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Search for "solid–liquid extraction" in Full Text gives 7 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry.
Synthesis and uranyl(VI) extraction performance of a calix[4]pyrrole–tetrahydroxamic acid receptor
- Sara Karnib,
- Rana Baydoun,
- Wissam Zaidan,
- Nancy AlHaddad,
- Omar El Samad,
- Bilal Nsouli,
- Francine Cazier-Dennin and
- Pierre-Edouard Danjou
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 486–494, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.36
- % yield. Its structure was confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS. The uranium(VI) extraction efficiency of PCP HA was evaluated by solid–liquid extraction experiments, using uranyl acetate as the uranium source, with measurements performed by gamma spectroscopy. PCP HA demonstrated good performance
- supramolecular material for the removal of uranyl from aqueous media. Keywords: gamma spectroscopy; hydroxamic acid; phenoxycalix[4]pyrrole; solid–liquid extraction; uranyl(VI) extraction; Introduction Over the past few decades, supramolecular chemistry has advanced intensively establishing itself as a central
- solid–liquid approach as previously described for calixarenes [58]. Extraction experiments In this study, two parameters that can influence the solid-liquid extraction efficiency of PCP-HA toward uranyl, namely pH and ligand-to-metal ratio, were studied. To ensure comparison between extraction
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Synthetic route of PCP HA.
Figure 2: Effect of pH on the mean uranyl extraction efficiency (% Emean) of PCP HA.
Figure 3: Effect of ligand-to-metal molar ratio on the mean uranyl extraction efficiency (% Emean) of PCP HA.
Cone p-aminocalix[4]arenes enriched with ‘clickable’ alkyne or azide functionalities
- Ilia Korniltsev,
- Vasily Bazhenov,
- Alexander Gorbunov,
- Dmitry Cheshkov,
- Stanislav Bezzubov,
- Vladimir Kovalev and
- Ivan Vatsouro
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 399–415, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.28
- 1H NMR spectra of monomers 47 and 48 could be detected upon addition of the salt. Attempts to conduct the experiment using solid–liquid extraction in neat CDCl3 were also unsuccessful, since no changes in the 1H NMR spectrum of capsule 472 were detected upon the addition of excess solid Zn(ClO4)2
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: General concept of building multifunctional calix[4]arenes by joining propargyl/2-azidoethyl and p-...
Scheme 1: Silylation of the calixarene propargyl ethers. Conditions: i) LiHMDS (HMDS + n-BuLi), TBSCl, THF, −...
Scheme 2: Nitration of calixarenes 6, 8–10. Conditions: i) HNO3 (fuming, 10 equiv per calixarene aromatic uni...
Figure 2: Parts of 1H,13C HMBC spectra of calixarenes 12 (a) and 13 (b) recorded in CDCl3 solutions at 600 MH...
Figure 3: Molecular structures of partially nitrated calixarene 16 (a) and exhaustively nitrated calixarene 15...
Scheme 3: Reduction of calixarenes 11, 15 and 17. Conditions: i) SnCl2·2H2O, HCl, EtOH, H2O, 70 °C, then KOH,...
Scheme 4: Protecting group replacement in propargylated p-aminocalix[4]arenes. Conditions: i) Boc2O, Et3N, di...
Scheme 5: Synthesis of 2-azidoethylated p-aminocalix[4]arenes. Conditions: i) HNO3 (fuming, 10 equiv per cali...
Scheme 6: Synthesis of triazolated p-aminocalix[4]arenes 37–39 from the propargylated calixarene precursors 24...
Scheme 7: Synthesis of triazolated p-aminocalix[4]arenes 40 and 41 from the 2-azidoethylated calixarene precu...
Scheme 8: Removal of Boc protection in calixarenes 37–41; (i) CF3CO2H, dichloromethane, rt, then NaHCO3/H2O.
Scheme 9: Synthesis of triazolated tetraureacalix[4]arenes 47–51. Conditions: (i) p-tolyl isocyanate, toluene...
Figure 4: Planar and energy-minimized structures (with CHCl3 molecule included and triazole groups highlighte...
Figure 5: Planar structures of homodimers 482, 512, and heterodimer 48·52 (a); fragment of the 1H NMR spectru...
Figure 6: Planar structures of homodimers 472, 502, and heterodimer 47·52 (a); fragment of the 1H NMR spectru...
Unraveling cooperative interactions between complexed ions in dual-host strategy for cesium salt separation
- Zhihua Liu,
- Ya-Zhi Chen,
- Ji Wang,
- Qingling Nie,
- Wei Zhao and
- Biao Wu
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 845–853, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.68
- dual-host systems for selective ion separation. Keywords: anion binding; cesium extraction; dual-host strategy; ion-pair interaction; solid–liquid extraction; Introduction Ion-pair interaction, defined as the electrostatic attraction between a positively charged cation and a negatively charged anion
- hexaurea receptor, 18-crown-6 and Cs+ as cation were selected as model system, with the counter anion being varied from chloride, nitrate, carbonate, sulfate to phosphate. Solid–liquid extraction experiments and single-crystal structures demonstrated that the cooperative interactions (ion-dipole and ion
- solution into chloroform and controllable release into acidic solution [32]. Very recently, it was found that the receptor L alone can further extract solid Li2SO4 into DMSO solution [33], where sulfate binding is sufficiently strong to drive the solid–liquid extraction. DFT calculations suggest that an
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: (a) Schematic illustration of the dual-host strategy for ion pair extraction via solid–liquid metho...
Figure 2: Single crystal structure of complexed Cs2SO4 with 18-crown-6 and tripodal receptor L (CCDC: 2411573...
Figure 3: Stacked 1H NMR spectra of (a) free anion receptor L and its complexes with one equivalent of (b) Cs2...
Figure 4: Single crystal structure of complexed Cs2CO3 (CCDC: 2411574) with 18-crown-6 and tripodal receptor L...
Figure 5: (a) Single crystal structure of complexed Cs3PO4 with 18-crown-6 and tripodal receptor (CCDC: 24115...
Architecture and synthesis of P,N-heterocyclic phosphine ligands
- Wisdom A. Munzeiwa,
- Bernard Omondi and
- Vincent O. Nyamori
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 362–383, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.35
- , common extraction with dichloromethane was not applicable, hence solid–liquid extraction with diethylamine was used. Low yields were reported for the 3- and 4-pyridyl analogs due to the difficulty associated with their extraction compared to their 2-pyridyl counterparts [54][55]. Dai and co-workers [63
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Synthesis of pyridylphosphine ligands.
Figure 1: Pyridylphosphine ligands.
Scheme 2: Synthesis of piperidyl- and oxazinylphosphine ligands.
Scheme 3: Synthesis of linear multi-chelate pyridylphosphine ligands.
Scheme 4: Synthesis of chiral acetal pyridylphosphine ligands.
Scheme 5: Synthesis of diphenylphosphine-substituted triazine ligands.
Scheme 6: Synthesis of (pyridine-2-ylmethyl)phosphine ligands.
Scheme 7: Synthesis of diphosphine pyrrole ligands.
Scheme 8: Synthesis of 4,5-diazafluorenylphosphine ligands.
Scheme 9: Synthesis of thioether-containing pyridyldiphosphine ligands starting from ethylene sulfide and dip...
Scheme 10: Synthesis of monoterpene-derived phosphine pyridine ligands.
Scheme 11: Synthesis of N-phenylphosphine-substituted imidazole ligands.
Scheme 12: Synthesis of triazol-4-ylphosphine ligands.
Scheme 13: Synthesis of phosphanyltriazolopyridines and product selectivity depending on the substituents’ eff...
Scheme 14: Synthesis of PTA-phosphine ligands.
Scheme 15: Synthesis of isomeric phosphine dipyrazole ligands by varying the reaction temperature.
Scheme 16: Synthesis of N-tethered phosphine imidazolium ligands (route A) and diphosphine imidazolium ligands...
Scheme 17: Synthesis of {1-[2-(pyridin-2-yl)- (R = CH) and {1-[2-(pyrazin-2-yl)quinazolin-4-yl]naphthalen-2-yl...
Scheme 18: Synthesis of oxazolylindolylphosphine ligands 102.
Scheme 19: Synthesis of pyrrolylphosphine ligands.
Scheme 20: Synthesis of phosphine guanidinium ligands.
Scheme 21: Synthesis of a polydentate aminophosphine ligand.
Scheme 22: Synthesis of quinolylphosphine ligands.
Scheme 23: Synthesis of N-(triazolylmethyl)phosphanamine ligands.
Figure 2: Triazolylphosphanamine ligands synthesized by Wassenaar’s method [22].
Scheme 24: Synthesis of oxazaphosphorines.
Scheme 25: Synthesis of paracyclophane pyridylphosphine ligands.
Scheme 26: Synthesis of triazolylphosphine ligands.
Figure 3: Click-phosphine ligands.
Scheme 27: Ferrocenyl pyridylphosphine imine ligands.
Scheme 28: Synthesis of phosphinooxazolines (PHOX).
Scheme 29: Synthesis of ferrocenylphosphine oxazoles.
Properties of cationic monosubstituted tetraalkylammonium cyclodextrin derivatives – their stability, complexation ability in solution or when deposited on solid anionic surface
- Martin Popr,
- Sergey K. Filippov,
- Nikolai Matushkin,
- Juraj Dian and
- Jindřich Jindřich
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 192–199, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.20
- presented results are promising for the possible application of supramolecular ionic assemblies on solid surfaces as systems for prolonged and controlled release of active compounds or solid–liquid extraction systems. Decomposition kinetics of PEMEDA- and PEMPDA-β-CD at 50 °C as determined by 1H NMR thermal
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Thermal decomposition of PEMEDA- and PEMPDA-β-CD with the decomposition products as characterized b...
Figure 1: Decomposition kinetics of PEMEDA- and PEMPDA-β-CD at 50 °C as determined by 1H NMR thermal experime...
Scheme 2: Host and guest molecules employed in Ks determination in solution at different pH.
Figure 2: Stability constants for β-CD with SAL, MEQ and NIA obtained by ITC measurements.
Figure 3: Stability constants for PEMPDA-β-CD with SAL, MEQ and NIA obtained by ITC measurements.
Scheme 3: Deposition of PEMPDA-β-CD onto solid surface (Nafion® 117).
Figure 4: Deposition kinetics of PEMPDA-β-CD onto Nafion® 117 as obtained from ELSD detection of the decreasi...
Scheme 4: Deposition of three model guests into the cavities of immobilized PEMPDA-β-CD.
Low-generation dendrimers with a calixarene core and based on a chiral C2-symmetric pyrrolidine as iminosugar mimics
- Marco Marradi,
- Stefano Cicchi,
- Francesco Sansone,
- Alessandro Casnati and
- Andrea Goti
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 951–957, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.107
- , blocks the calixarene in a “rigid cone” structure [34], also controlling the convergence of the iminosugars. The ability of first-generation calixarene dendrimer 2 to bind alkali-metal cations was tested by means of NMR, by solid–liquid extraction of solid alkali picrate salts into a CDCl3 solution of
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: First (2) and second (3) generation of dendrimers based on chiral C2-symmetric pyrrolidine 1 and ha...
Scheme 1: Use of the key intermediate (3S,4S)-1-benzyl-3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidine (6) [31] for the synthesis of pyr...
Scheme 2: Synthesis of calixarene-based dendrimers 2 and 3. Reagents and conditions: DIPEA, CH2Cl2, 30 °C, 5 ...
Figure 2: Expansion (about 7 to 3 ppm) of the 1H NMR spectra of (A) the free ligand 2, (B) the sodium picrate...
Figure 3: Schematic of the inclusion of alkali-metal ions (sodium and potassium) in the polar cavity defined ...
Molecular recognition of organic ammonium ions in solution using synthetic receptors
- Andreas Späth and
- Burkhard König
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 32, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.32
- similar binaphthyl crown recognition systems containing phenylboronic acid 40a and 2,4-dinitrophenylurea 40b as lariat parts [178] (Figure 23). Host 40a had 30% extraction efficiency for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in solid–liquid extraction in DMSO, but showed only much lower selectivities for α-amino
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Biologically important amines and quaternary ammonium salts: histamine (1), dopamine (2) and acetyl...
Figure 2: Crown ether 18-crown-6.
Figure 3: Conformations of 18-crown-6 (4) in solvents of different polarity.
Figure 4: Binding topologies of the ammonium ion depending on the crown ring size.
Figure 5: A “pseudorotaxane” structure consisting of 24-crown-8 and a secondary ammonium ion (5); R = Ph.
Figure 6: Typical examples of azacrown ethers, cryptands and related aza macrocycles.
Figure 7: Binding of ammonium to azacrown ethers and cryptands [111-113].
Figure 8: A 19-crown-6-ether with decalino blocking groups (11) and a thiazole-dibenzo-18-crown-6-ether (12).
Figure 9: 1,3-Bis(6-oxopyridazin-1-yl)propane derivatives 13 and 14 by Campayo et al.
Figure 10: Fluorescent azacrown-PET-sensors based on coumarin.
Figure 11: Two different pyridino-cryptands (17 and 18) compared to a pyridino-crown (19); chiral ammonium ion...
Figure 12: Pyridino-18-crown-6 ligand (21), a similar acridino-18-crown-6 ligand (22) and a structurally relat...
Figure 13: Ciral pyridine-azacrown ether receptors 24.
Figure 14: Chiral 15-crown-5 receptors 26 and an analogue 18-crown-6 ligand 27 derived from amino alcohols.
Figure 15: C2-symmetric chiral 18-crown-6 amino alcohol derivatives 28 and related macrocycles.
Figure 16: Macrocycles with diamide-diester groups (30).
Figure 17: C2-symmetric chiral aza-18-crown-6 ethers (31) with phenethylamine residues.
Figure 18: Chiral C-pivot p-methoxy-phenoxy-lariat ethers.
Figure 19: Chiral lariat crown ether 34.
Figure 20: Sucrose-based chiral crown ether receptors 36.
Figure 21: Permethylated fructooligosaccharide 37 showing induced-fit chiral recognition.
Figure 22: Biphenanthryl-18-crown-6 derivative 38.
Figure 23: Chiral lariat crown ethers derived from binol by Fuji et al.
Figure 24: Chiral phenolic crown ether 41 with “aryl chiral barriers” and guest amines.
Figure 25: Chiral bis-crown receptor 43 with a meso-ternaphthalene backbone.
Figure 26: Chromogenic pH-dependent bis-crown chemosensor 44 for diamines.
Figure 27: Triamine guests for binding to receptor 44.
Figure 28: Chiral bis-crown phenolphthalein chemosensors 46.
Figure 29: Crown ether amino acid 47.
Figure 30: Luminescent receptor 48 for bis-alkylammonium guests.
Figure 31: Luminescent CEAA (49a), a bis-CEAA receptor for amino acids (49b) and the structure of lysine bindi...
Figure 32: Luminescent CEAA tripeptide for binding small peptides.
Figure 33: Bis crown ether 51a self assembles co-operatively with C60-ammonium ion 51b.
Figure 34: Triptycene-based macrotricyclic dibenzo-[24]-crown-8 ether host 52 and guests.
Figure 35: Copper imido diacetic acid azacrown receptor 53a and the suggested His-Lys binding motif; a copper ...
Figure 36: Urea (54) and thiourea (55) benzo crown receptor for transport and extraction of amino acids.
Figure 37: Crown pyryliums ion receptors 56 for amino acids.
Figure 38: Ditopic sulfonamide bridged crown ether receptor 57.
Figure 39: Luminescent peptide receptor 58.
Figure 40: Luminescent receptor 59 for the detection of D-glucosamine hydrochloride in water/ethanol and lumin...
Figure 41: Guanidinium azacrown receptor 61 for simple amino acids and ditopic receptor 62 with crown ether an...
Figure 42: Chiral bicyclic guanidinium azacrown receptor 63 and similar receptor 64 for the enantioselective t...
Figure 43: Receptors for zwitterionic species based on luminescent CEAAs.
Figure 44: 1,10-Azacrown ethers with sugar podand arms and the anticancer agent busulfan.
Figure 45: Benzo-18-crown-6 modified β-cyclodextrin 69 and β-cyclodextrin functionalized with diaza-18-crown-6...
Figure 46: Receptors for colorimetric detection of primary and secondary ammonium ions.
Figure 47: Porphyrine-crown-receptors 72.
Figure 48: Porphyrin-crown ether conjugate 73 and fullerene-ammonium ion guest 74.
Figure 49: Calix[4]arene (75a), homooxocalix[4]arene (75b) and resorcin[4]arene (75c) compared (R = H, alkyl c...
Figure 50: Calix[4]arene and ammonium ion guest (R = H, alkyl, OAcyl etc.), possible binding sites; A: co-ordi...
Figure 51: Typical guests for studies with calixarenes and related molecules.
Figure 52: Lower rim modified p-tert-butylcalix[5]arenes 82.
Figure 53: The first example of a water soluble calixarene.
Figure 54: Sulfonated water soluble calix[n]arenes that bind ammonium ions.
Figure 55: Displacement assay for acetylcholine (3) with a sulfonato-calix[6]arene (84b).
Figure 56: Amino acid inclusion in p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene (84a).
Figure 57: Calixarene receptor family 86 with upper and lower rim functionalization.
Figure 58: Calix[6]arenes 87 with one carboxylic acid functionality.
Figure 59: Sulfonated calix[n]arenes with mono-substitution at the lower rim systematically studied on their r...
Figure 60: Cyclotetrachromotropylene host (91) and its binding to lysine (81c).
Figure 61: Calixarenes 92 and 93 with phosphonic acids groups.
Figure 62: Calix[4]arene tetraphosphonic acid (94a) and a double bridged analogue (94b).
Figure 63: Calix[4]arene tetraphosphonic acid ester (92c) for surface recognition experiments.
Figure 64: Calixarene receptors 95 with α-aminophosphonate groups.
Figure 65: A bridged homocalix[3]arene 95 and a distally bridged homocalix[4]crown 96.
Figure 66: Homocalix[3]arene ammonium ion receptor 97a and the Reichardt’s dye (97b) for colorimetric assays.
Figure 67: Chromogenic diazo-bridged calix[4]arene 98.
Figure 68: Calixarene receptor 99 by Huang et al.
Figure 69: Calixarenes 100 reported by Parisi et al.
Figure 70: Guest molecules for inclusion in calixarenes 100: DAP × 2 HCl (101a), APA (101b) and Lys-OMe × 2 HC...
Figure 71: Different N-linked peptido-calixarenes open and with glycol chain bridges.
Figure 72: (S)-1,1′-Bi-2-naphthol calixarene derivative 104 published by Kubo et al.
Figure 73: A chiral ammonium-ion receptor 105 based on the calix[4]arene skeleton.
Figure 74: R-/S-phenylalaninol functionalized calix[6]arenes 106a and 106b.
Figure 75: Capped homocalix[3]arene ammonium ion receptor 107.
Figure 76: Two C3 symmetric capped calix[6]arenes 108 and 109.
Figure 77: Phosphorous-containing rigidified calix[6]arene 110.
Figure 78: Calix[6]azacryptand 111.
Figure 79: Further substituted calix[6]azacryptands 112.
Figure 80: Resorcin[4]arene (75c) and the cavitands (113).
Figure 81: Tetrasulfonatomethylcalix[4]resorcinarene (114).
Figure 82: Resorcin[4]arenes (115a/b) and pyrogallo[4]arenes (115c, 116).
Figure 83: Displacement assay for acetylcholine (3) with tetracyanoresorcin[4]arene (117).
Figure 84: Tetramethoxy resorcinarene mono-crown-5 (118).
Figure 85: Components of a resorcinarene based displacement assay for ammonium ions.
Figure 86: Chiral basket resorcin[4]arenas 121.
Figure 87: Resorcinarenes with deeper cavitand structure (122).
Figure 88: Resorcinarene with partially open deeper cavitand structure (123).
Figure 89: Water-stabilized deep cavitands with partially structure (124, 125).
Figure 90: Charged cavitands 126 for tetralkylammonium ions.
Figure 91: Ditopic calix[4]arene receptor 127 capped with glycol chains.
Figure 92: A calix[5]arene dimer for diammonium salt recognition.
Figure 93: Calixarene parts 92c and 129 for the formation molecular capsules.
Figure 94: Encapsulation of a quaternary ammonium cation by two resorcin[4]arene molecules (NMe4+@[75c]2 × Cl−...
Figure 95: Encapsulation of a quaternary ammonium cation by six resorcin[4]arene molecules (NMe3D+@[130]6 × Cl−...
Figure 96: Structure and schematic of cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6], 131a).
Figure 97: Cyclohexanocucurbit[6]uril (CB′[6], 132) and the guest molecule spermine (133).
Figure 98: α,α,δ,δ-Tetramethylcucurbit[6]uril (134).
Figure 99: Structure of the cucurbituril-phthalhydrazide analogue 135.
Figure 100: Organic cavities for the displacement assay for amine differentiation.
Figure 101: Displacement assay methodology for diammonium- and related guests involving cucurbiturils and some ...
Figure 102: Nor-seco-Cucurbituril (±)-bis-ns-CB[6] (140) and guest molecules.
Figure 103: The cucurbit[6]uril based complexes 141 for chiral discrimination.
Figure 104: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) and its ferrocene guests (142) opposed.
Figure 105: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) guest inclusion and representative guests.
Figure 106: Cucurbit[7]uril (131c) binding to succinylcholine (145) and different bis-ammonium and bis-phosphon...
Figure 107: Paraquat-cucurbit[8]uril complex 149.
Figure 108: Gluconuril-based ammonium receptors 150.
Figure 109: Examples of clefts (151a), tweezers (151b, 151c, 151d) and clips (151e).
Figure 110: Kemp’s triacid (152a), on example of Rebek’s receptors (152b) and guests.
Figure 111: Amino acid receptor (154) by Rebek et al.
Figure 112: Hexagonal lattice designed hosts by Bell et al.
Figure 113: Bell’s amidinium receptor (156) and the amidinium ion (157).
Figure 114: Aromatic phosphonic acids.
Figure 115: Xylene phosphonates 159 and 160a/b for recognition of amines and amino alcohols.
Figure 116: Bisphosphonate recognition motif 161 for a colorimetric assay with alizarin complexone (163) for ca...
Figure 117: Bisphosphonate/phosphate clip 164 and bisphosphonate cleft 165.
Figure 118: N-Methylpyrazine 166a, N-methylnicotinamide iodide (166b) and NAD+ (166c).
Figure 119: Bisphosphate cavitands.
Figure 120: Bisphosphonate 167 of Schrader and Finocchiaro.
Figure 121: Tweezer 168 for noradrenaline (80b).
Figure 122: Different tripods and heparin (170).
Figure 123: Squaramide based receptors 172.
Figure 124: Cage like NH4+ receptor 173 of Kim et al.
Figure 125: Ammonium receptors 174 of Chin et al.
Figure 126: 2-Oxazolin-based ammonium receptors 175a–d and 176 by Ahn et al.
Figure 127: Racemic guest molecules 177.
Figure 128: Tripods based on a imidazole containing macrocycle (178) and the guest molecules employed in the st...
Figure 129: Ammonium ion receptor 180.
Figure 130: Tetraoxa[3.3.3.3]paracyclophanes 181 and a cyclophanic tetraester (182).
Figure 131: Peptidic bridged paraquat-cyclophane.
Figure 132: Shape-selective noradrenaline host.
Figure 133: Receptor 185 for binding of noradrenaline on surface layers from Schrader et al.
Figure 134: Tetraphosphonate receptor for binding of noradrenaline.
Figure 135: Tetraphosphonate 187 of Schrader and Finocchiaro.
Figure 136: Zinc-Porphyrin ammonium-ion receptors 188 and 189 of Mizutani et al.
Figure 137: Zinc porphyrin receptor 190.
Figure 138: Zinc porphyrin receptors 191 capable of amino acid binding.
Figure 139: Zinc-porphyrins with amino acid side chains for stereoinduction.
Figure 140: Bis-zinc-bis-porphyrin based on Tröger’s base 193.
Figure 141: BINAP-zinc-prophyrin derivative 194 and it’s guests.
Figure 142: Bisaryl-linked-zinc-porphyrin receptors.
Figure 143: Bis-zinc-porphyrin 199 for diamine recognition and guests.
Figure 144: Bis-zinc-porphyrin crown ether 201.
Figure 145: Bis-zinc-porphyrin 202 for stereodiscrimination (L = large substituent; S = small substituent).
Figure 146: Bis-zinc-porphyrin[3]rotaxane and its copper complex and guests.
Figure 147: Dien-bipyridyl ligand 206 for co-ordination of two metal atoms.
Figure 148: The ligand and corresponding tetradentate co-complex 207 serving as enantioselective receptor for a...
Figure 149: Bis(oxazoline)–copper(II) complex 208 for the recognition of amino acids in aqueous solution.
Figure 150: Zinc-salen-complexes 209 for the recognition tertiary amines.
Figure 151: Bis(oxazoline)–copper(II) 211 for the recognition of amino acids in aqueous solution.
Figure 152: Zn(II)-complex of a C2 terpyridine crown ether.
Figure 153: Displacement assay and receptor for aspartate over glutamate.
Figure 154: Chiral complex 214 for a colorimetric displacement assay for amino acids.
Figure 155: Metal complex receptor 215 with tripeptide side arms.
Figure 156: A sandwich complex 216 and its displaceable dye 217.
Figure 157: Lanthanide complexes 218–220 for amino acid recognition.
Figure 158: Nonactin (221), valinomycin (222) and vancomycin (223).
Figure 159: Monesin (224a) and a chiral analogue for enantiodiscrimination of ammonium guests (224b).
Figure 160: Chiral podands (226) compared to pentaglyme-dimethylether (225) and 18-crown-6 (4).
Figure 161: Lasalocid A (228).
Figure 162: Lasalocid derivatives (230) of Sessler et al.
Figure 163: The Coporphyrin I tetraanion (231).
Figure 164: Linear and cyclic peptides for ammonium ion recognition.
Figure 165: Cyclic and bicyclic depsipeptides for ammonium ion recognition.
Figure 166: α-Cyclodextrin (136a) and novocaine (236).
Figure 167: Helical diol receptor 237 by Reetz and Sostmann.
Figure 168: Ammonium binding spherand by Cram et al. (238a) and the cyclic[6]metaphenylacetylene 238b in compar...
Figure 169: Receptor for peptide backbone and ammonium binding (239).
Figure 170: Anion sensor principle with 3-hydroxy-2-naphthanilide of Jiang et al.
Figure 171: 7-bromo-3-hydroxy-N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)naphthalene 2-carboxamide (241) and its amine binding.
Figure 172: Naturally occurring catechins with affinity to quaternary ammonium ions.
Figure 173: Spiropyran (244) and merocyanine form (244a) of the amino acid receptors of Fuji et al.
Figure 174: Coumarin aldehyde (245) and its iminium species with amino acid bound (245a) by Glass et al.
Figure 175: Coumarin aldehyde appended with boronic acid.
Figure 176: Quinolone aldehyde dimers by Glass et al.
Figure 177: Chromogenic ammonium ion receptors with trifluoroacetophenone recognition motifs.
Figure 178: Chromogenic ammonium ion receptor with trifluoroacetophenone recognition motif bound on different m...
