Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• , and manufacturing tools. Of course, the goal such tech companies are to continue to profit from legacy systems, especially since most of their competitors are not yet adopting nanomaterials, although these could offer considerably better performance, sustainability, longevity, and efficiency. The

• aggregate, agglomerate, and self-assemble according to their morphology. These issues cannot be fully eliminated without external stabilization and suggestively impact their performance in real-world applications. Furthermore, such an instability becomes more pronounced as the particle size decreases. For

• capital by training engineers specialized in nanotechnology, while nurturing interdisciplinary research to drive fundamental discoveries. (7) Integration of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and digital twins can accelerate materials discovery, predict safety and performance, and guide scale-up

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• degrading enzymes from biofilms with nanomaterial carries can enhance MP degradation under cold, UV-rich conditions [47]. Such synergies offer sustainable MP removal in remote high-altitude lakes. Future work should explore their performance under freeze–thaw cycles, low sunlight penetration, and high

• -term performance in natural water systems by not only breaking down MPs, but also preventing the development of biofilms [79]. The use of TiO2 nanomaterials doped with Pt nanoparticles has also been investigated in case studies; these materials showed quicker breakdown rates for persistent PET MPs

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• principles to ensure formulation performance, stability, and skin cell compatibility. Keywords: design of experiments (DoE); microemulsions; nanotechnology; natural products; passion fruit; quality by design; skin delivery; Introduction Species of the Passiflora genus are known for their rich composition

• for Passiflora setacea seed oil. QbD principles and experimental design methodologies were employed to guide formulation development. The microemulsion was designed to enhance physicochemical stability, improve skin application performance, and support future therapeutic applications. Results and

• directly or indirectly influences the performance and quality of the final products (Table 3). These attributes encompass physicochemical, biological, and microbiological properties that must remain within defined limits to ensure the desired quality, safety, and efficacy of the microemulsion system [11

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• main issues is the wide variety of methods that can be used to synthesise CNMs, which can lead to variations in their properties and performance. For example, carbon nanotubes can be synthesised using arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapour deposition, among others [30]. Each method can

• coupled with systematic biological evaluation to ensure reliable assessment of safety and performance. Physicochemical evaluation of CNMs Size and shape are critical parameters that influence the biological behaviour of CNMs. These factors affect biodistribution, clearance, and cellular uptake. For

• part of quality assurance protocols. Biological evaluation of CNMs Biological evaluation begins with in vitro assays to assess cellular viability, compatibility with blood components, and cellular uptake. These studies provide early insights into the safety and performance of CNM-based formulations

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• particularly interesting result was that better performance could be achieved if one attaches bulky, hydrophobic groups directly to the stereocenter. The effect of such neighboring groups on the enantioselectivity highly depends on the distance they have to the stereocenter. Keywords: chirality; confinement

• high surface area and customizable chiral environments. A highly important and highly developed area of application of chiral materials possessing a high surface area is chromatography [11][12][13]. Techniques like high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [13] and gas chromatography [14] are

• more general relevance than just for chromatography. Transport processes in porous materials are fundamental phenomena that influence the behavior and performance of a wide range of natural and engineered systems. They are relevant in applications including catalysis, filtration, energy storage

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• evaluating encapsulation efficiency and conducting in vitro release assays, employing transmission electron microscopy for more detailed visualization of the core–shell structure, and performing biological assessments such as cytocompatibility and scratch wound healing tests to validate the performance of

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• Geology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada 10.3762/bjnano.16.138 Abstract Adhesives produced by marine organisms offer remarkable performance and serve as a major source

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• . Despite many synthesis methods are still mainly focused on the production of near-spherical NPs, a number of emerging applications require nanomaterials of nonspherical shape and developed surface, which determine the functional performance of nanostructured devices. Laser ablation in liquids has been

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• viscoelastic modulus) of surfaces [5]. It is particularly useful for the measurement of heterogeneous surfaces, characteristic of composite and biological materials, where understanding the interplay between microstructure and mechanical properties of the constituent materials is critical for the performance

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• data for the precursors, the FEBID experiments provide a valuable means of comparison to the gas-phase studies. The results allow us to evaluate the performance of the new precursors by correlating ion beam parameters with the chemical composition of the forming structures. Analysis of the data in

• (methylcyclopentadienyl)platinum(IV) [Pt(η5-CpMe)Me3] [35][36]. The results indicate that precursors 2 and 4 exhibit a performance comparable to that of the Pt precursor, with precursor 4 being the most comparable. Our ultimate goal was to identify the promising precursor that would exhibit a high metal content while

• , precursor 1 exhibited a higher propensity for gallium absorption during irradiation. By analyzing the ion beam-induced decomposition of the precursors, which resulted in the formation of structures with varying chemical composition, we were able to assign performance scores to each precursor. To visualize

Quantum circuits with SINIS structures

• Mikhail Tarasov,
• Mikhail Fominskii,
• Aleksandra Gunbina,
• Artem Krasilnikov,
• Maria Mansfeld,
• Dmitrii Kukushkin,
• Andrei Maruhno,
• Valeria Ievleva,
• Mikhail Strelkov,
• Daniil Zhogov,
• Konstantin Arutyunov,
• Vyacheslav Vdovin,
• Vladislav Stolyarov and
• Valerian Edelman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1931–1941, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.134

• solid-state, cryogen-free microrefrigerator, which could eventually cover temperatures from the ambient down to the millikelvin range. Figure 5 shows photographs of a two-stage SINIS cooler. The performance of a single-stage SINIS cooler is presented in Figure 6. SINIS detectors The SINIS detector is a

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• components plays a specific role in maintaining the nanoparticles’ structure and enhancing their performance [2]. The remarkable success of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines has highlighted LNPs as a transformative nanomedicine, driving significant interest and innovation in this field [3]. As a key ingredient in

• characterization and biological performance of LNPs were evaluated. These LNPs were able to maintain comparable sizes in the range of 46 to 58 nm. To further assess the impact of increased PEG density on protein adsorption, ApoE association to LNPs was quantified in vitro using fluorescence-labeled ApoE and size

• maleimide groups quenched by adding ʟ-cysteine [42][44]. The dual-targeted LNPs exhibited enhanced performance in vitro across breast cancer cell lines including MCF7, MDA-mb453, and SKBR3. In HER2-overexpressing SKBR3 cells, the dual-targeted LNPs achieved 75% transfection efficiency and significantly

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• performance and significantly improve the physical, chemical, and biological properties of essential oils, phytocompounds, and other insecticidal materials [102]. Wei et al. (2023) demonstrated the larvicidal potential of fenpropathrin NEs against Helicoverpa armigera larvae at the L3 stage, reporting

• superior efficacy compared to commercial emulsions, along with lower toxicity to non-target organisms and improved environmental compatibility [103]. Similarly, Shaari et al. (2021) developed palm-oil-based nanoemulsions containing deltamethrin, which exhibited enhanced insecticidal performance against Ae

• . aegypti mosquitoes using thermal fogging techniques in outdoor environments [104]. This superior performance was attributed to the reduced droplet size, which facilitates penetration through mesothoracic spiracles and into the inner walls of the mesothoracic trachea, thereby increasing insect mortality

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• degraded by detector noise. For FM-AFM this bandwidth is Δf = Γ(T/T*), whereas AM-AFM requires Δf ≤ Γ. Force sensitivity is, however, only one aspect of a high-performance AFM. Ultimately the image speed and resolution, both vertical and lateral, are influenced by many factors, namely, equilibrium tip

• resonant circuit. While slightly degrading the performance of the displacement detector, this effect has the advantage of providing an easily measurable indication of probe–surface separation during coarse approach. For the final stage of the approach, we drive the z-scanner with a DC voltage (100 nm/V

• sensor design, this detection principle will be capable of operating at the fundamental limit of minimum added noise. Achieving this performance limit is a prerequisite for improved force sensitivity with ultralow temperature and ultralow damping mechanical modes. Alternatively, the lower noise of the

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• containing biogenic AgNPs are being investigated as adjunctive therapies to improve oral hygiene in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances [8][37][44]. These strategies aim to balance microbial control while preserving the mechanical performance of orthodontic devices. Green-synthesized nanoparticles

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• efficiency of MPs in water supply systems, as well as the mechanisms and performance when applying these materials for treatment. In addition, the related risk of adsorbent nanomaterials is also considered. Microplastics from land-based sources and wastewater plants persist in water supplies, with

• mechanisms and performance; and (iii) risk assessments and associated problems when applying adsorbent nanomaterials. In addition, it is important to identify critical gaps regarding large-scale applications and insufficient integration into existing systems. By expanding the scope of the research to

• ]. Similarly, You et al. reported on MOFs grown on a wood aerogel, ZIF-8@Aerogel, achieving removal efficiencies for polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and PS particles of 91.4% and 85.8%, respectively [62]. Through electrostatic interactions, mesoporous UiO-66-NH2/P123 exhibited exceptional performance, achieving

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• over time to ensure consistent performance. In our study, both blank-NE and PHYT-NE remained stable for at least 30 days, with no significant alterations in most evaluated parameters – except the zeta potential – even under centrifugation at different speeds. This behavior can be attributed to the

Piezoelectricity of layered double hydroxides: perspectives regarding piezocatalysis and nanogenerators

• Evgeniy S. Seliverstov,
• Evgeniya A. Tarasenko and
• Olga E. Lebedeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1812–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.124

• is still in its infancy and this review explores its recent advances. The discussion encompasses LDH-based piezoelectric nanogenerators, piezocatalytic and piezo-photocatalytic properties of LDHs, and composite material synergies that enhance the overall electroactive performance. Looking to the

• to the development of next-generation high-performance piezoelectric devices. Keywords: layered double hydroxides; nanogenerators; piezocatalysis; piezoelectricity; Introduction Given the ever-increasing global need to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, finding other ways to generate energy from

• piezoelectric performance of such promising materials for energy harvesting as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) through strong hydrogen bonding between the hydroxy groups of LDHs and the electronegative fluorine atoms of PVDF [11]. In the work of Shetty et al., incorporation of a low content of sodium

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• and enhances both the photocatalytic activity and humidity sensitivity of GO and PI. The most pronounced improvements occurred at higher fluences, where defect generation and partial deoxygenation contributed to optimal performance. Ion implantation thus represents an effective approach for tuning the

• result in further improvement and may be associated with the formation of defects that promote recombination. A similar trend was observed for implantation at 1.5 MeV, although the differences in roughness between samples were less pronounced. The best performance was still recorded for samples with the

• for the lowest ion fluence of Ag ions (3.75 × 1012 cm−2) at an energy of 20 keV, indicating that a delicate balance between the formation of conjugated bonds and the preservation of GO inherent properties is crucial for maximizing both sensing and photocatalytic performance. These findings highlight

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• investigated. These nanoparticles (NPs) preserve the bioactivity of the active compound during gastric transit and facilitate permeation through mucus and absorption by epithelial cells, enabling targeted delivery. In essence, PNs offer superior performance in protecting, targeting, and enhancing both the

• solubility and permeability in the cell membrane both in vitro and in vivo, demonstrated the importance of these characteristics for the pharmacokinetic performance of drugs and developed the “Biopharmaceutical Classification System” (BCS), which remains widely used today by regulatory agencies, research

• performance of PNs by modulating their interactions with mucus and the intestinal epithelium. The selection of coating material and technique is guided by the therapeutic goal, the physicochemical properties of the core polymer, and the nature of the encapsulated drug. Section 4 of this review provides a

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• -EGFR antibody was combined with gold nanoparticles to form a complex. The target EGFR in test samples was specifically captured by the aptamer, subsequently forming a sandwich detection complex. While the preparation and detection workflow demonstrates notable simplicity, its clinical performance was

• optimize aptamer performance [135]. The second strategy is encapsulation of nanocarriers, such as metal nanoparticles, quantum dots, silica nanoparticles and liposomes. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have different morphologies, among which gold nanospheres are the most popular. Spherical AuNPs are synthesized

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• surface tension by fully covering the interfacial surface area, thereby stabilizing the emulsion structure [80][81]. Among the pre-formulations, O/W(L-3%) demonstrated optimal performance, with a hydrodynamic diameter of approximately 300 nm and a PdI value of 0.252. This monomodal intensity distribution

• droplet uniformity with a monodisperse profile [93]; (3) maximizing lecithin’s performance in forming LO droplets through monolayer micelles [81]; (4) avoiding excess surfactant molecules to maintain biocompatibility [94][95]; and (5) maintaining a negative surface charge density greater than −30 mV for

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• and mechanisms in single-atom catalysis. 2D confined catalysis Confined catalysis is an emerging field that investigates how spatial constraints can influence the efficiency, selectivity, and performance of catalytic reactions. This approach leverages the principles of confinement within various

• photocatalyst, it is essential to combine the photocatalyst’s performance with mechanistic knowledge under operando reaction conditions. APXPS is uniquely suited to investigate such systems. Its surface sensitivity enables the detection of charge transfer processes, reaction intermediates, and active sites

• performance in integrated circuits. Its precision, scalability, and ability to produce conformal films on intricate surfaces make ALD a cornerstone in the pursuit of miniaturization and enhanced performance in technology. ALD achieves such high levels of growth control by a well-separated alternating exposure

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• hydroxide. Thus, all data demonstrate a good performance of the nanoprecipitation method to generate small-sized protein-loaded polymeric nanoparticles which can be used as a novel immunoadjuvant. Experimental Material Poly(D,L-lactic acid) (D,L-PLA) 50:50 (inherent viscosity 0.63 dL·g−1 at 30 °C) was