Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• . If we look at the image in Figure 4b, which overlays signals related to nitrate (red), sulphate (green), and phosphate (blue), we can see that there is a much more diverse chemistry present than just graphene. Although there is no obvious correlation between the presence of any of these detected

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• artifacts and avoiding false positives. Materials and Methods Materials Soybean lecithin (SL) was purchased from Vitalia (Skopje, N. Macedonia) and LIPOID PE 18:0/18:0-PEG 2000 (PEG) from Lipoid (Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany). Cholesterol (CH), Dulbecco’s Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS), collagen type I

• evaporated under vacuum using a rotary evaporator (25 °C, 50 rpm, 50 mbar; Büchi 215, Switzerland). The resulting thin lipid film was hydrated with phosphate buffer (PB) at pH 7.4. The hydration process involved four consecutive cycles, each consisting of three 5 min steps: ultrasonication (50/60 Hz

• nm. In the Eclipse SC separation channel, regenerated cellulose membranes (10 kDa) and a spacer height of 350 μm were used. Phosphate buffer was used as the eluent. The detector flow rate was set to 0.5 mL/min and the injection volume was 50 µL. The separation settings were: a) elution 0–3 min; b

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• , SPC) and amount (25 and 50 mg) followed by sonication. In summary, the lipids were solubilized in 5 mL of chloroform and evaporated for 30 min at 65 °C. In the next step, the lipid film was hydrated with 5 mL of phosphate buffer saline (PBS, pH 7.4) during 60 min at 100 rpm and 37 °C or with PBS, pH

• the molecules was determined as a percentage based on the mass of the liposomes obtained after lyophilization, according to Equation 2 [23]. In vitro release 2.3.4.1 In vitro release of 5-FU. To evaluate the drug release profile, 250 μL of each sample was diluted in 7 mL of phosphate buffer (pH 7.4

• centrifugal rotation of 3000g. The resulting filtrate was subsequently diluted in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and analyzed by UV–vis spectrophotometry at 265 nm [19]. The release profiles of free 5-FU solution, 5-FU-loaded liposomes, and 5-FU-loaded immunoliposomes were comparatively analyzed under the same

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• partially hydrolyzed nonfat milk, where the recognition was mediated by VB12-binding proteins, the SPR sensor chip acted as the indicator surface, and the sensing signal was generated through resonance shifts. To prepare the extraction buffer, a 0.2% sodium cyanide solution was diluted with a phosphate

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• arrangement of these two phases directly influences its degradation behavior. Studies have shown that PLA with higher crystallinity, in both film [73][74] and fiber forms [65], exhibits a higher rate of hydrolytic degradation in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4. This is attributed to the higher

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• % paraformaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline, rinsed, and air-dried. Worms were left in the remaining proximal part of the tube and were provided with glass beads (425–600 µm in diameter; Sigma) to reconstruct the missing part [25]. Scanning electron microscopy and elemental composition analyses For secondary

• % paraformaldehyde solution in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4). The samples were then dehydrated through graded ethanol series and embedded in paraffin wax. Sections of 14 µm in thickness were cut with a Microm HM 340 E microtome and mounted on Superfrost Ultra Plus (Thermo Scientific) microscope slides using a

• suggested that secretion is accompanied by a jump in pH from 5 in the secretory granule to 8.2 in seawater that could trigger a change from electrostatic to ionic bonds between divalent cations and phosphate, the effect of which would be to harden spontaneously and solidify the hollow spheroids [19]. This

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• achieved (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1). Purified protein was dialysed into 10 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.0) or 10 mM sodium phosphate (pH 8.0) buffer, with NaCl concentrations ranging from 0 to 600 mM. Transmission electron microscopy TEM analysis identified the formation of fibril structures by

• . Formation of protein fibrils Purified rPpolcp19k-his protein was concentrated to 500 µg/mL using an Amicon® Ultra Centrifugal Filter, 10 kDa MWCO (Merck). The protein was reconstituted at 500 µg/mL in 10 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.0) or 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) with NaCl concentrations

• rPpolcp19k-his protein (500 µg/mL), incubated for 0, 3, 11, or 21 days under varying pH and NaCl conditions, was applied to 200 mesh Cu formvar/carbon-coated grids (Agar Scientific) and allowed to settle for 5 min. Grids were washed three times in phosphate-buffered saline for 5 min each, followed by three

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• , incorporating specific assessments for immunotoxicity, organ toxicity, and nanoparticle accumulation in organs. Second, the negatively charged phosphate backbone of nucleic acid aptamers generates electrostatic repulsion with the anionic phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes, significantly limiting their

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• addition to PFAs, phospholipids are notable for their structure, which includes a hydrophilic part (phosphate groups) and a hydrophobic part (fatty acid chains). This unique configuration allows phospholipids to interact at the interface between the lipid and aqueous layers of the tear film, increasing its

• ), triton-X100 (code T8787), phosphate buffered saline (PBS, code P4417), and F.A.M.E. Mix (C8–C24 unsaturated, code 18918) were purchased from Merck®/Sigma-Aldrich® (Brazil). Hydrochloric acid (HCl, code R0101811000), sodium chloride (NaCl, code C1003460500), ethyl acetate (CH3COOCH2CH3, code R2800491000

• ), and ethanol (C2H5OH, code R0401701000) were purchased from CRQ Produtos Químicos. Disodium phosphate (Na2HPO4·2H2O, code P.10.0513.012.00.27), petroleum ether (code P.10.0450.000.04.81), sodium dodecyl sulfate (C12H25SO4Na, code P.10.0645.000.00.27) were purchased from Dinâmica Química Contemporânea

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• ). The gel was stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 solution and scanned [48]. In vitro protein release To monitor the protein release profile, 1.5 mL of venom-loaded nanoparticles (0.1% PLA w/v, 1% venom w/w) were suspended in 1 mL of phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4, KH2PO4 0.05 mol⋅L−1), in a

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• and the presence of specific ions, such as hydrogen phosphate and chloride (HPO42− and Cl−) [43] are known to accelerate the degradation process. The biodegradation rate of silicon is also influenced by its crystallographic structure. Polycrystalline silicon degrades faster than single-crystalline

• ; pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37 °C) [37][53]. In contrast, Mo and W degrade significantly more slowly with dissolution rates of 0.001 µm/day (Mo; pH 7 buffer at rt) [58] and 0.48–1.44 µm/day (W; pH 7.4 SBF at rt) [59], which is advantageous for long-term device stability but poses

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• ) MPs significantly reduce total exchangeable cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) by 4–6% [58]. Additionally, non-biodegradable MPs such as PE and PVC inhibit organic phosphate mineralization, alkaline phosphatase activity, and inorganic phosphate solubilization. By contrast, biodegradable MPs such as PLA

• do not affect alkaline phosphatase activity [59]. MPs also reduce available phosphorus (Olsen-P) levels by 9.7–38.6% (PE, PVC) and 38.4–73.6% polyactide (PLA) [60]. Furthermore, MPs compete with plant roots for phosphate adsorption, with distribution coefficients (Kd) in the order PVC (5.19 L/kg

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• hydrochloride power (98%, Sigma-Aldrich) to 10 mL 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4, Sigma-Aldrich). This stock dopamine solution was added into 30 mL 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline solution to get desired concentrations. Same Ag/AgCl reference and platinum counter electrodes as above were used in

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• in peroxisomes serve as substrates for lipid peroxidation. Clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) cells show elevated levels of PUFA-ePLs, likely due to their increased expression of alkylglycerone phosphate synthase (AGPS, an essential enzyme in the synthesis of PUFA-ePLs), which makes them

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• converted into porous BiVO4 photoanodes. This approach yielded electrodes with enhanced PEC activity, achieving a photocurrent density of approximately 1.25 mA·cm−2 at 0.5 V vs RHE in neutral phosphate buffer under AM1.5G illumination. This study highlighted the potential of BiOI-derived BiVO4 as a template

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• to each well [41]. The plates were incubated for 1 h at 37 °C and were centrifuged at 3000 rpm at 5 °C for 15 min. After centrifugation, the concentration was suspended in 50 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4). The amount of hemoglobin was determined at 540 nm using a docetaxel (DTX) 880

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• physical properties [136]. They can be formed by preparing an aqueous solution of keratin at concentrations of 8 or 20%, for example [137]. With the "disulfide shuffling" method, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) is used to dissolve 15% lyophilized keratin and 1.5% cysteine. This solution requires vigorous

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• conditions. Of particular interest was the extraction and comparison of nanomechanical maps obtained in the low range of loading forces to quantify its morphology, membrane stiffness, Young’s modulus of elasticity and adhesion when PA was tested in hypotonic (Milli-Q water), isotonic (0.1 M phosphate

• –Hinton agar and again incubated for 24 h under the same conditions. Isolated colonies of PA were collected using a calibrated loop and suspended in 5 mL of phosphate buffer supplemented with 50 µL of Mueller–Hinton broth. The suspension was vortexed for 10 s before its preparation for AFM analysis

• then exposed to the desired osmolarity conditions for investigation. The applied solutions were ultrapure water (Milli-Q), phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS), and 0.5 M sodium chloride. Bacteria were first analyzed in tapping mode to determine their location and observe their morphology

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• = AlCl, Fe, Co, Zn) and Pt complex octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) by nanosecond laser fragmentation of the corresponding microcrystalline powders in an aqueous solution of the amphiphilic polymer Pluronic® F-127. All nanoparticles dispersed stably in phosphate-buffered saline and cell culture media without

• polypropylene oxide (PPO) arranged in a triblock structure. Here, the stability in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2), which is used widely in pharmacology and biomedical experiments, was examined. We evaluated the phototoxicity of the fabricated nanoparticle colloids in vitro against PC12 cells (a cell

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• nucleation of calcium and phosphate ions, imparting stiffness and resistance to bone. Additionally, collagen and noncollagenous matrix proteins contribute to bone formation by offering a scaffold for hydroxyapatite deposition [2][3]. Bone tissue consists of four main cell types: bone lining cells

• , while proteoglycans help form the organic matrix [8]. During matrix mineralization, calcium and phosphate ions generate hydroxyapatite crystals within the matrix region. Once bone formation is complete, some osteoblasts become embedded within the matrix, transforming into osteocytes, which leads to

• using an ultrasonic bath before treatment. Using an ultrasonic bath, US was applied to cells after NMs treatment and within the incubation period, 3 times for 5 s daily at 37 kHz for all in vitro experiments. After the incubation, the medium was removed and washed with phosphate buffered saline (1X PBS

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• , electronic devices, and electrochemical energy conversion and storage. Marmisollé and colleagues conducted research on “electrochemical nanoarchitectonics through polyaminobenzylamine–dodecyl phosphate complexes” and proposed a straightforward strategy for modifying electrode surfaces with self-assembled

• polyelectrolyte–surfactant complexes (Figure 10) [260]. The complex structures consist of polyaniline appended with amino groups and monododecyl phosphate. The intricate films were produced using a spin coating method. The films displayed distinct lamellar structures, resulting from the strong interactions

• between the phosphate groups of the complexes and the positively charged ammonium groups of the polyelectrolyte. The alignment of lamellae in a parallel orientation to the substrate is significantly influenced by the percentage of surfactant present. An increase in surfactant concentration results in the

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• the cytosolic abundant enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Figure 2c). We analysed 21 metabolically active mitochondria from HeLa cells with SICM, resulting in a data set of 65 measurements (some mitochondria were measured several times). Shape analysis is based on the roundness of the

• demonstrate the quality of mitochondria of both isolation methods. (c) A minor signal for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) shows low contamination by cytosolic proteins. False-colour topographies and statistical analyses to illustrate the geometric properties of metabolically active

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• by which FCS heat inactivation could affect cellular interactions with LNPs were studied in detail. Materials and Methods Buffers, reagents, materials Phosphate buffered saline (PBS), bovine serum albumin (BSA), thioflavin T (ThT), cholesterol and distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) were purchased