Biocatalytic hydroxylation of n-butane with in situ cofactor regeneration at low temperature and under normal pressure

• Svenja Staudt,
• Christina A. Müller,
• Jan Marienhagen,
• Christian Böing,
• Stefan Buchholz,
• Ulrich Schwaneberg and
• Harald Gröger

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 186–191, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.20

• conditions, was developed. The resulting 2-butanol was obtained as the only regioisomer, at a product concentration of 0.16 g/L. Keywords: biotransformations; cofactor regeneration; green chemistry; hydroxylation; P450-monooxygenase; Introduction The (regioselective) oxidative functionalization of

Continuous-flow hydration–condensation reaction: Synthesis of α,β-unsaturated ketones from alkynes and aldehydes by using a heterogeneous solid acid catalyst

• Magnus Rueping,
• Teerawut Bootwicha,
• Hannah Baars and
• Erli Sugiono

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1680–1687, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.198

• reactor; green chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis, microwave; Introduction In recent years, the development of continuous-flow technologies has expanded considerably and has had a significant impact on modern organic synthetic chemistry. Continuous-flow processes offer advantages, such as operational

Efficient and selective chemical transformations under flow conditions: The combination of supported catalysts and supercritical fluids

• M. Isabel Burguete,
• Eduardo García-Verdugo and
• Santiago V. Luis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1347–1359, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.159

• -supported systems; supercritical fluids; Review Introduction An ideal synthetic process, combining the concepts of classical synthetic chemistry and those of the more recently developed green chemistry, would be one that provides complete conversions of the substrates and that would give place to high

• ]. On the other hand, the use of catalytic approaches helps fulfill the other conditions and is always favored from the point of view of green chemistry [8][9]. To facilitate the recovery and reuse of the corresponding catalysts and, simultaneously, to avoid cross-contamination of the products with the

Reductive amination with zinc powder in aqueous media

• Giovanni B. Giovenzana,
• Daniela Imperio,
• Andrea Penoni and
• Giovanni Palmisano

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1095–1099, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.125

• look from the viewpoint of green chemistry reveals that few of the above cited alternatives meet the requirements for sustainable processes [21][22]. Modified borohydride reagents are efficient and their activity spans a large array of substrates, but their atom economy is far from optimal; NaBH(OAc)3

Microphotochemistry: 4,4'-Dimethoxybenzophenone mediated photodecarboxylation reactions involving phthalimides

• Oksana Shvydkiv,
• Kieran Nolan and
• Michael Oelgemöller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1055–1063, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.121

• molecules with a “flick of a switch” [1][2][3][4]. Light is furthermore considered a clean “reagent” and consequently, photochemistry has contributed extensively to the growing field of Green Chemistry [5][6][7]. It is therefore surprising that synthetic organic photochemistry has been widely neglected by

Au(I)/Au(III)-catalyzed Sonogashira-type reactions of functionalized terminal alkynes with arylboronic acids under mild conditions

• Deyun Qian and
• Junliang Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 808–812, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.92

• Deyun Qian Junliang Zhang Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 N, Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062 (P. R. China) State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry

CuCl-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of 2,3-allenols to 1,2-allenic ketones with 1:1 combination of phenanthroline and bipyridine as ligands

• Shuxu Gao,
• Yu Liu and
• Shengming Ma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 396–403, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.51

• Shuxu Gao Yu Liu Shengming Ma Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry

Air-stable, recyclable, and time-efficient diphenylphosphinite cellulose-supported palladium nanoparticles as a catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura reactions

• Qingwei Du and
• Yiqun Li

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 378–385, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.48

• catalyst is a very important theme from the standpoint of green chemistry and for its suitability for commercial applications. Finally, we explored the reusability of the Cell–OPPh2–Pd0 catalyst again with the reaction of 4-iodoanisole with phenylboronic acid as the model reaction. After the first run, the

Michael-type addition of azoles of broad-scale acidity to methyl acrylate

• Sławomir Boncel,
• Kinga Saletra,
• Barbara Hefczyc and
• Krzysztof Z. Walczak

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 173–178, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.24

• analogues, is advantageous due to its higher regioselectivity compared to alkylation reactions using alkyl halides [16][17][18][19], alkyl sulfates [20] or oxiranes [18] under basic conditions, or alcohols over zeolites [21]. Moreover, it is usually described as a green-chemistry with an effective synthetic

Olefin metathesis in nano-sized systems

• Didier Astruc,
• Abdou K. Diallo,
• Sylvain Gatard,
• Liyuan Liang,
• Cátia Ornelas,
• Victor Martinez,
• Denise Méry and
• Jaime Ruiz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 94–103, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.13

• ) or, more usefully, dendrimer encapsulation – ring closing metathesis (RCM), cross metathesis (CM), enyne metathesis reactions (EYM) – for reactions in water without a co-solvent and (ii) construction and functionalization of dendrimers by CM reactions. Keywords: dendrimer; green chemistry

Surfactant catalyzed convenient and greener synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene-11-ones at ambient temperature

• Pravin V. Shinde,
• Amol H. Kategaonkar,
• Bapurao B. Shingate and
• Murlidhar S. Shingare

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 53–58, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.9

• ]xanthen-11-one using tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) at room temperature in water is described. Keywords: green chemistry; in-water synthesis; surfactant; tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB); xanthene; Introduction The development of novel synthetic methodologies to facilitate the

• employed organic solvents from various health and environmental reasons [1]. From the green chemistry point of view, water would be the perfect solvent to carry out chemical operations since it is safe, non-toxic, inexpensive and poses no threat to the environment [2]. However, water is rarely used or even

The cross-metathesis of methyl oleate with cis-2-butene-1,4-diyl diacetate and the influence of protecting groups

• Arno Behr and
• Jessica Pérez Gomes

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1–8, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.1

• influence on conversion (Table 3). Besides, it is also advantageous to reduce the excess of protected diol 2 in terms of green chemistry and industrial implementation. Independent of the excess of 2 used, the conversion of methyl oleate (1) was quite high (<96%). The cross-metathesis yields reached its

Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction of 1-aryltriazenes with arylboronic acids catalyzed by a recyclable polymer-supported N-heterocyclic carbene–palladium complex catalyst

• Guangming Nan,
• Fang Ren and
• Meiming Luo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 70, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.70

• Guangming Nan Fang Ren Meiming Luo Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China Department of Chemistry, Ili Teachers College, Yining 835000, Xinjiang, P. R. China 10.3762/bjoc.6.70 Abstract The

C-Arylation reactions catalyzed by CuO-nanoparticles under ligand free conditions

• Mazaahir Kidwai,
• Saurav Bhardwaj and
• Roona Poddar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 35, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.35

• are easy to separate and can be recycled. This is very beneficial for industrial process in the green chemistry domain. In continuation with our research program to explore different methodologies for the synthesis of organic compounds [29][30] and the role of transition metal nanoparticles as

A review of new developments in the Friedel–Crafts alkylation – From green chemistry to asymmetric catalysis

• Magnus Rueping and
• Boris J. Nachtsheim

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 6, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.6

• –Crafts alkylation; green chemistry; hydroalkylation; hydroarylation; Lewis-acid catalysis; propargyl alcohols; Introduction In 1887 Charles Friedel and James Mason Crafts isolated amylbenzene after the treatment of amyl chloride with AlCl3 in benzene (Scheme 1) [1]. This was not only one of the first

Hydroxyapatite supported caesium carbonate as a new recyclable solid base catalyst for the Knoevenagel condensation in water

• Monika Gupta,
• Rajive Gupta and
• Medha Anand

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2009, 5, No. 68, doi:10.3762/bjoc.5.68

• synthetic endeavour is the use of approaches that are beneficial to industry as well as to the environment. Since Green Chemistry is primarily concerned with the reduction of chemical hazards and pollution [1], a plausible convention is to use safer solvents that pose considerably less threat to ecosystems

N-acylation of ethanolamine using lipase: a chemoselective catalyst

• Mazaahir Kidwai,
• Roona Poddar and
• Poonam Mothsra

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2009, 5, No. 10, doi:10.3762/bjoc.5.10

• Mazaahir Kidwai Roona Poddar Poonam Mothsra Green Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India 10.3762/bjoc.5.10 Abstract The N-acylation of ethanolamine (2) with various fatty acids 1a–d and esters of fatty acids 1e–h using Candida antarctica B

• microwave irradiation. Keywords: chemoselective; lipase; microwave irradiation; zein number; Introduction Microwave assisted enzyme catalysis is a popular developing methodology in the field of green chemistry [1]. Enzymes have gained pivotal importance in the production of fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals

N-Arylation of amines, amides, imides and sulfonamides with arylboroxines catalyzed by simple copper salt/EtOH system

• Zhang-Guo Zheng,
• Jun Wen,
• Na Wang,
• Bo Wu and
• Xiao-Qi Yu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2008, 4, No. 40, doi:10.3762/bjoc.4.40

• Zhang-Guo Zheng Jun Wen Na Wang Bo Wu Xiao-Qi Yu Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China. 10.3762/bjoc.4.40 Abstract The coupling of arylboroxines with a variety of amines, amides

An improved synthesis of 1,3,5-triaryl- 2-pyrazolines in acetic acid aqueous solution under ultrasound irradiation

• Ji-Tai Li,
• Xiao-Hui Zhang and
• Zhi-Ping Lin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2007, 3, No. 13, doi:10.1186/1860-5397-3-13

• chlorochalcones and phenylhydrazine was 1:5. These reaction conditions suffer from economic and environmental concerns. Recently, K2CO3-mediated microwave irradiation has been shown to be an efficient method for the synthesis of pyrazolines. [9] The recent interest in green chemistry has posed a new challenge for

Asymmetric aza-Diels- Alder reaction of Danishefsky's diene with imines in a chiral reaction medium

• Bruce Pégot,
• Olivier Nguyen Van Buu,
• Didier Gori and
• Giang Vo-Thanh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2006, 2, No. 18, doi:10.1186/1860-5397-2-18

• highly efficient procedure for the synthesis of 2-substituted-2,3-dihydro-4-pyridone derivatives through the aza-Diels-Alder reaction under 'green chemistry' conditions. The reaction has been found to perform well at room temperature in ionic liquids using no Lewis acid catalyst or organic solvent.[30

• )-(-)-methylbenzylamine chiral auxiliary. However, all reactions had to be performed in an organic solvent under an inert atmosphere and required stoichiometric loadings of Lewis acid promoter, the use of which is not recommended under 'green chemistry' conditions. Having established the high efficiency of chiral ILs is

• under green chemistry conditions. The reaction of Danishefsky's diene with chiral imines has proved to perform better in chiral ionic liquids at room temperature. The entire experiment makes no use of either acid catalyst or organic solvent. At this point in our research, we highly recommend the use of

Study of thioglycosylation in ionic liquids

• Jianguo Zhang and
• Arthur Ragauskas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2006, 2, No. 12, doi:10.1186/1860-5397-2-12

• Jianguo Zhang Arthur Ragauskas School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Gerogia, 30332, USA 10.1186/1860-5397-2-12 Abstract A novel, green chemistry, glycosylation strategy was developed based upon the use of ionic liquids. Research studies demonstrated that

• thiomethyl glycosides could readily be activated with methyl trifluoromethane sulfonate, using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate as a solvent. This green chemistry glycosylation strategy provided disaccharides with typical yields averaging 75%. The ionic liquid solvent could be readily reused for

EcoScale, a semi- quantitative tool to select an organic preparation based on economical and ecological parameters

• Koen Van Aken,
• Lucjan Strekowski and
• Luc Patiny

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2006, 2, No. 3, doi:10.1186/1860-5397-2-3

• waste, including effluent treatment, waste disposal, loss of raw materials, etc., can amount up to 40% of the overall production costs. [17] This understanding has led to several governmental (e.g. Green Chemistry Program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [18]) and corporate initiatives to

• reaction metrics for green chemistry The development of a new reaction metric, the stoichoimetric factor (SF), has been decribed which allows to take into account reactions run under nonstoichoimetric conditions. Based on four competing factors (reaction yield, atom economy, stoichoimetric factor and a