Nanoinformatics: spanning scales, systems and solutions

• Iseult Lynch,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Kunal Roy and
• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 423–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.28

• classical molecular dynamics and ab initio calculations revealed that TA preferentially binds to the most reactive sites on GO surfaces via oxygen-containing groups or the carbon matrix. The binding energy was dominated by van der Waals interaction forces. A dose-dependent mitigating effect of TA on the

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

• to cancer cells; this resulted in a threefold increase in the accumulation of PLGA nanoparticles within the tumor [106]. A notable study aimed to evaluate the translational potential of biomimetic delivery systems for precise tumor therapy. Gold@carbon nanoparticles were coated with proteins derived

Eco-efficient materials for agricultural crops based on a mineral rich in MOR- and HEU-type zeolites

• Esperanza Yamile de la Nuez-Pantoja,
• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Gerardo Rodríguez-Fuentes,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• Ariel Martínez García,
• José Juan Calvino Gámez and
• Daniel Goma Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 381–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.26

• electron microscope was used; prior to measurements, samples were adhered to supports to coat them with a gold layer. For TEM analysis, samples were deposited on a 200-mesh copper grid with carbon membrane. Images were observed on a Talos F200X ThermoScientific microscope at 44000× magnification in S-MET

Interconnection morphology effects on the radio frequency response of carbon nanotube sponges

• Manuela Scarselli,
• Javad Rezvani,
• Zeno Zuccari,
• Mattia Scagliotti and
• Simone Tocci

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 343–351, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.23

• , Italy 10.3762/bjnano.17.23 Abstract In this work, the high-frequency response of a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) film grown on a silicon substrate is compared with that of MWCNT sponges (CNSs). Different from the CNT film, CNSs are a self-standing material that can operate in the absence of a

• applied for these tests, and an increase in the response up to 45% was found for the two studied positions. Keywords: carbon nanotube film; carbon nanotube sponge; chemical vapour deposition; monopole RF antenna; Introduction Most radio frequency (RF) applications rely on the use of conductors with low

• conditions [1][2]. Novel alternative materials including conducting polymers [3], nanocarbon-based materials like carbon fibres [4], carbon nanotubes (CNTs), their composites [5][6][7], and more recently graphene [8][9] have been the focus of extensive research. Above materials fulfil the requirements of

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• grown oxide. Specifically, on Si, LAO-derived oxide exhibits a density of 2.05 g·cm−3, lower than the 2.27 g·cm−3 density of thermally oxidized silicon [43]. In the case of Si surfaces the chemical reaction leading to SiO2 formation is: In the case of SiC, carbon atoms are eliminated in the form of

• carbon dioxide: The oxides fabricated on MoX2 materials (MoS2, MoSe2, and MoTe2) are instead soluble in water, indicating that the product of the reaction is MoO3 [21]: Similarly, LAO on WSe2 produces WO3 features that have been etched in water [24]. If we consider semiconductors and metals, most

• experiments aimed to fabricate narrow oxide lines on Si. In one case (Figure 2b), the aspect ratio was enhanced by using a carbon nanofiber (CNF)-functionalized AFM tip [51]; Figure 2c illustrates the scale of a multilevel SiNW transistor, serving as proof that LAO is compatible with performing multiple

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• its reaction product N-methyl-2,3-dihydropyridin-4(1H)-one is highly valuable (>1000 €·g−1) in contrast to the inexpensive starting material (0.15 €·g−1). Various synthesis methods were employed to prepare AuNPs supported on different carbon materials, including reduced graphene oxide (rGO), activated

• carbon (AC), and carbon black (CB), to investigate the influence of the carbon support on the catalyst performance. As stabilizing agents for the AuNPs, citrate (Cit) and the polyoxometallate [SiW9O34]10− (SiW9) were used. Among the tested catalysts, the rGO-supported ones, Au-Cit/rGO, Au-SiW9/rGO, and

• filtration and where the NPs are further stabilized against coalescence, aggregation, sintering, or Ostwald ripening under the catalytic reaction conditions. By anchoring AuNPs onto a solid support, such as metal oxides, polymers, or carbon-based materials, their stability is significantly enhanced

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• elements such as carbon or oxygen. Surface carbon contamination on Cu foils, particularly for higher-purity Cu foils, typically originates from the cold rolling process, where oils are important to balance friction properties and cool the strip and rolls. Surface roughness of the Cu foils was measured with

• × 10−2 mbar. The Cu foils were placed into the CVD chamber and the temperature was ramped to 1065 °C at 100 °C/min in either an Ar atmosphere (Ar) or a 4:1 (200 SCCM:50 SCCM) mixture of Ar and H2 (Ar:H2). The samples were then held at 1065 °C for an annealing time of 30 min. Subsequently, the carbon

• Discussion ToF-SIMS imaging of graphene grown on Cu foils after various surface pre-treatments, as shown in Figure 1, reveals dramatic differences in the nucleation density of graphene. Using the negative secondary ion signal from polyatomic carbon ions (Cn−), which are indicative of graphene, coming from

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• , nanocarriers encompass diverse types including polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, lipid-based carriers, carbon-based nanomaterials, and gold nanoparticles. They exhibit versatile structures (1–100 nm) with diverse morphologies (e.g., spherical, tubular, or conical shapes [14]). With

• platforms by emphasizing biodegradability, biocompatibility, and high positive surface potentials to optimize cellular uptake and endosomal escape. Addressing safety and regulatory challenges, especially for inorganic materials such as carbon nanotubes and mesoporous silica nanoparticles and optimizing

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• protection. Gryparis et al. [65] investigated self-cleaning photocatalytic coatings to protect cementitious materials from environmental pollutants (i.e., methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO)). Titanium dioxide, known for its photocatalytic properties, was combined with carbon dots (C-dots) to enhance

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• lithium sulfur batteries [19]. Such an improvement is enabled by the graphene-like structure and the defects within the flakes, represented not only by non-regular rings in the carbon lattice but also by the presence of oxygen functionalities and their percentile content [20][21][22]. A schematic

• eV (0.1 eV step) pass energy in the analyzer and the photoelectron take-off angle at 45°. In order to maintain a constant sample surface potential, a dual beam charge compensation with 7 eV Ar+ ions and 1 eV electrons was used. The aliphatic carbon C 1s line at 285.0 eV was used as a charge reference

• D peak [45]. The peak denoted as B (also denoted as D') is said to be related to Stone–Wales defects (5-7-7-5 rings), 5-8-5 rings [21], and other irregularities in the carbon rings. The D+G peak is of graphene/graphitic origin [21]. Upon reduction, the A and D'' peaks increased, suggesting an

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• are immobilized on supports like carbon-based materials or TiO2 to prevent aggregation and to maintain catalytic activity, strong adhesion is required [11]. To improve adhesion, Au NPs have been stabilized on SiO2 substrates by embedding them into an organometallic layer, effectively immobilizing the

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• and sizes were obtained using a CM200 TEM from Philips with an acceleration voltage of 200 kV, a point resolution of approximately 0.27 nm and a magnification from 50.000× to 750.000×. One drop of a diluted solution of NPs in toluene was deposited on a holey carbon grid. The latter was heated on a hot

Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy

• Shaun M. Smith,
• Ferdinando Malagreca,
• Jacqueline Hicks,
• Giuseppe Mantovani,
• David B. Amabilino,
• Christopher Parmenter and
• Lluïsa Pérez-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156

• Shaun M. Smith Ferdinando Malagreca Jacqueline Hicks Giuseppe Mantovani David B. Amabilino Christopher Parmenter Lluisa Perez-Garcia School of Chemistry, GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, NG7 2TU, United Kingdom Nanoscale and

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• biosensing platforms in detecting Co2+ ions and VB12 using RNA aptamer–gold nanoparticles colorimetric sensors, surface plasmon resonance sensors, chemiluminescence and electrochemiluminescence biosensors, and fluorescence biosensors (i.e., chemosensors, nanoclusters/nanoparticles-based sensors, and carbon

• biosensors into cellular bioimaging and the potential for non-invasive in vitro and in vivo analysis demonstrate their versatility and applicability across a broad spectrum of biomedical research, diagnostics, and nutrient analysis. Keywords: carbon dots; cobalamin; energy transfer; fluorescence sensor

• VB12 is that it has experienced a process called ring contraction. In this change, one of the carbon atoms that usually links the four pyrrole rings together is removed. This alteration results in a tighter and unevenly shaped large ring (corrin), making it different from the broader and more

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• electrons in SEM (only the gold cores were observed as bright features). We recorded STEM images of dimanno-AuNPs deposited on a carbon-coated TEM grid to visualize the layer. We employed uranyl as a stain, a soluble heavy-metal cation that attaches to the hydrophilic parts of the organic coating, providing

• good contrast [25]. The STEM images in dark-field mode (imaging scattered electrons) show the gold cores as bright structures, whereas the thin organic layers are darker. The carbon grid yields practically no scattering and appears essentially black, such that both the core and shell of the particles

• repeated the experiments under hydrophobic conditions: We employed OTS silicon surfaces and hydrophobic carbon AFM tips. From this, we exclude that the observed phenomena is specific for the type of surface [36] or based on mechanical contact between tip and surface [22][23][37]. The ∆z value under ambient

Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• broader nanotechnology over this period have ranged from half a trillion to nearly one trillion US dollars, roughly $400 billion from government sources and a comparable amount from industry [13][14][15]. Moreover, on the basis of data indexed in Web of Science and Scopus, it is evident that carbon

• , though nanomaterials research has made impressive scientific advances, its translation into mass-market products remains partial. Therefore, it raises a vital and valid question: Why are heavily researched nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, metal oxides, quantum dots, and MXenes still so

• conventional bulk materials toward advanced nanoscale innovations. Acknowledgements SKT gratefully acknowledges that the conception of this paper was inspired during the Indian Conference on Carbon Materials-2023 (ICCM-2023), held at BARC, Mumbai, where he had the privilege of serving as an invited speaker

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• methods are easy to implement and scalable but lack efficiency in open, natural environments such as Himalayan lakes and often require energy-consuming setups [43]. Research also indicates that sophisticated filtering systems, including granular activated carbon (GAC) filters, effectively capture small

• most promising among them are photocatalytic processes that utilize titanium dioxide nanoparticles under UV radiation. These are very efficient degradation processes for degrading plastics to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water [43]. Fenton reactions, involving a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and iron

• is TiO2, which is known for being stable, effective, and able to produce ROS when exposed to UV light [43]. The effectiveness of TiO2 has been improved recently by doping it with nonmetals like sulfur and nitrogen or combining it with carbon-based compounds like graphene. According to Xiao et al

Electron transport through nanoscale multilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride junctions

• Aleksandar Staykov and
• Takaya Fujisaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2132–2143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.147

• Aleksandar Staykov Takaya Fujisaki International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Japan Faculty of Materials for Energy, Shimane University, Japan 10.3762/bjnano.16.147 Abstract In this study, we employ the non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF

• enabled us to extrapolate trends for electron transport in thicker multilayer carbon and h-BN materials. Keywords: NEGF; DFT; nano-junction; Introduction Multilayer graphene nanomaterials exhibit interesting electronic properties and find application in battery electrode materials [1], electrocatalysis

• -plane and the inter-plane electron transport in nanoscale graphene are strongly related to the overlap integral between the 2pz atomic orbitals (AOs) at adjacent carbon sites given in Equation 1. The overlap integral is a function of the distance and angle between the two 2pz AOs. In-plane overlap has π

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• Michal Bartkowski Francesco Calzaferri Silvia Giordani School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland Life Science Institute, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland 10.3762/bjnano.16.144 Abstract Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), including graphene, carbon

• nanotubes, and carbon dots, have attracted considerable interest as nanocarriers for drug delivery due to their unique physicochemical properties. Their high surface area, biocompatibility, and modifiable surface chemistry make them highly attractive for a range of biomedical applications. However, concerns

• enhancing therapeutic delivery, particularly in areas such as cancer treatment. This perspective highlights critical considerations in the development of CNM-based nanocarriers, spanning from initial design to clinical implementation. Keywords: carbon nanomaterials (CNMs); carbon nanoparticles (CNPs); drug

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• were prepared accordingly [50]. For similar hydrolysis and condensation kinetics compared to the organosilane sol–gel precursors (see below), tetraisopropoxysilane (Si(OiPr)4) was used as a sol–gel precursor. After solvent exchange of the wet gel, supercritical drying with carbon dioxide delivered the

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• electron imaging, the anterior parts of a few worms as well as some reconstructed tube fragments were fixed in Bouin’s fluid for 24 h, dehydrated in graded ethanol, dried by the critical-point method, and mounted on aluminium stubs using carbon adhesive tabs. The samples were then coated with gold

• analysis on six cement spots from natural tubes embedded in epoxy resin (Figure 5D). Our measurements revealed that, in addition to carbon and oxygen, the cement primarily consisted of calcium (15.5% ± 4.5%) and phosphorus (3.7% ± 1.1%). Additionally, we detected smaller amounts of sulfur (0.6% ± 0.1

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• layered materials, resulting in 2D nanostructures. This approach is utilized for the formation of carbon-based and metal dichalcogenide nanosheets. Apart from gases, ions and molecules present in the solution can participate in the exfoliation as well as applied ultrasound. The application of ultrasound

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• rPpolcp19k-his protein (500 µg/mL), incubated for 0, 3, 11, or 21 days under varying pH and NaCl conditions, was applied to 200 mesh Cu formvar/carbon-coated grids (Agar Scientific) and allowed to settle for 5 min. Grids were washed three times in phosphate-buffered saline for 5 min each, followed by three

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• materials provide a foundation for developing sustainable, effective solutions to mitigate MPs pollution in the water supply system. Keywords: adsorbent interactions; adsorbent nanomaterials; carbon-based adsorbents; metal-organic frameworks (MOFs); microplastics (MPs); Introduction Plastic materials have

• methods Adsorbent nanomaterials have recently shown great potential for removing MPs. They can be classified into four main groups, including carbon-based adsorbents, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), magnetic nanomaterials, and aerogels and sponge-based adsorbents [49]. These materials are fabricated and

• reaction pathways of these materials. Classification and potential of adsorbent nanomaterials Carbon-based adsorbents. Carbon-based adsorbents, such as graphene oxide (GO), activated carbon, biochar, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), have been extensively investigated regarding the treatment of pollutants in

Further insights into the thermodynamics of linear carbon chains for temperatures ranging from 13 to 300 K

• Alexandre Rocha Paschoal,
• Thiago Alves de Moura,
• Juan S. Rodríguez-Hernández,
• Carlos William de Araujo Paschoal,
• Yoong Ahm Kim,
• Morinobu Endo and
• Paulo T. Araujo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1818–1825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.125

• University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano-shi 380-8553, Japan 10.3762/bjnano.16.125 Abstract It was recently shown that small bundles of linear carbon chains (LCC) encapsulated by double- and multi-wall carbon

• (T) and its first and second derivatives with relation to T, dωLCC/dT, and d2ωLCC/dT2. The C-band is a Raman spectroscopic signature for LCC, which is not only temperature-dependent but also dependent on the number of carbon atoms (N) constituting the LCC. In this present study, we extend these

• unchanged. Our measurements were performed in both isolated and small bundles of LCC@MWCNT, which allowed us to demonstrate that small bundles or isolated environments do not seem to influence the vibrational and thermodynamic properties measured. Keywords: carbon nanotubes; Debye model; Grüneisen