Sustainable fabrication of 2D-based devices through reuse of substrates with microfabricated electrodes

• Ying Zhang,
• Yigit Sozen,
• Esteban Zamora-Amo,
• Thomas Pucher,
• Nuria Jiménez-Arévalo,
• Zdenek Sofer,
• Yong Xie and
• Andres Castellanos-Gomez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 818–827, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.58

• its ability to penetrate microscopic gaps [24]. Heating to 50 °C can help weaken the van der Waals interactions between the 2D flakes and the substrate. Simultaneously, ultrasound agitation enhances molecular diffusion and promotes cavitation, generating localized pressure fluctuations that further

Interface-engineered Caco-2 cell culture on a collagen-coated liquid–liquid interface in a microfluidic device

• Satoru Kuriu and
• Soo Hyeon Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 760–768, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.53

• intestinal epithelial cells are cultured to establish a polarized epithelial barrier. Although porous membranes enable compartmentalization, they may also impose non-physiological diffusion barriers and mechanical constraints. Liquid–liquid interfaces provide a mechanically soft and dynamically

Tailoring Ag–Pt nanoalloys through solid-state dewetting: structural and optical insights

• Marcin Łapiński,
• Piotr Okoczuk,
• Blaž Grobiša,
• Ewa Pawlikowska,
• Amelia Rozwadowska,
• Wojciech Sadowski and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 748–759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.52

• film. The disintegration mechanism is driven by atomic diffusion, and the tendency of the system is to reduce the surface energy through the formation of isolated islands [17][18][19][20]. This process is governed by the pursuit of balance between the energy needed to create a new surface (surface

• in Ag–Pt nanoalloys, as discussed in [69][70]. The linear EDS analysis also confirmed the formation of a thin intermediate layer, resulting from the diffusion of silicon from substrate into the structures. A similar effect was previously observed in Ag–Au nanostructures, where we noticed diffusion

Decontamination from water pollutants and pathogens by electrospun nanofibers doped with heavy-atom-free borafluorene-BODIPY photosensitizers

• Angelika Zaszczyńska,
• Paulina H. Marek-Urban,
• Karolina Wrochna,
• Agnieszka E. Kuklewska,
• Kacper Kręgielewski,
• Marta Grodzik,
• Dawid R. Natkowski,
• Jolanta Mierzejewska,
• Ewa Iwanek,
• Agata Blacha-Grzechnik,
• Paweł Sajkiewicz and
• Krzysztof Durka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 668–682, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.46

• platform and processing method giving materials with large surface areas, good mechanical properties, and high porosity, enabling oxygen diffusion, light penetration, and efficient ROS production. Accordingly, we used electrospinning, a relatively simple and cheap technique with the perspective for large

• the concentration of 1, but rather by the diffusion rate of oxygen. It should be also noted that 1(0.50 wt %)@PCL exhibits higher fluorescence quantum yield (QYF = 26%) than 1(1.00 wt %)@PCL (QYF = 21%), despite similar photocatalytic performance. This indicates that, at higher concentrations, the non

Cellulose as a photocatalyst support material: extraction, structural features, and environmental applications

• Yee Teng Lim,
• Nur Farhana Jaafar,
• Azizul Hakim Lahuri and
• Endang Tri Wahyuni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 635–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.44

• porous networks with reactive surfaces that not only store inorganic nanoparticles (INPs) but also facilitate their easy diffusion throughout the structure. This unique design enables the creation of CNC–INP networks with exceptionally large surface areas, making them highly effective for catalytic

Recent progress in enhancing built-in electric fields of perovskite solar cells via junction engineering

• Tong Xiao and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 602–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.42

• -diffusion transport, and extraction pathways, thereby shaping critical device parameters such as open-circuit voltage and fill factor. This review highlights recent progress in junction engineering strategies for BEF enhancement. Homojunctions extend interfacial potential fields into the bulk through

• ; junction; perovskite solar cells; Introduction Driven by the global push for carbon neutrality, next-generation high-efficiency and low-cost photovoltaic technologies have gained increasing attention. Due to their high absorption coefficients, long carrier diffusion lengths, tunable bandgaps, and solution

• , carriers migrate at the interface through diffusion and drift, gradually establishing a built-in electric field (BEF) that aligns the Fermi levels on both sides. This field is not only the primary driving force that sustains carrier separation but also a direct determinant of device photovoltaic conversion

Electrochemical determination of ciprofloxacin using a MIL-101/reduced graphene oxide-modified electrode

• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Nguyen Ngoc Nghia,
• Nguyen Vinh Phu,
• Vo Thi Khanh Ly,
• Le Lam Son,
• Pham Khac Lieu,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Nguyen Dinh Luyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 541–554, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.35

•  7). The oxidation peak current increases linearly with the square root of the scan rate (Figure 7a), indicating that CPR oxidation is mainly controlled by diffusion [28]. Furthermore, based on Laviron’s theory [29], the linear dependence of peak potential on the natural logarithm of scan rate

Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

• being highly exothermic and proceeding with small or negligible reaction barriers [54][62]. Such low barriers imply that, once formed, larger vacancy clusters can promote a near-instantaneous reaction with O2. However, the formation of these clusters cannot be explained by vacancy diffusion, as the

• multilayer films into the bulk are poorly understood. In relatively unstable TMDs, such as MoTe2 and WTe2, an ultrathin amorphous layer of MoO3 or TeO2 is immediately formed when CVD or MBE-grown MoTe2 is exposed to ambient environments [53][68]. However, the barrier for S vacancy diffusion between TMD

• layers was predicted to be very high [62], hampering the vacancy diffusion mechanism. Nevertheless, a relatively thick native oxide layer can still form on otherwise stable HfS2 after plasma oxidation. In this process, O ions are believed to permeate through grain boundaries between small crystals and

Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability

• Thayse Viana de Oliveira,
• Ana Paula Farias Leão,
• Júlia Leão,
• Cesar Liberato Petzhold and
• Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30

• to test our central hypothesis that multilayer printing can provide enhanced bioadhesion and light protection. However, they will be crucial for future optimisation and translation, including in vitro release testing using Franz diffusion cells as well as skin permeation studies. Conclusion In this

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

Eco-efficient materials for agricultural crops based on a mineral rich in MOR- and HEU-type zeolites

• Esperanza Yamile de la Nuez-Pantoja,
• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Gerardo Rodríguez-Fuentes,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• Ariel Martínez García,
• José Juan Calvino Gámez and
• Daniel Goma Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 381–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.26

• should be expected that the intracrystalline diffusion of ammonium ions is favoured in MOR since it has channels with a larger diameter. It has been reported that, in MOR zeolites, Ca2+ and K+ cations are located in smaller channels (secondary and lateral) [37]. In the case of HEU, it has been reported

• textural parameter values (Table 2). Like all zeolitic minerals, this natural zeolite possesses both porosity and mesoporosity. In this regard, note in the SEM images the spacing between the crystals of the zeolitic phases. It leads to diffusion of DAP and urea through them (porous and mesoporous) to the

• essential mainly during the early stages of crop development. This scenario could lead to impeded diffusion and consequent slow release of nutrients from the zeolitic material into the soil solution. This late delivery of nutrients is consistent with the concept of slow or controlled release and increases

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• target and affect the beam spatial and temporal profile. Picosecond lasers provide a balance between nonlinear optical absorption and thermal diffusion effects [171]. Self-focusing is less intense than with femtosecond pulses, achieving effective focus without significant filamentation when operating at

• limit the productivity. Nanosecond lasers exhibit thermal processes that can reduce efficiency. Picosecond lasers represent an intermediate regime where a balance between nonlinear optical absorption and thermal diffusion is achieved. This balance minimises adverse effects such as self-focusing and

• enough to limit significant thermal effects, yet there is still thermal diffusion [176]. For pulses longer than 1 ps, the ablation regime determined by the optical penetration depth is not observed [178]. In the nanosecond regime, the energy is deposited over an extended period, and heat has time to

Fast vortex dynamics and relaxation times in NbRe-based heterostructures

• Francesco De Chiara,
• Zahra Makhdoumi Kakhaki,
• Francesco Avitabile,
• Francesco Colangelo,
• Abhishek Kumar,
• Carmine Attanasio and
• Carla Cirillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 292–302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.20

• the critical value v*, the Lorentz force dominates the viscous drag force, leading to instabilities in vortex motion. The dependence of v* on T is given by: where Tc is the superconducting critical temperature, D is the quasiparticles diffusion coefficient, and ζ(x) is the Riemann zeta function. The

• vortex velocity than a single superconducting strip [27]. This result may be attributed to proximity-induced superconductivity in the normal layer. At the interface, superconductivity is induced into the normal metal over the coherence length where DN = vFl/3 [36] is the electron diffusion coefficient in

• electron diffusion coefficient and the ferromagnet exchange energy, respectively. Since, at low temperatures, Eex (≈0.01–1 eV) largely exceeds the thermal energy, kBT, ξF is typically of the order of 1–5 nm [33]. As a result, in contrast to the much longer decay observed in S/N systems, superconducting

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• , and carrier mobility. As a result, precise control over oxidation depth and lateral diffusion during processing may require the use of lower voltages and carefully optimized humidity conditions. Hybrid approaches, which combine LAO with complementary techniques such as chemical vapor deposition or

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• diffusion of reactants and products to and from the active sites. Carbon black shows the lowest BET surface area (167 m2·g−1) and total pore volume (0.57 cm3·g−1). Most of the pores are again in the microporous region (<2 nm) (Figure S1c, Supporting Information File 1), concomitant with a less accessible

• volume. These features provide a more favorable environment for mass transport, reactant diffusion, and nanoparticle dispersion, making rGO a more effective catalyst support, so we expect a better catalytic activity with rGO. In addition to the morphological and textural properties of carbon supports

• efficient mass transport and diffusion of reactants. For Au@SiW9-AC, only 85% conversion was reached after 8 h, whereas the rGO equivalent achieved 100%. Conversely, the textural and morphological properties of rGO (Figure 2), characterized by increased mesoporosity (Figure 3), create a more favorable

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• diffusion of material present in the copper foil before growth [36][37], which could lead to variations in the properties of graphene once transferred from the Cu foil to an alternative substrate. We also explore the gas permeation properties of the CVD graphene on Cu [38] by examining the oxygen detected

• present within the graphene films, which facilitate oxygen diffusion, depending on the growth process. The variation in the colour distribution also reflects potential variations in the composition of the oxide layer that forms on the surface. To further explore the extent of the substrate oxidation in

• region in the centre of the sputtered crater, at regular intervals of time during the sputter process up to a depth of ≈180 nm. To compare the extent of oxygen diffusion through the graphene layers, regions of interest were selected in the images corresponding to the graphene signal (i.e., regions where

Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• polymers in thin films are known to markedly differ from those observed in the bulk, with significant differences in glass transition behavior, diffusion, and viscoelastic properties [4]. The assembly of polymer molecules from solution to solid state play a critical role in determining thin film morphology

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• incomplete uptake, are suitable adjustments in the incubation time, temperature, and NL concentration, as well as pH and ion concentrations. Optimization of these factors is essential for accurate identification of transport mechanisms, like diffusion or receptor-mediated endocytosis, also reflecting the

• internalization of nanoliposomes can take place through several energy-dependent endocytic pathways (i.e., phagocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolin-mediated endocytosis, clathrin/caveolae-independent endocytosis, and micropinocytosis), as well as through passive transport or diffusion which is an

• uncompetitive movement of the nanosystems, either directly through membrane phospholipids (simple diffusion) or in combination with membrane proteins (facilitated diffusion) [8][34]. Therefore, endocytosis is a process that occurs through membrane–particle adhesion followed by elastic deformation of the cell

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• and demonstrate that both R-PE and 5-FU were effectively incorporated into the nanocarriers. Moreover, the observed spectral modifications suggest that the lipid bilayer not only acted as a physical barrier to immediate diffusion but also provided a stabilizing microenvironment that preserved the

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• conductivity [55]. Similar to the case reported herein, He et al. reported that higher intensity ratios of ID/IG and ID+D'/I2D (or ID+G/I2D, as denoted herein) were related to better electrochemical performance of the examined materials. Moreover, such an optimal additive improved the diffusion coefficient in

Competitive helical bands and highly efficient diode effect in F/S/TI/S/F hybrid structures

• Tairzhan Karabassov,
• Irina V. Bobkova,
• Pavel M. Marychev,
• Vasiliy S. Stolyarov,
• Vyacheslav M. Silkin and
• Andrey S. Vasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 15–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.2

• Hamiltonian in Equation 1 within the microscopic approach based on the quasiclassical Green’s functions in the diffusive limit, that is, when the coherence length ξ is much larger than the electron mean free path l. Such model can be described by the Usadel equations [79][80][81] Here D is the diffusion

• surface, respectively. We introduced the characteristic length , where Ds(N) is the diffusion constant in S(N) part and Tcs is the transition temperature of the bare S region. The self-consistency equations for the pair potentials read where the summation is performed up to the Debye frequency ωD. Finally

Geometry-controlled engineering of the low-temperature proximity effect in normal metal–superconductor junctions

• Munisa A. Tomayeva,
• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2265–2273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.155

• , the normal-metal coherence length, , where Dn is the electron diffusion coefficient and Tc is the critical temperature [8][9]. In a FM, the exchange field Eex further suppresses superconducting correlations, resulting in a shorter coherence length, [10][11][12][13]. This gradual decay of

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• absorption of VB12 (Figure 2), namely, passive diffusion and active transport [34][44]. In passive diffusion, a minor fraction (1–2%) of oral VB12 dose can be directly absorbed via the intestinal mucosa and the gastrointestinal tract surface without the need for the intrinsic factor (IF). If the active

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• here limit to the case of complete dehydration) (Table 1). DLS usually gives higher particle sizes due to the hydration layer [39][40], which slows the diffusion of NPs in aqueous solutions, especially our hydrophilic NPs. We suggest two possible explanations. First, the dimannose residues could be