Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• noise, pointing to its crucial role in the context of force sensitivity. Through analysis of noise measurements we determine the effective temperature of the cantilever eigenmode and we determine the region of detector operation in which the sensor is thermal-noise-limited. Our analysis shows that the

• force-sensor design is a significant improvement over piezoelectric force sensors commonly used in low-temperature AFM. We discuss the potential for further improvement of the sensor design to achieve optimal detection at the standard quantum limit. We demonstrate AFM operation with surface-tracking

• ]. The challenge for high-resolution AFM is designing such a detector for a test mass hosting a sharp tip that is scanned over a surface in ultrahigh vacuum and at ultralow temperature. In this paper, we report on an AFM cantilever force sensor with an integrated detector consisting of a compact

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• (controlled in the range of 5–60% RH) was maintained by blending moist and dry air, monitored using a BME 280 pressure/humidity/temperature sensor. The electrical properties of the implanted and pristine samples were studied by the standard two-point method, where the sheet resistance was measured using a

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• a single biometric element to directly analyze biomarkers [45][46], while dual-system biosensors combine two antibodies and/or aptamers [47] into a better composite material to improve the specificity and sensitivity of the sensor. Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a gold nanoparticle aptasensor

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• digital pH meter (HI2221, Hanna Instruments, BR) equipped with a calibrated glass electrode and a temperature sensor. The electrode and sensor were immersed in the samples, and pH readings were recorded once the measurements stabilized. Transmission electron microscopy The morphology of the nanoemulsions

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• temperature and humidity sensor (HC2A-S Ambient Air Probe, ROTRONIC, Germany). At a controlled temperature of 20.0 °C, the samples were exposed to different steps of relative humidity, starting at 90%, dropping to 0% in increments of 15%, and returning to 90%, respectively. During this time, the samples were

• our samples inside the chamber, as well as a side view of the samples, were recorded externally every 10 min using a single-board computer (Raspberry Pi 4 Model B, Raspberry Pi Foundation, Cambridge, UK) connected to a temperature and humidity sensor (DHT22, Sertronics GmbH, Berlin, Germany) and a

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• ) or silk, enabling implantable sensors, stimulators, or power harvesters that degrade harmlessly after use. For simple sensor devices, direct deposition of inorganic materials onto bioresorbable polymer substrates using shadow masks has been employed [14][48][63][64]. For example, conductive materials

• electrical performance. Such variations may cause device malfunction or alter sensor baselines, thereby compromising accuracy. A widely adopted strategy to address this issue involves coating the outer surface of the device with bioresorbable materials that provide electrical insulation while acting as

• transient technologies across biomedical, environmental, and security applications. Transient electronics for implantable biomedical applications. (a) A biodegradable silicon pressure sensor (left) and its application to intracranial pressure monitoring in the brain (right). Figure 1a was adapted from [6

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• . developed a glucose sensor using copper nanowires and CNTs, achieving a limit of detection as low as 0.3 nM, highlighting the remarkable sensitivity of CNT-based electrodes [9]. Nevertheless, several studies reported the toxicity of CNTs for tissues and cells including loss of cellular integrity, DNA damage

Electronic and optical properties of chloropicrin adsorbed ZnS nanotubes: first principle analysis

• Prakash Yadav,
• Boddepalli SanthiBhushan and
• Anurag Srivastava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1184–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.87

• spectra and optical conductivity peaks, highlight the potential of ZnS NT for designing sensitive and reusable CP gas sensors. Keywords: chemical sensor; chloropicrin (CP); density functional theory; zinc sulfide nanotubes (ZnS NTs); Introduction Chloropicrin (CP), also known as trichloronitromethane

• . Semiconductor nanomaterials such as graphene, B12N12, fullerene C60, carbon nanotubes, WO₃, ZnO, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, SnO₂, TiO₂, MoS₂, and NiO have been widely employed in gas sensor applications due to their superior selectivity, sensitivity, and response characteristics [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29

• in altering the electronic and optical properties of ZnS NT. A higher charge transfer improves sensor sensitivity, allowing the detection of CP at lower concentrations, whereas the weak physisorption led by the van der Waals forces may help with the reusability of sensor devices. Table 2 highlights

Transfer function of an asymmetric superconducting Gauss neuron

• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Aleksander S. Ionin,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Mikhail S. Sidel’nikov,
• Sergey V. Egorov and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1160–1170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.85

• region with the SQUID-sensor loop. Therefore, the t-factor can be just increased with no practical meaning. The most promising ways to dump the effective input asymmetry are the increase of input mutual inductance Min and the suppression of the screen-mediated interaction (a decrease of the Msq value

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• and transferred to a computer. The sensor was accurately calibrated by mixing standard solutions of NaNO2 with 0.1 M H2SO4 and 0.1 M KI according to the reaction: Irradiation was performed in a thermostated quartz cell (1 cm path length, 3 mL capacity, 25 °C) by using the above mentioned green laser

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• consumption was measured using an optode sensor-based system (Unisense, Denmark) as described in Schultz and coworkers [21]. Mitochondrial fractions of approximately 1 μg were investigated in bicarbonate-buffered Krebs–Ringer medium at 37 °C. Western blot analyses of 5–15 μg mitochondrial fraction isolated by

Tendency in tip polarity changes in non-contact atomic force microscopy imaging on a fluorite surface

• Bob Kyeyune,
• Philipp Rahe and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 944–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.72

• . The tip was further prepared in situ using common STM-based approaches on the bare Si surface after introducing the sensor into the vacuum system [28]. The NC-AFM microscope was operated in the frequency-modulation mode with an oscillation amplitude of 60 pm, and images were acquired in the true

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• carried out in triplicate at room temperature and at 37 °C. The pH analyses were carried out after diluting the MEs (1:10). A digital pH meter (model Analion PM 608) containing a glass electrode and temperature sensor (Phtek PH 3B), previously calibrated with buffer solution (pH 4.0 and 7.0), was used at

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• aptamer-tagged gold nanoparticle/Cu-MOFs conjugates to produce sensitive signals. This resulted in a highly effective sandwich sensor capable of detecting AβOs in a linear range from 1 nM to 2 μM, demonstrating a correlation coefficient of 0.996 and a low detection limit of 0.45 nM [75]. Phan and team

• sandwich assay utilizing gold nanoparticles for sensitive detection of AβO, achieving a low detection limit of 100 pM, which is crucial for early AD diagnosis [89]. A novel SPR-based immunosensor, enhanced with gold NPs and antibodies, was developed for ultrasensitive detection of Aβ1–40. The sensor

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• heavy metal lead ions. The prepared lead sensor with ultrahigh sensitivity, based on silver-doped ZnO nanorods (Ag@ZnO NRs), was fabricated and characterized. The morphological, structural, compositional, and optical characteristics of the Ag@ZnO NRs were investigated using a variety of methods after

• . Electrochemical techniques comparatively offer quick, portable, sensitive, and inexpensive basic equipment for heavy metal detection. The interactions between Ag@ZnO NRs and lead were studied using electrochemical methods. The prepared lead sensor using Ag@ZnO NRs show a very low detection limit and a very high

• sensitivity toward lead. The lead chemical sensor that was developed had a detection limit of 3 ppm with a sensitivity of 16 µA·ppm−1·cm−2. The recorded reaction time of lead sensor was less than two seconds. Keywords: electrochemical methods; chemical sensor; doping; lead; nanoparticles; ZnO nanorods

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• , capable of studying materials under industrially relevant conditions. Here we show current developments of the ReactorAFM/STM, implementing a qPlus sensor to add the ability of combining atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) techniques to study the geometric and electronic

• cobalt nanoparticle catalysts on an aluminum oxide support, industrially relevant in the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. The catalysts are imaged before and after reaction at 430 K as the current maximum temperature of the qPlus sensor used falls just below the reaction temperature. Quadrupole mass

• AFM; model catalysts; nc-AFM; operando catalysis; qPlus tuning fork sensor; Introduction Operando catalysis is the field of research that monitors the structure, composition, and morphology of a catalyst while simultaneously investigating its activity, reactivity, and selectivity under industrially

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• , selective, and cost-effective sensor for SDS detection in an aqueous solution. The advent of nanotechnology increased their demand for developing colorimetric sensors to detect chemical compounds, toxicants, nutrients, and biomolecules. The nanotechnology field consists of synthesis, characterization, and

• hypothesize that PEG–PCL NPs can serve as effective colorimetric probes for SDS detection, addressing the need for a rapid, nontoxic, selective, and cost-effective environmental and human health protection sensor. The current study is based on developing a colorimetric/spectrometric sensing probe for SDS

• absence of the Bradford reagent. This confirmed that both PEG–PCL NPs and the Bradford reagents need to be added to the ratio for the optical sensor development. PEG–PCL NPs and the Bradford reagent ratio was 2:3, giving maximum optical absorbance (Figure 4a). Similar results were obtained via

Modeling and simulation of carbon-nanocomposite-based gas sensors

• Roopa Hegde,
• Punya Prabha V,
• Shipra Upadhyay and
• Krishna S B

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 90–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.9

• sensor using COMSOL Multiphysics whose active sensing material used is a carbon nanocomposite (i.e., 0.1 wt % of single-walled carbon nanotubes along with PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)) in an equal volume ratio of 1:1. Given the high cost associated with the

• development of these sensors, it becomes imperative to establish a mathematical model for economically predicting their behavior. The simulation using COMSOL Multiphysics is performed to obtain the surface coverage of the sensor by introducing carbon monoxide gas through a Gaussian pulse feed inlet at

• concentrations ranging from 1 to 7 ppm. The surface coverage over the range of 14% to 32.94% for the given range of concentrations is achieved giving the information of the amount of gas molecules adsorbed onto the surface of the sensing material at a given time. The surface coverage of the sensor is enhanced by

Theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of a composite formed by the zeolite NaA and a magnetite cluster

• Joel Antúnez-García,
• Roberto Núñez-González,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• H’Linh Hmok,
• Armando Reyes-Serrato,
• Fabian N. Murrieta-Rico,
• Mufei Xiao and
• Jonathan Zamora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 44–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.5

• ], heavy metal removal [11][12], sensor technologies [13][14][15][16], and biomedical applications [17]. Nanoscale materials represent a thriving field of research with a wide range of potential applications. Today, it is generally recognized that properties like hardness, reactivity, toxicity, and optical

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• /bjnano.15.120 Abstract A novel electrochemical sensor for the detection of enrofloxacin (ENR) in aqueous solutions has been developed using a carbon paste electrode modified with a mixture of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) of CuBTC and FeBTC. These MOFs were successfully synthesized via a solvothermal

• significantly enhanced the electrochemical response of ENR, increasing the signal by more than ten times compared to the unmodified electrode. Under optimal analytical conditions, the sensor exhibited three dynamic ranges for ENR detection, that is, 0.005 to 0.100 µM, 0.1 to 1.0 µM, and 1 to 13 µM, with

• coefficients of determination of 0.9990, 0.9954, and 0.9992, respectively, depending on the accumulation duration. The sensor achieved a low detection limit of 3 nM and demonstrated good reproducibility, with a relative standard deviation of 3.83%. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrated effective performance in

Green synthesis of carbon dot structures from Rheum Ribes and Schottky diode fabrication

• Muhammed Taha Durmus and
• Ebru Bozkurt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1369–1375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.110

• behavior. The results obtained from this study showed that CDs can be applied in the field of electronics, apart from sensor studies, which are common application areas. Keywords: carbon dot (CD) structures; green synthesis; Rheum Ribes plant; Schottky diode; Introduction One of the most current types of

• of demonstrating the applicability of CDs in the field of electronics, apart from sensor studies, which are common application areas, and in terms of introducing new semiconductor materials to the field of electronics. Experimental Materials Rheum ribes was purchased from the market, washed, and

Investigation of Hf/Ti bilayers for the development of transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters

• Victoria Y. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1353–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.108

• based on a transition-edge sensor (TES) in experiments to determine the magnetic moment of neutrinos. Based on the measurements of the critical current, the critical temperature, and the width of the superconducting transition, we estimate the energy resolution δE of the TES prototypes, showing that it

• based on a transition-edge sensor (TES) are the most common concept [5]. The developed detectors have an energy resolution of the order of a few electronvolts, which is insufficient for many important applications. At present, the work on increasing the sensitivity of TES-based microcalorimeters is

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• potentially carcinogenic, and it is hard to predict their toxicity at early stages of exposure. In addition, industrial wastewater may contain toxic compounds such as the widely used 4-nitrophenol [1]. Hence, one need is to develop a dual-functional and flexible linker-free metal nanoparticle-based sensor

• metal selectivity switched upon increasing the volume of NaOH, confirming the significant role of NaOH in designing the nanoparticle-based sensor. Selective metal detection using centrifuged AuNR10.5 was achieved among all metals in the presence of NaOH only (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S11