Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• conditions was 0.03 nm, and the roughness of the OTS on silicon was 0.55 nm for scans between 100 and 1000 nm. In this case, it was not possible to follow the same particles along the different humidity steps due to the instability of the measurement, which did not allow for locating the scanned area after

• surfaces with a stream of nitrogen. Contact angle measurements For static contact angle measurements, sessile drop experiments were performed in triplicates at ambient temperature (23–25 °C) with a standard contact-angle measurement system (G10 goniometer, Krüss). A droplet of ultrapure water of 4 µL

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• direct ROS measurement and apoptosis marker assays (e.g., Annexin V/PI staining, caspase-3 activation) will be crucial for validating and further elucidating these mechanistic pathways. The surface charge and zeta potential of AgSbS2 NCs, which strongly influence their colloidal stability and cellular

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• Materials, have developed guidelines and standards for the characterisation and measurement of nanomaterials, including definitions of key terms and concepts (Table 4). However, these guidelines are not comprehensive. Refining and universally adopting them is essential to foster the stratification of CNMs

Calibration of piezo actuators and systems by dynamic interferometry

• Knarik Khachatryan and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2086–2091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.143

• perpendicular to the cantilever, which is also mounted at the same angle α to the horizontal [25]. The vertical movement of the fiber in z-direction (zf) changes the cavity length with . For the measurement of the actual tube piezo calibration factor , we measure the contraction and extension of the tube via

• the change in cavity length Δd as a function of the change in the added voltage . Initially, the control loop is frozen at , with derr = 0 for a long time (many days) to facilitate complete equilibration of the piezo tube. After the start of the measurement, is varied in positive and negative

• Discussion Results are compiled in the four frames of Figure 1, including linear functions that fit the measurement points. Measurements have been performed in the sequence of contraction ( = 0 … 120 V, Figure 1b) and then extension ( = 0 … −120 V, Figure 1a). Note that the contraction measurement yields a

Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• stiffness (k) matching, a critical requirement for accurate contact mechanics models [20]. The stiffness k should be neither too large (to ensure a sufficient deflection signal for accurate force measurement) nor too small (to achieve adequate sample indentation). For heterogeneous samples with modulus

• the measurement points can be calculated using the contact mechanics models [18][22]. (ii) Concurrently, the piezoelectric actuator PD-II excites the probe at its higher eigenmode, inducing a minor vibration with an amplitude generally beneath 1 nm. This high-eigenmode oscillation amplitude remains

• , Figure S1), confirming that the nanomechanical data and phase contrast extracted from these ROIs are reliable and were not compromised by topographic alterations. In addition, independent reproducibility tests were performed on multiple regions, and the measurement results were highly consistent across

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• important question to consider which possibilities exist to tune the interaction of guest molecules with the surfaces more precisely. Because the concentration of the amino acid groups is relatively low in our materials, the first idea is to increase it. The measurement results using AlaNH15oSIL are shown

• Bruker Magnetech MS 5000 equipped with a variable temperature unit (TC-H03 Temperature Controller, magnetech GmbH). Prior to use, all materials and solutions were degassed under argon by at least 10 pump–freeze–thaw cycles. For each measurement, 50

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• bring physical values or interpretation to the data that is collected by the AFM, allowing operators of the technique to compare their measurements across fields [6]. CR-AFM is a technique that was established in 2008, allowing for the measurement of mechanical properties (elastic modulus and

• viscoelastic modulus) of surfaces [5]. It is particularly useful for the measurement of heterogeneous surfaces, characteristic of composite and biological materials, where understanding the interplay between microstructure and mechanical properties of the constituent materials is critical for the performance

• entire length of the measurement [14][15][16]. This calculation results in a single measurement of the cantilever’s oscillation frequency and other oscillation parameters, but can also result in high frequency/spectral resolution that can allow for the determination of quantifiable results for parameters

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• the LNP outer shell showed a slight tendency toward more negative values as PEG density increased, from −2.84 mV at 1 mol % to −4.11 mV at 5 mol %, though the difference falls within the measurement variability. The EE% of mRNA payload remained greater than 90% across all PEG levels, though a small

Programmable soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction logic cells and networks

• Vsevolod I. Ruzhickiy,
• Anastasia A. Maksimovskaya,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.131

• damping parameter and kinetic inductance measurement. Close mode (red zone): The KICK does not allow the SKS to pass through. Open mode (blue zone): The SKS passes through the KICK. T-mode (green zone): The KICK has two stable states, and every second SKS passes through it. M-mode (purple zone): The KICK

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• causing significant wideband mechanical vibrations, which can propagate through the cold stages down to the measurement apparatus. However, force sensors with integrated position detectors, as the one presented in this work, do not require free-space optical alignment with a long optical path length. They

• determined by all sources of noise. The total noise can be expressed as the sum of the power spectral densities (PSDs) of uncorrelated contributions such as the thermal fluctuations in cantilever deflection (Ω) [m2/Hz] at the effective mode temperature T, measurement back action noise , and the frequency

• -independent added noise of the detection SVV [V2/Hz], which is converted to an equivalent deflection noise via the detector responsivity α [V/m]: Neglecting back action, the noise-equivalent force for a given measurement bandwidth Δf is given by This quantity is minimized at the mechanical resonance

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• controlled measurement configuration. SRIM-calculated depth distribution of ranges of Ag ions with energies of 20 keV and 1.5 MeV in GO and PI and Ag ions’ nuclear stopping powers (Sn) and electronic stopping powers (Se) in the same matrix. The ERDA spectra of pristine and implanted samples. (a) GO 20 keV Ag

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• and density The viscosity and density of LO were measured using an SVM 3000/G2 kinematic viscometer (Anton Paar, USA). The measurements were performed at two temperatures: 25 °C (by ASTM D7042-21 standard) and 75 °C, with each measurement repeated in triplicate to determine the mean ± standard

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• , the brown tissue, and the sclerenchyma fibers of a Pinus wallichiana pine cone scale. However, as their water uptake measurements consisted of only one measurement per tissue, being limited to the range of 30–80% RH, and their equilibrium criterion being one hour of exposure instead of a mass change

• cones. From each spiral, five scales were prepared for measurement, starting with the first basal scale whose adaxial epidermis was not blocked by another scale. For each experiment, one set of ten scales from one cone was then mounted in two rows of five in a sample holder inside a climate chamber (CTC

• due to an intra-tissue gradient. In contrast, the longitudinal shrinkage measured in the abaxial and adaxial sides of the sclereid layer was more uniform, with about 0.7 percentage points higher values for the adaxial side, likely being within the measurement noise. The brown tissue exhibited lower

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• every measurement. Thus, scanning of the retardation voltage becomes possible, that is, the analyzer transmission is accounted for. Since event averaging over many gas pulses is done in the analyzer, the measurement can be run very fast. A significant difference in the direct analysis can immediately be

• different measurement schemes are presented below. The data are taken from two experiments performed at the SLE of the HIPPIE beamline, while exposing a catalyst to gas pulses. Ammonia oxidation (microsecond time-resolution, pump–probe mode): This experiment used 150 µs wide 170 V voltage pulses with a

• component (2) oscillates in antiphase with the other two (1,3); when 2 increases, 1 and 3 decrease and vice versa. Thus, even though the oscillating signal picked up during the measurement is small in comparison to the time average of the spectra, Fourier analysis can reveal the periodic spectroscopic

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• , which were clusters of many individual In2O3 NPs. A discrepancy was observed between the grain size measurements from XRD and AFM. This discrepancy arises because AFM directly visualizes the grains but does not account for structural defects, while XRD measurement determines the size of the defect-free

• corresponding in situ resistance measurement as a function of temperature during heat treatment of the Ag layer is presented in Figure 11d. In conclusion, drop-casting, due to its simplicity, involves merely dropping a colloidal solution onto a substrate, offering limited control over the deposition process

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• nm. Samples were diluted tenfold with deionized water prior to measurement. To determine the morphology, particle size of the synthesized nanostructures, the samples were analyzed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, Hitachi S-4800, Japan) and transmission electron microscopy

Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning

• Dylan Stewart Barker and
• Adam Sweetman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99

• learning; spectroscopy; scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM); scanning tunnelling spectroscopy (STS); Introduction Scanning tunnelling spectroscopy (STS) extends the capability of scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) beyond topographic imaging, allowing for the direct measurement of the electronic

• the tip–sample distance constant throughout the spectroscopy measurement. The voltage is then swept through a range of values whilst measuring the current, which is obtained as a function of the varying voltage, I(V). This curve can then be differentiated with respect to the voltage to obtain the

• measurement. The identification of each molecular configuration was determined using the CC method with two separate reference images as shown in Figure 1d,e. For the final distinctions on the Au(111) surface, the CCR thresholds used for the SnUp and SnDown molecules were 0.983 and 0.980, respectively. Using

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• evaluated, from 10 to 70 °C, at the same time intervals mentioned above. Measurements were performed with the Zetasizer instrument (Malvern, UK). The nanoemulsion was equilibrated at temperatures of 10, 20, 30 40, 40, 50, 60, and 70 °C for 5 min prior to measurement [42]. Hemolytic activity Hemolytic

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• diffraction (XRD) was performed using an Aeris Minerals Edition from PANalytical (UK) with Co radiation at 40 kV. Biopackaging samples were clipped on a 16 mm holder and the measurement was performed using a 1/8° diffraction slit. Mechanical strength was determined at room temperature using a Testometric X350

• materials (BP, rBP, and rCBP) was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), model Primas E (US). The samples were coated with Pt for 30 s prior to measurement. Bioactive properties UV absorption. Transparency and UV absorption of the films were determined using UV–vis spectroscopy in the

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• of 1 cm−1 and an accumulation of 35 scans per spectrum. A compressive force of 15 N was applied to the samples during measurement to ensure proper contact with the ATR crystal surface. Quantification of rotenoids by high-performance liquid chromatography The quantification of rotenoids was performed

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• N/m, and tip radius of 20–60 nm as provided by the manufacturer (Bruker), to study the morphological features of bacteria under different tested conditions. The deflection set point was adjusted during the measurement to optimize imaging conditions. Nanoindentations were performed using a maximum

• single measurement was taken along the length of each bacteria, while three measurements were performed and averaged to take its width. This is presented below in Figure 2A and Figure 2B. All obtained images, FV maps, and force–distance curves were analyzed with the NanoScope analysis software 1.7 from

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• indicates the formation of larger crystallites in SAED. As shown in the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement in Figure 4D, the crystallization of the amorphous particles is an exothermic process and begins at approximately 375 °C, which is exactly the same temperature where the rapid decrease

• particle core. The EELS measurement in Figure 6b and Figure 6c shows that both areas yield a significant amount of carbon signal. We observe that the particle shell mainly consists of amorphous and graphitic carbon (peak at 286 eV with respective σ* transition energy loss and possible peak at 294 eV

• combined techniques of sample preparation via FIB and consecutive EELS measurement strengthen our postulated carbon-diffusion-based mechanism about pulse-duration-driven stabilization of amorphous structures in ignoble HEA NPs. Conclusion Understanding the structure formation determinants of high-entropy

Deep learning for enhancement of low-resolution and noisy scanning probe microscopy images

• Samuel Gelman,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Nir Kampf,
• Marek Patočka,
• Maricarmen Rios,
• Marcos Penedo,
• Georg Fantner,
• Amir Beker,
• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Ido Azuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.83

• shows deep learning models to be superior for super-resolution tasks and enables significant reduction in AFM measurement time, whereby low-pixel-resolution AFM images are enhanced in both resolution and fidelity through deep learning. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; deep learning; fast scanning

• and deep learning models. This approach is widely used in the community, with the advantage that it saves time and resources. That said, low-resolution images formed in that way are not comprised of physically accessed measurement pixels, simplifying both the experimental and computational components

• images. Additionally, the application of the suggested procedure can greatly reduce AFM measurement time, enabling the introduction of a faster and more effective procedure into the AFM-based pipeline. Methods The Methods section is composed of Experimental and Computational Pipeline sections

Towards a quantitative theory for transmission X-ray microscopy

• James G. McNally,
• Christoph Pratsch,
• Stephan Werner,
• Stefan Rehbein,
• Andrew Gibbs,
• Jihao Wang,
• Thomas Lunkenbein,
• Peter Guttmann and
• Gerd Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.82

• absorption of each nanosphere, since this is a commonly measured parameter in samples imaged by TXMs. An exact measurement of experimental absorption is non-trivial because the background around the nanosphere varies slowly with distance from the nanosphere center. Therefore, to achieve a robust estimate of

• , which we increased stepwise to include more and more of the tails of the intensity profile. This yielded multiple absorption estimates from a single nanosphere’s best-focus image, enabling an estimate of the mean absorption and its standard deviation. We performed an analogous measurement of absoprtion