochemical synthesis of BODIPY dyes
- Laramie P. Jameson and
- Sergei V. Dzyuba
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 786–790, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.89
- pestle and mortar, with yields that are comparable to those obtained via traditional routes that typically require reaction times of several hours to days. Keywords: BODIPY; condensation; fluorescent dye; mechanochemistry; solvent-free; Introduction BODIPY dyes are fluorescent organic molecules, which
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Literature preparations of symmetric, meso-substituted BODIPY dyes.
Scheme 2: Expeditious synthesis of dye 1.
Scheme 3: 5-minute synthesis of dyes 8 and 9.
Scheme 4: 5-minute synthesis of dye 10.
Design of a novel tryptophan-rich membrane-active antimicrobial peptide from the membrane-proximal region of the HIV glycoprotein, gp41
- Evan F. Haney,
- Leonard T. Nguyen,
- David J. Schibli and
- Hans J. Vogel
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1172–1184, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.130
- micelle-bound form, resulting in the insertion of the Trp side chain into the hydrophobic core of the micelle. Calcein leakage All four peptides were tested for their ability to induce the release of the self-quenching fluorescent dye, calcein, from calcein-encapsulated LUVs [14][15]. All of the peptides
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: (A) Names and sequences of the gp41w-derived peptides. (B) Helical-wheel projections of gp41w, gp41...
Figure 2: (A) Normalized Trp emission spectra of the gp41w derivatives in buffer. The spectra have been norma...
Figure 3: Relative Ksv values calculated for gp41w, gp41w-4R, gp41w-KA and gp41w-FKA in buffer and in the pre...
Figure 4: Percent calcein leakage induced by the gp41 derivatives. Gp41w (blue), gp41w-4R (orange), gp41w-KA ...
Figure 5: DSC thermograms of pure zwitterionic DPPC (left) and anionic DPPG (right) lipid suspensions compare...
Figure 6: Far-UV CD spectra of gp41w and the three derivative peptides. The panel on the left shows the pepti...
Figure 7: NMR solution structure of gp41w-4R, gp41w-KA and gp41w-FKA in the cosolvent mixture. Overlay of the...
Control over molecular motion using the cis–trans photoisomerization of the azo group
- Estíbaliz Merino and
- María Ribagorda
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1071–1090, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.119
- fluorescent dye close to the photoswitch giving rise to a fluorescence change upon isomerization. The introduction of azobenzene-modified biomolecules in zebrafish proved that the photochemistry of azobenzenes was similar in vivo and in vitro, and that appropriate azobenzenes could be stable in vivo for days
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Photoisomerization process of azobenzene.
Figure 2: Representative example of an UV spectrum of an azocompound of the azobenzene type (blue line: trans...
Figure 3: Mechanistic proposals for the isomerization of azobenzenes.
Figure 4: Representation of the photocontrol of a K+ channel in the cellular membrane based on the isomerizat...
Figure 5: (a) MAG interaction with iGluR; (b) photocontrol of the opening of the ion channel by trans–cis iso...
Figure 6: Photocontrol of the structure of the α-helix in the polypeptide azoderivative 2. Reprinted (adapted...
Figure 7: Recognition of a guanidinium ion by a cis,cis-bis-azo derivative 3.
Figure 8: Recognition of cesium ions by cis-azo derivative 4.
Figure 9: Photocontrolled formation of an inclusion complex of cyclodextrin trans-azo 5+6.
Figure 10: Pseudorotaxane-based molecular machine.
Figure 11: Molecular hinge. Reprinted (adapted) with permission from Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 2595–2598. Copyright ...
Figure 12: Molecular threader. Reprinted (adapted) with permission from Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34, 445–455. Cop...
Figure 13: Molecular scissors based on azobenzene 12. Reprinted (adapted) with permission from J. Am. Chem. So...
Figure 14: Molecular pedals. Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature, 2006, 440, 512–515...
Figure 15: Design of nanovehicles based on azo structures. Reprinted (adapted) with permission from Org. Lett. ...
Figure 16: Light-activated mesostructured silica nanoparticles (LAMs).
Figure 17: Molecular lift.
Figure 18: Conformational considerations in mono-ortho-substituted azobenzenes.
Scheme 1: Synthesis and photoisomerization of sulfinyl azobenzenes. Reprinted (adapted) with permission from ...
Figure 19: Photoisomerization of azocompound 22 and its application as a photobase catalyst.
Figure 20: Effect of irradiation with linearly polarized light on azo-LCEs. Reprinted by permission from Macmi...
Figure 21: Chemically and photochemically triggered memory switching cycle of the [2]rotaxane 25.
Figure 22: Unidirectional photoisomerization process of the azobenzene 26.
Miniemulsion polymerization as a versatile tool for the synthesis of functionalized polymers
- Daniel Crespy and
- Katharina Landfester
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 1132–1148, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.130
- markers are suitable for particle–cell interactions and can be followed by LSM and FACS measurements. Thus, polyurethane/urea capsules produced in inverse miniemulsion were used to encapsulate a fluorescent dye with 90% efficiency [119]. Carboxymethylation was performed on the particle surface followed by
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Copolymerization of 2 monomers A and B with different polarities in direct miniemlusions with the d...
Figure 2: Interfacial alternating radical copolymerization between dibutyl maleate and vinyl gluconamide for ...
Figure 3: Chemical structures of the surfmers for radical polymerization in miniemulsions: a: sodium vinylben...
Scheme 1: Synthesis of the macroinitiator for ROMP in direct miniemulsion [71].
Figure 4: Monomers used in ionic miniemulsion polymerization. a: octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane [9,74], b: 1,3,5-tris...
Figure 5: Enzymatic reactions in miniemulsion droplets (reproduced with permission from [91]. Copyright (2003) Wi...
Figure 6: Chemical structure of a: polyaniline (leucoemeraldine), b: polypyrrole, c: poly(ethylene dioxythiop...
Figure 7: Transmission electron micrograph of polyurethane capsules synthesized by interfacial polyaddition i...
Figure 8: Schematics for the polycondensation reaction between hydrophobic alcohols and carboxylic acids surr...
Scheme 2: Polyimide from the reaction performed in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoro...
Figure 9: a: TEM micrograph of the cubic structures, b: proposed mechanism for the production of the nanocube...
Molecular recognition of organic ammonium ions in solution using synthetic receptors
- Andreas Späth and
- Burkhard König
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 32, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.32
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Biologically important amines and quaternary ammonium salts: histamine (1), dopamine (2) and acetyl...
Figure 2: Crown ether 18-crown-6.
Figure 3: Conformations of 18-crown-6 (4) in solvents of different polarity.
Figure 4: Binding topologies of the ammonium ion depending on the crown ring size.
Figure 5: A “pseudorotaxane” structure consisting of 24-crown-8 and a secondary ammonium ion (5); R = Ph.
Figure 6: Typical examples of azacrown ethers, cryptands and related aza macrocycles.
Figure 7: Binding of ammonium to azacrown ethers and cryptands [111-113].
Figure 8: A 19-crown-6-ether with decalino blocking groups (11) and a thiazole-dibenzo-18-crown-6-ether (12).
Figure 9: 1,3-Bis(6-oxopyridazin-1-yl)propane derivatives 13 and 14 by Campayo et al.
Figure 10: Fluorescent azacrown-PET-sensors based on coumarin.
Figure 11: Two different pyridino-cryptands (17 and 18) compared to a pyridino-crown (19); chiral ammonium ion...
Figure 12: Pyridino-18-crown-6 ligand (21), a similar acridino-18-crown-6 ligand (22) and a structurally relat...
Figure 13: Ciral pyridine-azacrown ether receptors 24.
Figure 14: Chiral 15-crown-5 receptors 26 and an analogue 18-crown-6 ligand 27 derived from amino alcohols.
Figure 15: C2-symmetric chiral 18-crown-6 amino alcohol derivatives 28 and related macrocycles.
Figure 16: Macrocycles with diamide-diester groups (30).
Figure 17: C2-symmetric chiral aza-18-crown-6 ethers (31) with phenethylamine residues.
Figure 18: Chiral C-pivot p-methoxy-phenoxy-lariat ethers.
Figure 19: Chiral lariat crown ether 34.
Figure 20: Sucrose-based chiral crown ether receptors 36.
Figure 21: Permethylated fructooligosaccharide 37 showing induced-fit chiral recognition.
Figure 22: Biphenanthryl-18-crown-6 derivative 38.
Figure 23: Chiral lariat crown ethers derived from binol by Fuji et al.
Figure 24: Chiral phenolic crown ether 41 with “aryl chiral barriers” and guest amines.
Figure 25: Chiral bis-crown receptor 43 with a meso-ternaphthalene backbone.
Figure 26: Chromogenic pH-dependent bis-crown chemosensor 44 for diamines.
Figure 27: Triamine guests for binding to receptor 44.
Figure 28: Chiral bis-crown phenolphthalein chemosensors 46.
Figure 29: Crown ether amino acid 47.
Figure 30: Luminescent receptor 48 for bis-alkylammonium guests.
Figure 31: Luminescent CEAA (49a), a bis-CEAA receptor for amino acids (49b) and the structure of lysine bindi...
Figure 32: Luminescent CEAA tripeptide for binding small peptides.
Figure 33: Bis crown ether 51a self assembles co-operatively with C60-ammonium ion 51b.
Figure 34: Triptycene-based macrotricyclic dibenzo-[24]-crown-8 ether host 52 and guests.
Figure 35: Copper imido diacetic acid azacrown receptor 53a and the suggested His-Lys binding motif; a copper ...
Figure 36: Urea (54) and thiourea (55) benzo crown receptor for transport and extraction of amino acids.
Figure 37: Crown pyryliums ion receptors 56 for amino acids.
Figure 38: Ditopic sulfonamide bridged crown ether receptor 57.
Figure 39: Luminescent peptide receptor 58.
Figure 40: Luminescent receptor 59 for the detection of D-glucosamine hydrochloride in water/ethanol and lumin...
Figure 41: Guanidinium azacrown receptor 61 for simple amino acids and ditopic receptor 62 with crown ether an...
Figure 42: Chiral bicyclic guanidinium azacrown receptor 63 and similar receptor 64 for the enantioselective t...
Figure 43: Receptors for zwitterionic species based on luminescent CEAAs.
Figure 44: 1,10-Azacrown ethers with sugar podand arms and the anticancer agent busulfan.
Figure 45: Benzo-18-crown-6 modified β-cyclodextrin 69 and β-cyclodextrin functionalized with diaza-18-crown-6...
Figure 46: Receptors for colorimetric detection of primary and secondary ammonium ions.
Figure 47: Porphyrine-crown-receptors 72.
Figure 48: Porphyrin-crown ether conjugate 73 and fullerene-ammonium ion guest 74.
Figure 49: Calix[4]arene (75a), homooxocalix[4]arene (75b) and resorcin[4]arene (75c) compared (R = H, alkyl c...
Figure 50: Calix[4]arene and ammonium ion guest (R = H, alkyl, OAcyl etc.), possible binding sites; A: co-ordi...
Figure 51: Typical guests for studies with calixarenes and related molecules.
Figure 52: Lower rim modified p-tert-butylcalix[5]arenes 82.
Figure 53: The first example of a water soluble calixarene.
Figure 54: Sulfonated water soluble calix[n]arenes that bind ammonium ions.
Figure 55: Displacement assay for acetylcholine (3) with a sulfonato-calix[6]arene (84b).
Figure 56: Amino acid inclusion in p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene (84a).
Figure 57: Calixarene receptor family 86 with upper and lower rim functionalization.
Figure 58: Calix[6]arenes 87 with one carboxylic acid functionality.
Figure 59: Sulfonated calix[n]arenes with mono-substitution at the lower rim systematically studied on their r...
Figure 60: Cyclotetrachromotropylene host (91) and its binding to lysine (81c).
Figure 61: Calixarenes 92 and 93 with phosphonic acids groups.
Figure 62: Calix[4]arene tetraphosphonic acid (94a) and a double bridged analogue (94b).
Figure 63: Calix[4]arene tetraphosphonic acid ester (92c) for surface recognition experiments.
Figure 64: Calixarene receptors 95 with α-aminophosphonate groups.
Figure 65: A bridged homocalix[3]arene 95 and a distally bridged homocalix[4]crown 96.
Figure 66: Homocalix[3]arene ammonium ion receptor 97a and the Reichardt’s dye (97b) for colorimetric assays.
Figure 67: Chromogenic diazo-bridged calix[4]arene 98.
Figure 68: Calixarene receptor 99 by Huang et al.
Figure 69: Calixarenes 100 reported by Parisi et al.
Figure 70: Guest molecules for inclusion in calixarenes 100: DAP × 2 HCl (101a), APA (101b) and Lys-OMe × 2 HC...
Figure 71: Different N-linked peptido-calixarenes open and with glycol chain bridges.
Figure 72: (S)-1,1′-Bi-2-naphthol calixarene derivative 104 published by Kubo et al.
Figure 73: A chiral ammonium-ion receptor 105 based on the calix[4]arene skeleton.
Figure 74: R-/S-phenylalaninol functionalized calix[6]arenes 106a and 106b.
Figure 75: Capped homocalix[3]arene ammonium ion receptor 107.
Figure 76: Two C3 symmetric capped calix[6]arenes 108 and 109.
Figure 77: Phosphorous-containing rigidified calix[6]arene 110.
Figure 78: Calix[6]azacryptand 111.
Figure 79: Further substituted calix[6]azacryptands 112.
Figure 80: Resorcin[4]arene (75c) and the cavitands (113).
Figure 81: Tetrasulfonatomethylcalix[4]resorcinarene (114).
Figure 82: Resorcin[4]arenes (115a/b) and pyrogallo[4]arenes (115c, 116).
Figure 83: Displacement assay for acetylcholine (3) with tetracyanoresorcin[4]arene (117).
Figure 84: Tetramethoxy resorcinarene mono-crown-5 (118).
Figure 85: Components of a resorcinarene based displacement assay for ammonium ions.
Figure 86: Chiral basket resorcin[4]arenas 121.
Figure 87: Resorcinarenes with deeper cavitand structure (122).
Figure 88: Resorcinarene with partially open deeper cavitand structure (123).
Figure 89: Water-stabilized deep cavitands with partially structure (124, 125).
Figure 90: Charged cavitands 126 for tetralkylammonium ions.
Figure 91: Ditopic calix[4]arene receptor 127 capped with glycol chains.
Figure 92: A calix[5]arene dimer for diammonium salt recognition.
Figure 93: Calixarene parts 92c and 129 for the formation molecular capsules.
Figure 94: Encapsulation of a quaternary ammonium cation by two resorcin[4]arene molecules (NMe4+@[75c]2 × Cl−...
Figure 95: Encapsulation of a quaternary ammonium cation by six resorcin[4]arene molecules (NMe3D+@[130]6 × Cl−...
Figure 96: Structure and schematic of cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6], 131a).
Figure 97: Cyclohexanocucurbit[6]uril (CB′[6], 132) and the guest molecule spermine (133).
Figure 98: α,α,δ,δ-Tetramethylcucurbit[6]uril (134).
Figure 99: Structure of the cucurbituril-phthalhydrazide analogue 135.
Figure 100: Organic cavities for the displacement assay for amine differentiation.
Figure 101: Displacement assay methodology for diammonium- and related guests involving cucurbiturils and some ...
Figure 102: Nor-seco-Cucurbituril (±)-bis-ns-CB[6] (140) and guest molecules.
Figure 103: The cucurbit[6]uril based complexes 141 for chiral discrimination.
Figure 104: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) and its ferrocene guests (142) opposed.
Figure 105: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) guest inclusion and representative guests.
Figure 106: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) binding to succinylcholine (145) and different bis-ammonium and bis-phosphon...
Figure 107: Paraquat-cucurbit[8]uril complex 149.
Figure 108: Gluconuril-based ammonium receptors 150.
Figure 109: Examples of clefts (151a), tweezers (151b, 151c, 151d) and clips (151e).
Figure 110: Kemp’s triacid (152a), on example of Rebek’s receptors (152b) and guests.
Figure 111: Amino acid receptor (154) by Rebek et al.
Figure 112: Hexagonal lattice designed hosts by Bell et al.
Figure 113: Bell’s amidinium receptor (156) and the amidinium ion (157).
Figure 114: Aromatic phosphonic acids.
Figure 115: Xylene phosphonates 159 and 160a/b for recognition of amines and amino alcohols.
Figure 116: Bisphosphonate recognition motif 161 for a colorimetric assay with alizarin complexone (163) for ca...
Figure 117: Bisphosphonate/phosphate clip 164 and bisphosphonate cleft 165.
Figure 118: N-Methylpyrazine 166a, N-methylnicotinamide iodide (166b) and NAD+ (166c).
Figure 119: Bisphosphate cavitands.
Figure 120: Bisphosphonate 167 of Schrader and Finocchiaro.
Figure 121: Tweezer 168 for noradrenaline (80b).
Figure 122: Different tripods and heparin (170).
Figure 123: Squaramide based receptors 172.
Figure 124: Cage like NH4+ receptor 173 of Kim et al.
Figure 125: Ammonium receptors 174 of Chin et al.
Figure 126: 2-Oxazolin-based ammonium receptors 175a–d and 176 by Ahn et al.
Figure 127: Racemic guest molecules 177.
Figure 128: Tripods based on a imidazole containing macrocycle (178) and the guest molecules employed in the st...
Figure 129: Ammonium ion receptor 180.
Figure 130: Tetraoxa[3.3.3.3]paracyclophanes 181 and a cyclophanic tetraester (182).
Figure 131: Peptidic bridged paraquat-cyclophane.
Figure 132: Shape-selective noradrenaline host.
Figure 133: Receptor 185 for binding of noradrenaline on surface layers from Schrader et al.
Figure 134: Tetraphosphonate receptor for binding of noradrenaline.
Figure 135: Tetraphosphonate 187 of Schrader and Finocchiaro.
Figure 136: Zinc-Porphyrin ammonium-ion receptors 188 and 189 of Mizutani et al.
Figure 137: Zinc porphyrin receptor 190.
Figure 138: Zinc porphyrin receptors 191 capable of amino acid binding.
Figure 139: Zinc-porphyrins with amino acid side chains for stereoinduction.
Figure 140: Bis-zinc-bis-porphyrin based on Tröger’s base 193.
Figure 141: BINAP-zinc-prophyrin derivative 194 and it’s guests.
Figure 142: Bisaryl-linked-zinc-porphyrin receptors.
Figure 143: Bis-zinc-porphyrin 199 for diamine recognition and guests.
Figure 144: Bis-zinc-porphyrin crown ether 201.
Figure 145: Bis-zinc-porphyrin 202 for stereodiscrimination (L = large substituent; S = small substituent).
Figure 146: Bis-zinc-porphyrin[3]rotaxane and its copper complex and guests.
Figure 147: Dien-bipyridyl ligand 206 for co-ordination of two metal atoms.
Figure 148: The ligand and corresponding tetradentate co-complex 207 serving as enantioselective receptor for a...
Figure 149: Bis(oxazoline)–copper(II) complex 208 for the recognition of amino acids in aqueous solution.
Figure 150: Zinc-salen-complexes 209 for the recognition tertiary amines.
Figure 151: Bis(oxazoline)–copper(II) 211 for the recognition of amino acids in aqueous solution.
Figure 152: Zn(II)-complex of a C2 terpyridine crown ether.
Figure 153: Displacement assay and receptor for aspartate over glutamate.
Figure 154: Chiral complex 214 for a colorimetric displacement assay for amino acids.
Figure 155: Metal complex receptor 215 with tripeptide side arms.
Figure 156: A sandwich complex 216 and its displaceable dye 217.
Figure 157: Lanthanide complexes 218–220 for amino acid recognition.
Figure 158: Nonactin (221), valinomycin (222) and vancomycin (223).
Figure 159: Monesin (224a) and a chiral analogue for enantiodiscrimination of ammonium guests (224b).
Figure 160: Chiral podands (226) compared to pentaglyme-dimethylether (225) and 18-crown-6 (4).
Figure 161: Lasalocid A (228).
Figure 162: Lasalocid derivatives (230) of Sessler et al.
Figure 163: The Coporphyrin I tetraanion (231).
Figure 164: Linear and cyclic peptides for ammonium ion recognition.
Figure 165: Cyclic and bicyclic depsipeptides for ammonium ion recognition.
Figure 166: α-Cyclodextrin (136a) and novocaine (236).
Figure 167: Helical diol receptor 237 by Reetz and Sostmann.
Figure 168: Ammonium binding spherand by Cram et al. (238a) and the cyclic[6]metaphenylacetylene 238b in compar...
Figure 169: Receptor for peptide backbone and ammonium binding (239).
Figure 170: Anion sensor principle with 3-hydroxy-2-naphthanilide of Jiang et al.
Figure 171: 7-bromo-3-hydroxy-N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)naphthalene 2-carboxamide (241) and its amine binding.
Figure 172: Naturally occurring catechins with affinity to quaternary ammonium ions.
Figure 173: Spiropyran (244) and merocyanine form (244a) of the amino acid receptors of Fuji et al.
Figure 174: Coumarin aldehyde (245) and its iminium species with amino acid bound (245a) by Glass et al.
Figure 175: Coumarin aldehyde appended with boronic acid.
Figure 176: Quinolone aldehyde dimers by Glass et al.
Figure 177: Chromogenic ammonium ion receptors with trifluoroacetophenone recognition motifs.
Figure 178: Chromogenic ammonium ion receptor with trifluoroacetophenone recognition motif bound on different m...
