Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• , attack the polymer chains of MPs. They either break the chains into smaller pieces or mineralize them into CO2 and water. A lot of research is being done on the photocatalytic properties of nanomaterials like TiO2, graphene oxide (GO), and ZnO. An excellent material for breaking down MPs in water systems

Electron transport through nanoscale multilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride junctions

• Aleksandar Staykov and
• Takaya Fujisaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2132–2143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.147

• defects are results of C–C bond rotation in the graphene plane, which isomerizes a 6–6 ring structure to a 7–5 ring structure. Stone–Wales defects are commonly observed in multilayer graphene, graphite, graphene oxide, and their occurrence is temperature-dependent [15][16]. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• responses [37]. In contrast, a recent first-in-human investigation of thin, highly purified graphene oxide nanosheets reported that acute inhalation was well tolerated, showing no adverse effects on lung function, cardiovascular health, or systemic inflammatory markers [28]. Even within the same material

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• reaction pathways of these materials. Classification and potential of adsorbent nanomaterials Carbon-based adsorbents. Carbon-based adsorbents, such as graphene oxide (GO), activated carbon, biochar, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), have been extensively investigated regarding the treatment of pollutants in

• bonding through oxygen-containing groups (oxidized biochar), pore filling, and electrostatic interactions [53]. GO materials, such as a nickel/reduced graphene oxide (Ni/rGO) nanocomposite, also exhibited high adsorption efficiency, achieving 80.3% removal of PS from water containing 100 mg·L−1 PS. The

• ]. Recently, Yan et al. developed a reduced graphene oxide (S-rGO) membrane with small lateral size and a rejection rate of up to 99.9% while maintaining high water permeability (236.2 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1) [56]. As another type of material belonging to carbon-based adsorbents, CNTs have also gained attention

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• , sensory, and photocatalytic properties of graphene oxide (GO) and polyimide (PI). Implantations were carried out with fluences ranging from 3.75 × 1012 cm−2 to 1 × 1016 cm−2. Silver ions offer excellent electrical, catalytic, and plasmonic characteristics, making them ideal for multifunctional enhancement

• multifunctional behavior of polymer systems. Keywords: ERDA; graphene oxide; ion implantation; photocatalysis; polyimide; RBS; Introduction Silver ion implantation is an effective strategy for controlling modification of the physicochemical properties of polymers and graphene-based materials. This method allows

• controlled modification of the electrical properties of dielectric and semiconducting materials [7]. When Ag ions are implanted into polymer substrates, such as polyimide (PI) or graphene oxide (GO), fundamental changes occur at the molecular and electronic levels, leading to a significant decrease in the

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• environmental conditions and across a wide pH range, making them reliable materials for pollutant removal [83]. Sun et al. [84] studied the removal of MPs from water using a sustainable adsorbent composed of graphene oxide and chitin. The elastic nature of the sponge retains its high porosity, enabling

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• on porous materials, such as carbon-based adsorbents. These innovations help to slow down electron–hole recombination, broaden light absorption, and enhance surface adsorption sites [11]. Cao et al. synthesized TiO2 nanowires on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) through a solvothermal method, which

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• dendrimers on a solid support can also improve the dispersibility, accessibility of binding sites, chemical recyclability, and mechanical stability [16][17]. In fact, dendrimers have been supported by various nanomaterials such as silica, graphene oxide, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), broadening their

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• . A modification in this work was made by incorporating graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) into SnS to form nanocomposites. The only difference was the laser ablation wavelength (1064 nm) [128]. The deposition of SnS:GO nanocomposite thin film was achieved by adding different

• approximately 15 to 40 nanoparticles per μm2. The hybrid materials exhibited plasmon resonance absorption of the Au NPs. Shorter EPD times maintained the properties of graphene, while longer deposition times resulted in the conversion of graphene to graphene oxide due to its electrochemical oxidation [132

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• . Additionally, three-dimensional graphene oxide has shown adsorption capacities of up to 617.28 mg·g−1 for polystyrene MPs of 5 µm in size [13][14]. The integration of adsorbents with appropriate treatment models has further enhanced removal efficiency. For instance, coal gasification slag-based adsorbents

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• , indicating the potential for repeated use and long-term application [21]. Zhao and Park’s group incorporated in situ synthesized silver-loaded graphene oxide (GO-Ag) nanoparticles into polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan (PVA/CS) electrospun nanofiber membranes to boost desalination performance. The PVA/CS/GO-Ag

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• , a ligand of transferrin receptor, and NGR peptide, a ligand of CD13 [127]. Dual modification with the peptides yielded the ability to overcome the BBB and target the glioma. In another study, RBC-covered graphene oxide quantum dots (GTDC@M) were investigated regarding the targeted therapy of

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• , Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan 10.3762/bjnano.16.79 Abstract Graphene oxide (GO) is expected to be one of the most promising adsorbents for metal

• ions, including radioactive nuclides in aqueous solutions. Large-area and single-layer graphene oxide (SLGO) grown on α-Al2O3(0001) was used as a model structure of GO since the aggregation and re-stacking of the GO sheets prevent the adequate analysis of the adsorption state. The SLGO film was

• deposition; electronic state analysis; graphene oxide; X-ray absorption fine structure; Introduction Graphene oxide (GO) is oxidized graphene and its surface and periphery are partially modified by epoxy, hydroxy, and carboxy functional groups [1][2]. GO can be thinned to a monolayer of one carbon atom and

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• Sumanta Sahoo Ankur Sood Sung Soo Han School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea 10.3762/bjnano.16.70 Abstract Reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-assisted microwave (MW) synthesis of metal-oxide-based binary and ternary nanocomposites has recently

• . Keywords: Fe2O3; magnetism; microwave irradiation; reduced graphene oxide; VO2; Introduction Graphene-based materials have been significantly explored in various fields of materials science due to their unique physical and chemical characteristics [1][2][3][4]. The special arrangement of carbon materials

• unlocked a new era in the field of materials science. The synthetic approaches of graphene materials including graphene quantum dots, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) can be categorized into two classes: top-down and bottom-up processes. The top-down approaches are found to be comparatively

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• graphene nanosheets in water-intercalated AB bilayer graphene structures. A layer of water molecules significantly decreases the intersheet van der Waals force. A novel hydrogel of graphene oxide–silica gel–zinc hydroxide (GO-SG-ZH) is experimentally synthesized to demonstrate the advantages of hydrated

• bonding, two graphene sheets in face-to-face geometry have a large interaction surface area to multiply the van der Waals force per unit area, resulting in strong binding energy of total attraction forces. The restacking of graphene-based nanosheets, including pristine graphene, graphene oxide (GO), and

• reduced graphene oxide (RGO), causes the drawbacks of small effective surface area and low dispersibility in media [10]. Several approaches have been reported to prevent the irreversible stacking of graphene-based nanosheets, including electrostatic repulsion, nanoparticle intercalation, three-dimensional

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• out for their potential in dentistry due to their high specific surface area, mechanical strength and adaptability for biological and chemical modifications [4][5]. For instance, a previous study demonstrated that incorporating 2% (w/w) graphene oxide into a resin-modified glass ionomer cement

• significantly enhanced the flexural strength of the material, thereby improving its overall mechanical properties [6]. Additionally, another study investigated the effects of adding graphene oxide nanoplatelets (GONPs) to Portland cement. It was shown that the addition of 1 wt % GONPs improved surface

• microhardness without compromising biocompatibility [7]. In another work, the formulation of an injectable calcium phosphate cement–chitosan–graphene oxide (GO) composite was found to be effective. This composite fostered the proliferation of human dental pulp stem cells [8]. Despite these promising findings

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• design offers a large surface area. They are biocompatible, lowering the possibility of negative immune responses, and are adaptable to the use as films, gels, or scaffolds for different kinds of wounds [169]. Materials such as gold nanoparticles, graphene oxide, and silicon nanostructures are frequently

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• biosensors for early diagnosis and improving the sensitivity of AβO detection. In imaging, nanoparticles (NPs) can help to visualize localized protein accumulation, complementing existing diagnostic methods. Materials such as carbon-based NMs (e.g., graphene oxide) and metal NPs (e.g., gold and silver

• improved associated neurotoxicity [52]. Shifting from imaging to electrochemical approaches, researchers have developed biosensors comprising immobilized thiolated PrPC peptides on a graphene oxide/gold nanoparticle hydrogel electrode. This nanobiosensor displayed high specificity and sensitivity for

• , with a detection range spanning from 10−9 to 103 nM [77]. An electrochemical, label-free aptassay developed by Gallo-Orive et al. incorporates graphene oxide–gold nanoparticles/nickel/platinum nanoparticles for the rapid and accurate detection of AβOs in complex clinical samples, such as brain tissue

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• capabilities of cancer cells. The results indicate that the interplay between DDR and autophagy pathways may open new paradigms for developing effective combinatorial nanoscale drug systems against multidrug-resistance cancers. Keywords: A549 cells; autophagy; chloroquine; DNA damage; graphene oxide

• oxidative stress and autophagy modulation [14]. Graphene oxide (GO) due to its unique physicochemical properties has attracted vast scientific attention as an efficient drug delivery carrier and modulator of biological activities, including autophagy, DDR, and intracellular transportation of therapeutics

• ]. Graphene oxide has been shown to sensitize CT26 (mouse colorectal fibroblast carcinoma cells), Skov-3 (human ovarian epithelial cancer cells), HeLa (human cervical epithelial adenocarcinoma cells), and Tramp-C1 (mouse prostate epithelial adenocarcinoma) cancer cells to chemotherapeutics through enhanced

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• smaller distance between molecular chains, which improves energy dissipation. Saeedi et al. [142] conducted DMTA tests and found that storage modulus and loss modulus of chitosan/PVA improved with the addition of graphene oxide. An improvement of loss modulus indicates resistance of polymer chains against

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• antibiotic removal by semiconductor-based photocatalysts Photocatalysis is a highly effective, affordable, and environmentally friendly approach for removing antibiotics from wastewater. Various semiconductor photocatalysts, such as TiO2, ZnO, bismuth oxyhalide (BiOX), g-C3N4, graphene oxide (GO), WO3, and

• oxide-based materials Graphene is a monolayer of carbon atoms organized in a hexagonal lattice, with various types of defects present around the edges. This material is categorized based on the level of surface oxidation, which includes pristine graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide (rGO

• ]. Incorporating metal oxides into rGO enhances the photosensitization. The process of degrading different antibiotics in wastewater through photoactive oxidation has been investigated utilizing various graphene oxide-based materials such as rGO/WO3, g-C3N4/BiVO4/rGO, BiVO4/TiO2/rGO, rGO/Bi4O5Br2, rGO-BiVO4-ZnO

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• controlled release of TMZ [41][42]. In another publication [25], the suitability of graphene oxide (GO) functionalized with folic acid (FA) for controlled release of TMZ and the inhibition of glioma growth was confirmed in vivo. To our knowledge (and stated also in the paper of Petrenko et al. [35]), our

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• of LECs (Figure 3d). Consequently, the incidence of PCO in a rabbit model was approximately one third of that observed in the control group. Furthermore, photothermal nanomaterials with a wide absorption wavelength, such as reduced graphene oxide (rGO) [67] and polydopamine [68], have been utilized