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Search for "protein" in Full Text gives 382 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.
Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151
- glycosylated AuNP can provide a simplified model of a viral spike, whenever the virus is very densely coated, for example, influenza by hemagglutinin [18][19]. Hence, our idea is not to emulate complete virions; rather, one NP is emulating one single spike protein. Although the density of the NPs is not very
Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144
- tend to evade renal filtration due to the formation of a protein corona that effectively increases their hydrodynamic size [38]. Beyond renal clearance, particle size also critically influences toxicity, metabolic fate, tumour targeting, protein interactions, and hepatic processing. Additional
The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138
- and that of the cement suggests that the inclusions of the heterogeneous granules would inflate through a still unexplained process to form hollow spheroids dispersed in the cement matrix, leading to the formation of a complex composite material. Keywords: adhesive protein; Annelida; biological
- material; Polychaeta; protein phosphorylation; Introduction Many invertebrate marine organisms have adhesive mechanisms that allow them to firmly attach to various substrates in a wet and salty environment [1][2]. This remarkable ability has raised the interest of scientists in developing bio-inspired
- undergoing post-translational phosphorylation [15]. As a result, Pc-3 is an unusually acidic protein. Pc-4 and Pc-5 are histidine-rich basic proteins. In the adhesive secretion of S. alveolata, only three adhesive proteins have been identified [17], although a differential transcriptomic study suggested the
PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133
- chains arrange on the nanoparticle surface and the potential impacts on LNPs’ physicochemical properties by varying surface PEG density or PEG chemistry. Subsequently, PEG conformations are discussed in terms of their modulation of protein corona formation, cellular uptake, and immunogenic responses
- LNPs, PEG lipids are widely used to provide the nanoparticles with a unique outer layer. The “stealth” properties of PEG chains can prevent nanoparticle aggregation, reduce nonspecific protein adsorption, and delay immune recognition, thereby extending LNP circulation half-life in the bloodstream [2][4
- properties of LNPs including particle size, surface charge, and encapsulation efficiency. Subsequent sections explore the roles of PEG lipids in modulating protein corona formation and cellular uptake. The latter parts highlight the potential of functionalized PEG lipids for targeted delivery and the
Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129
- study, we investigated the influence of environmental parameters on the self-assembly of recombinant cp19k, a key adhesive protein in Pollicipes pollicipes. Using TEM imaging, a low pH (4.0) and high salt concentration (600 mM NaCl) environment, mimicking P. pollicipes gland conditions, was identified
- to promote the formation of extended, needle-like fibrils by the cp19k protein. The β-amyloid nature of fibrils formed under these conditions and at high pH/low salt concentration was confirmed by Thioflavin T assay. Non-fibrillar cp19k adhered most effectively to hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces
- under low pH/low salt concentration conditions, while pre-formed fibrils retained their adhesion ability upon switching to a high pH/high salt concentration environment, which was designed to mimic the change in the protein environment upon secretion in vivo. These findings support the hypothesis that
Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122
- walls. Since mucus is continuously secreted along the GIT, it is subsequently eliminated due to the cellular renewal process [5]. Mucus is a complex hydrogel comprising proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, salts, antibodies, bacteria, and cellular debris. Mucins are the primary protein component of mucus
- biological distribution of NPs. Increased hydrophilicity determines the degradation rate and their recognition by the reticuloendothelial system, preventing adsorption and nonspecific protein interactions. Furthermore, it enhances steric repulsion, reducing opsonization and activation of the complement
- CME, enabling targeted therapy [81]. The dimeric protein caveolin-1 is the primary agent in CvME, playing key roles in cell signaling, lipid regulation, and vesicular transport. It also defines the characteristic flask-like shape of vesicles and is located on the cytosolic side of the membrane
Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121
- -delivery of a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor, specifically, small interfering RNA (siRNA) against the MDR1 gene, along with the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin (DOX). This system capitalizes on the high-affinity binding of the AS1411 aptamer to nucleolin, a protein overexpressed on the surface of
- , peptide aptamers exhibit target specificity predominantly limited to protein molecules, representing a relatively constrained target spectrum. Nucleic acid aptamers, which can bind to proteins, genes, small molecules, cells and other targets, are commonly used in laboratory and clinical practice and
- efficiency. However, only a small fraction of nucleotides of the full-length aptamers obtained by SELEX are critical for interacting with the target protein. Given the propensity of non-essential nucleotide regions to induce steric constraints and nonspecific binding, systematic bioinformatic analysis
Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116
- T-lymphocyte associated protein 4), which inhibit T-cell activation, allowing cancer cells to escape immune-mediated destruction [8]. Immunotherapy shows promise as a cancer treatment approach, encompassing strategies such as monoclonal antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, antitumor vaccines
- , cellular absorption, and slow release of drugs [38]. Polymeric nanoparticles are colloidal polymer systems used as drug carriers for targeted therapies and diagnostics [39]. Gold nanoparticles have properties such as chemical reactivity, anti-inflammatory effects, and protein-binding abilities, while
- scattering (DLS), and UV–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy were used for characterization. The nanoparticles showed increased cellular uptake compared to free PD-L1, suppression of the NF-κB pathway as indicated by reduced PHO-P65 protein expression, and enhanced tumor inhibition due to immune activation and
Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115
- polyethylenimine for loading peptides and proteins of T. serrulatus venom, and their use as a potential immunoadjuvant was evaluated. The protein loading efficiency of about 100% and the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis assay confirmed the success of venom loading. Dynamic light scattering and zeta potential
- controlled by diffusion mechanism was also measured. Finally, in vivo immunization in BALB/c mice showed superior efficacy of the T. serrulatus venom protein-loaded nanoparticles compared to the traditional aluminum hydroxide immunoadjuvant. Thus, the formulations shown are promising nanocarriers to be used
- vitro, creates a challenge for drug delivery systems aiming to effectively target affected tissues or cells [14][15]. Nanocarriers have been widely studied for enabling prolonged circulation and sustained drug release over time, depending on their structural properties [16][17]. Therefore, protein
Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97
- in ferritin within the cell during a process with the help of the chaperones poly-(rC)-binding protein 1 (PCBP1) and PCBP2 [52][53]. Iron is present in the cytosol in the form of ferritin and pool of accessible iron ions, called labile iron pool (LIP) [54][55]. Ferritin stores excess iron and keeps
- and aspartate, while in glial cells xag− system can also transport cysteine [71][72]. The xc− system is a transmembrane transport protein with a high affinity for cysteine, composed of Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 11 (SLC7A11) and Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 (SLC3A2) as a heterodimer and plays
- by the MVA pathway, acts as an antioxidant and prevents ferroptosis by suppressing lipid peroxidation. Ferroptosis inhibitor protein 1 (FSP1), previously known as apoptosis-inducing factor mitochondrial-related 2 (AIFM2), has been recognized as an inhibitor of ferroptosis. FSP1 is brought to the
Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93
- assessment of two key inflammatory parameters, namely, leukocyte migration and protein extravasation [55]. The assay demonstrated that Acrocomia aculeata nanoemulsion at a dose of 50 mg/kg has a pharmacological effect approximately two-fold greater than that of the pristine oil at 100 mg/kg (Figure 6). This
Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92
- . The uptake of LDL inside the cells occurs mainly via receptor-mediated endocytosis by a structurally similar receptor family, similar to LDL receptor proteins including LDL receptor-related protein (LRP or megalin), very-low density lipoprotein (vLDL) receptor, and apolipoprotein E receptor-2 (ApoER2
- tumor cell death by disrupting cholesterol signaling [72]. Therefore, HDL nanoparticles not only an effective drug carrier with inherent targeting ability but can also act as a therapeutic agent against cholesterol-dependent diseases. 1.3 Protein-based biomimetic nanoparticles Peptides and proteins are
- various NPs, mostly for diagnostic or multifunctional theranostic applications. 1.3.1 Albumin. Albumin is a major protein present in blood and widely studied for drug–protein interaction and nanoparticle corona formation studies. Due to its immunocompatibility, long half-life, and abundance of binding
Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90
- overnight at 37 °C. Collagen-based hydrogels can be developed by using different sources of collagen. Both plant and animal protein sources can provide raw materials needed for adequate collagen production, which includes rat tail tendons [84][86][139], goat tendons [87], swine skin [88], and gelatin [87
Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86
- mechanical response to external deformation as given in the force curves. Consequently, these results suggest that in each tested solution, the tension exhibited by the outer envelope reflects the differences in the internal osmotic pressure built within the bacterial cell wall once the corresponding protein
- protective countermeasure of PA against osmotic upshock to avoid collapse by shrinkage, it is known that cationic ions such as K+ are imported by special protein transporters and accumulated by bacteria to maintain homeostasis against hazardous external concentrations of sodium ions [54]. Also, other
Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77
- attribute can also be harnessed for the regulated release of protein-based biopharmaceuticals. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that by incorporating functional molecules such as enzymes and their inhibitors, supramolecular polymer composite hydrogels can be employed as matrices for the controlled
- release of protein biopharmaceuticals in response to antibodies. It is anticipated that these hydrogels will prove useful in a number of biomedical applications, including the three-dimensional controlled release of drugs and proteins, the construction of hierarchical organoids, and the development of
Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61
- play an essential role in the structure and function of biomolecules (deoxyribonucleic acid, protein, and phospholipid membrane). Hydration layers are also important to the structure and property of artificial graphene-based materials. Our recent works prove that graphene-based hydrogels are
- cell content includes about 70–95% water that creates an aqueous environment for biological processes. Water molecules are bound to biomolecular surfaces and participate in the structuring and functioning of biomolecules, typically the folding of protein and the twisting of the double helix of
Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57
- Demian van Straten Luuk van de Schepop Rowan Frunt Pieter Vader Raymond M. Schiffelers CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands 10.3762/bjnano.16.57 Abstract Nanoparticles play a crucial role in drug delivery research. The protein corona that develops on the
- surface of nanoparticles after administration has garnered substantial attention due to the significant effects it has on their performance. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) depend on protein corona formation to mediate their targeting. Such protein–nanoparticle interactions are often initially studied using in
- performed to prevent complement system activation. However, the effect of this process on protein corona formation and, in turn, LNP functionality is unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of serum heat inactivation on protein corona formation on LNPs containing D-lin-MC3-DMA (MC3) or C12-200 (C12
Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51
- research indicating that TA coatings markedly enhanced the adhesion and proliferation of human liver cancer cells, specifically HepG2, on the PDMS substrate when compared to pristine PDMS [37]. TA may possibly play a role in cellular adhesion mechanisms, potentially through surface protein interactions
Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50
- plasma (Cmax) is reached after approx. 4 h, and the half-life is 9–13 h. An oral dose of 125 mg APT one hour before chemotherapy treatment (day 1), and 80 mg daily in the morning on days 2 and 3 are recommended [7]. APT is strongly bound to plasma protein (95%); it is absorbed slowly and crosses the
A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48
- protein (CRP), the M7-EOCF group (22.78 mg/dL) showed significant reductions when compared to the negative control group (36.0 mg/dL, p < 0.0001), the EOCF group (32.0 mg/dL, p < 0.01), and the positive control group (33.33 mg/dL, p < 0.001) (Figure 6D). The significant reductions in ALT, AST, and CRP
Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46
- deposits of the ECM and collagen protein, contributing to tissue repair. Interaction between the dermis and epidermis helps in regulating and restoring the skin’s homeostasis function while maintaining its overall integrity. This period might extend from a few months to a year, depending on the wound [45
- [73]. This silk comprises two proteins called fibroin and sericin. Fibroin is present in the thread core and is responsible for approximately 70% of the total thread weight, while sericin is present on the outside and accounts for roughly 30% of the total silk thread weight [74]. The sericin protein
- urea, enzyme, and borax/HCl buffer treatments to effectively remove sericin. After removing the sticky protein, the fibroin fibers are dissolved in an aqueous solution, usually with lithium bromide and similar solvents. Once dissolved, the solution undergoes dialysis to remove any impurities. Finally
Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44
- ; dissociation; nanomaterials; Review Introduction The etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has traditionally been linked to the presence of amyloid-β 42 (Aβ42), a protein widely recognized as a key marker of the disease. However, a growing body of recent scientific evidence suggests that it may be the amyloid
- oligomers with smaller molecular weight, rather than the more conspicuous amyloid fibrils, that play a pivotal role in the development and progression of various protein misfolding diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders and type-II diabetes. Numerous studies have highlighted a disconnect between
- definitive understanding. Genetic studies on AD patients indicate that mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP), such as the Osaka [3] and Arctic mutations [4], lead to an overproduction of soluble AβOs. These mutations are associated with an earlier onset of AD, often occurring before the age of 50
Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42
- current across the electrode as a function of H1 concentration. This was performed on a series of samples of artificial saliva containing H1 protein in a clinically relevant concentration range. In these experiments, the biosensor showed a limit of detection of 19 pg/mL. Finally, the biosensor platform
- only the H1, H2, H3, N1 and N2 strains have been associated with widespread human epidemics [3]. H1 protein initiates infection by binding to the cell surface and inducing membrane fusion. This protein is considered as a prime determinant of the pathogenicity and is the most abundant influenza surface
- glycoprotein [4]. These features make H1 protein a great target for biosensing. Traditionally, infections caused by influenza A H1N1 are diagnosed through viral culture, immunofluorescence assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [5]. These techniques suffer from two key drawbacks. They require
Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34
- specific protein [15]. Since their discovery in 1978 by Zamecnik and Stephenson [16], design and synthesis of novel ASOs have been developed extensively with the aim to improve their biostability, pharmacokinetics, and intracellular accumulation. To date these synthetic oligonucleotides can be classified
- design, ASOs can regulate protein expression by either knocking down mRNA transcripts or modulating the pre-mRNA splicing process (Figure 2). RNase H-dependent ASOs promote mRNA cleavage by forming stable RNA–DNA hybrids, which serve as enzymatic substrate for RNase H activation, thereby reducing RNA
- transcription and protein translation (Figure 2A) [33]. This category includes certain phosphorothioate ASO drugs such as fomivirsen, which inhibits the replication of human cytomegalovirus, as well as several 2′-methoxyethyl-modified gapmers such as mipomersen, inotersen, and volanesorsen, which are used to
Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29
- ]. Apart from that, quantitative and qualitative measurements of SDS in terms of laboratory use are necessary. The SDS is widely used in protein estimation via polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) [10]. Several research groups widely explore nanoparticle synthesis using SDS as a capping agent for
- can interact with the G-250 dye in the Bradford method, a commonly used method for protein quantification [36]. However, the interaction is not visually or optically measured without protein in a sample. In typical protein quantification methods, the interaction of the G-250 dye with proteins produces
- a plasmon resonance peak around 595 nm, forming a blue form of the dye–protein complex [37]. Furthermore, the quantification of SDS is not possible with a dye, only without involving protein. Therefore, the current study utilized NPs with PEG–PCL to detect SDS in the presence of the Bradford reagent
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