Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• vicinity to prevent aggregation. Uneven precursor distribution can lead to localized high concentrations of Au species, resulting in less controlled nucleation and the formation of larger clusters. Surface roughness and heterogeneity of the support influence the size and distribution, leading to increased

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• elements such as carbon or oxygen. Surface carbon contamination on Cu foils, particularly for higher-purity Cu foils, typically originates from the cold rolling process, where oils are important to balance friction properties and cool the strip and rolls. Surface roughness of the Cu foils was measured with

• remove the top surface layer of the foil and reduce surface roughness (EP) or a wet back side oxidation process to introduce oxygen into the Cu foil prior to growth (BO). The electro-polishing solution was prepared by mixing H3PO4 (85 wt % in H2O, Sigma Aldrich) in a 7:3 ratio with DI water. The cathode

• roughness, measured over an area of 230 µm × 300 µm, from the BO, Ar, and Ar:H2 samples all had Ra values of ≈300 nm, with the EP value decreasing to ≈200 nm [43]. All graphene growth experiments were carried out in a commercial Aixtron Black Magic Pro 4-inch cold wall CVD system at a base pressure of ≈1

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• ± 1.81 nm), negative zeta potential (−14.8 ± 0.81 mV) and antibody conjugation efficiency of 34.4%. Topographical AFM analysis showed that HSPC-IM-R-PE presented significantly higher surface roughness and viscoelastic contrast, indicating successful antibody anchoring. For cell viability in the HCT-116

• images were captured using the Nanosurf C3000i software and subsequently processed and analyzed with the Gwyddion v 2.66 software, which was used for image leveling, coloring, 3D visualization of the specimens, and roughness analysis [26]. 2.3.5.1 Atomic force microscopy roughness calculation. Roughness

• quantities tool provided in the Gwyddion software calculated single values for Rq and Ra (the root mean square roughness and arithmetic mean roughness, respectively) for each image obtained, considering the entire scanned area without any masking. These values and their standard deviation were calculated

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• stages of application [51]. For these reasons trend is to use other engineered materials. The tailoring of coating materials must be guided by the nature of the substrate since porosity, roughness, and coating thickness directly affect adhesion, durability, hydrophobicity, and ultimately compliance with

• , causing rusty surfaces due to oxygen dispersed in water or to salt residues [57]. For these reasons, much effort is devoted to developing coatings that minimize water interaction, while ensuring that substrate-dependent properties such as porosity, roughness, and coating thickness are carefully considered

• .) and oak (Quercus robur) substrates. The addition of BC–MnO2 particles increased hydrophobicity across all formulations, with contact angles ranging from 97° to 121°, and further improvements were observed after aging due to increased surface roughness. It also provided superior color stability and

Subdigital integumentary microstructure in Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkota): do those lineages with incipiently expressed toepads exclusively exhibit adhesive setae?

• Philipp Ginal,
• Yannick Ecker,
• Timothy Higham,
• L. Lee Grismer,
• Benjamin Wipfler,
• Dennis Rödder,
• Anthony Russell and
• Jendrian Riedel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 38–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.4

• habitats, in contrast, can vary considerably in roughness and stability of the substrate (e.g., sandstone outcrops are generally less stable and rougher than granite boulders) [31][33][34]. However, some plant surfaces can be even rougher than saxicoline ones [30]. The questions of how a fully functional

• surface roughness at a scale pertinent to the size and interactions of the epidermal microstructures are generally scarce [30][31][33][80][83][92] and non-existent for arboreal Cyrtodactylus. Among all ecotypes analysed, the crown habitat of trees apparently imposes the strongest selective pressure on

• encountered on rocks and rock formations. This diverse habitat type includes ecotypes living on granite outcrops, sandstone, karst formations, and in cave systems. Such species are associated with varying terrain roughness and incline. Species within the granite ecotype tend to be robust and are limited to

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• partial penetration, removal, or reduction cannot be excluded. We did not detect changes in the roughness between pristine and plasma-treated surfaces (RMS < 0.2 nm at 5 × 5 µm area) that would contribute to a change in friction. Interfacial redox reactions between the copper NP and the wafer surface

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• overnight sample incubation to reach 90 ± 5% RH, corresponding to very wet climate or air during precipitation. In addition, we refer to “hydrophilic conditions” in AFM for hydrophilic surfaces (APDMES silicon) scanned by a silicon tip. We found a vertical resolution (∆z) of 0.04 nm and a surface roughness

• conditions was 0.03 nm, and the roughness of the OTS on silicon was 0.55 nm for scans between 100 and 1000 nm. In this case, it was not possible to follow the same particles along the different humidity steps due to the instability of the measurement, which did not allow for locating the scanned area after

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• parametrization of our coarse-grained potential against united-atom simulations of gecko keratin on nonpolar surfaces [10]. Hydrophilic substrates, roughness, and humidity, which introduce additional mechanisms such as keratin softening and capillary forces, have been addressed in our previous spatula-scale

• , surface roughness, substrate deformability, and explicit long-range electrostatics for hydrophilic systems, which will necessitate thicker substrate models. The coupling between each molecular spatula and the FE seta was handled via a bridging domain (BD), described in section “Methods”. Methods

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• unimodal distribution with a polydispersity index (PDI) range of 0.218. Most of the formed nanoemulsions are small in size and well distributed (Figure 1). The most favorable processing conditions for obtaining uniform fibers – free of surface roughness and with fewer beads – were determined based on

• average of readings performed in triplicate for each sample analyzed using the ZetaSizer software 7.11. Scanning electron microscopy The morphology of the obtained nanofibers (porosity, average diameter, uniformity, and roughness) was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope under different

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• probe, local surface roughness will yield a much smaller contact radius than the overall probe shape, it is still significantly larger than predicted by the models in Figure 5. In summary, we have used longstanding analytical models to convert the measured variation in cantilever resonant frequency with

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• sputtering and the increase in surface roughness during implantation may result in a shallower experimental profile than predicted. Differences can also arise from the finite depth resolution of RBS, which is influenced by energy straggling and multiple scattering effects, leading to a broadening of the

• height (Ra) and mean roughness (RMS) are listed in Table 4 [25]. Figure 9 illustrates the alteration in the surface morphology of graphene oxide (GO) resulting from the implantation of 20 keV Ag ions (Figure 9) depending on the applied ion fluence. The minimal roughness was achieved when the GO sample

• was exposed to an ion fluence of 3.75 × 1012 cm−2, leading to a reduction in roughness to a minimum of 102 nm. Additionally, a discernible trend emerges indicating a substantial augmentation in roughness as the ion fluence increases. For instance, for an ion fluence of 3.75 × 1014 cm−2, the GO

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• ). Remarkably, the CC/NW-450 °C composite exhibits a contact angle of 0° (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S9c), showing complete wettability. This significant enhancement in hydrophilicity is attributed to the high surface roughness and porous hydrophilic nanowire architecture formed on the carbon cloth

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• size along with thickness and higher roughness is seen when longer times of ultrasonic deposition are used. This was verified using SEM, which showed the comparison between MoO3 NPs films produced at times of 40 and 60 s, as well as the thickness versus time of deposition with the substrate heated at

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• of these two models are based on different mechanisms, as described in Figure 6. MP removal by BC filter columns is primarily facilitated by the fixation of particles through filtration effects, entanglement due to surface roughness and hydrophobic interactions [47]. The negatively charged surfaces

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• density coherently oscillates, coupled to both media. Usually, LIPSS formation is a multipulse phenomenon, as pulse after pulse create a different roughness on the surface or feedback mechanism to form certain SPP modes. The interference of incoming light with scattering from the SPP modes can lead to the

• determined at room temperature, which might not be appropriate for metals heated with intense femtosecond laser pulses. The LIPSS period becomes smaller when the stainless steel surface is rougher as the roughness increases the real part of the refractive index at the metal–air interface [61]. Variation of

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• in diameter and ≈1 μm in length. Pure BP films (Figure 3b) exhibited a relatively smooth surface with visible small pores, indicative of weak intermolecular interactions. The incorporation of NC into the PVA matrix significantly reduced surface roughness and void formation, suggesting enhanced

Deep learning for enhancement of low-resolution and noisy scanning probe microscopy images

• Samuel Gelman,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Nir Kampf,
• Marek Patočka,
• Maricarmen Rios,
• Marcos Penedo,
• Georg Fantner,
• Amir Beker,
• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Ido Azuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.83

• . Results and Discussion In this study, 4× upscaled images were obtained from real measured low-resolution AFM images of Celgard® 2400 membrane and high-roughness titanium film used for tip characterization (Figure 1 and Figure 2, respectively). 4× upscaling means upscaling both the x and y directions and

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• high refractive index and thickness up to 400 nm are required. Although the density and the refractive index of crystalline TiO2 are higher than those of the amorphous phase, it is often preferred in optical devices due to its lower surface roughness and light scattering [65]. Nanoindentation

• scratches was reduced by half (Figure 8b). In contrast, when an ion beam gun current of 4 A was applied, the scratches almost disappeared, and the cross-sectional surface profile showed that they were only a few nanometers deep (Figure 8c). The surface roughness of the coating deposited without the ion gun

• properties tests. The results of surface topography measurements before and after abrasion tests for the annealed TiO2 thin films are included in Figure 9. Before the abrasion test, all coatings were homogeneous and had low roughness values from 2.0 to 2.5 nm. However, after the steel wool tests, the film

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• intensity analysis and profiles of normal-incidence X-ray standing wave (NIXSW) spectroscopy [18]. In the SLGO film, the wrinkles disappeared and the surface roughness increased. The root mean square surface roughness (RMS) of the SLGO film is estimated to be less than 0.13 nm. The changes of the local

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• in grazing incidence angle X-ray diffraction patterns. Atomic force microscopy images show grain size reduction and a fall in the surface roughness value of films after implantation. The implantation-induced structural modifications are further correlated with the variation in diffuse reflectance

• foreign ions in the ZnO film lattice can create an impact on its surface roughness and particle size. Previous reports available discuss the implantation-induced optical longitudinal phonon symmetry in ZnO films using heavy ions with high energy and low implantation fluences [12][13][14][15]. Singh et al

• were implanted with 30 keV Ar+ at fluences varying from 1 × 1015 to 2 × 1016 ions·cm−2. Surface variables (roughness and particle size), structural variables (crystallite size and dislocation density), and optical properties (diffuse reflectance, Urbach energy, and optical bandgap) were studied in

High-temperature epitaxial growth of tantalum nitride thin films on MgO: structural evolution and potential for SQUID applications

• Michelle Cedillo Rosillo,
• Oscar Contreras López,
• Jesús Antonio Díaz,
• Agustín Conde Gallardo and
• Harvi A. Castillo Cuero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 690–699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.53

• makes this film an excellent candidate for superconducting applications, particularly in devices such as superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). Figure 7 presents an AFM image revealing the low surface roughness (2.2 nm) of even the film deposited at an elevated growth temperature of 850

• °C. This observation suggests that while deposition parameters significantly influence the structural and superconducting properties of the TaN thin films, they had only minimal impact on the surface roughness. Notably, the film roughness remains largely unaffected by variations in growth temperature

• surface roughness. Comparison of Ta 4f XPS peaks determined for different samples. (a) pN2 = 60 mTorr, (b) pN2 = 70 mTorr, (c) pN2 = 90 mTorr, T = 700 °C, and (d) pN2 = 90 mTorr, T = 750 °C. Ta 4f XPS spectra of samples deposited at (a) pN2 = 60 mTorr, T = 800 °C and (b) pN2 = 60 mTorr, T = 850 °C. XRD

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• . The cellular response on different graphene surfaces was previously studied, and it was demonstrated that substrate characteristics such as surface roughness, surface chemistry, and electronic properties can influence cell response [38]. The implications of these results are particularly significant

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• thickness of the as-deposited films. This pattern persists with film thickness even after N2+ implantation. After implantation, crystallinity decreases relative to as-deposited films with the same nominal thickness. The AFM analysis reveals that RMS roughness increases with the thickness of Mo films

• . The RMS roughness values of Mo thin films with 150, 200, 250, and 300 nm thickness are around 1.09, 1.23, 1.41, and 1.73 nm, respectively. After N2+ implantation, the RMS roughness increases to 1.28, 1.43, 1.58, and 1.89 nm, respectively. A similar trend in roughness has been observed after N2

• + implantation for all Mo films. Table 3 reveals a continuous increase in particle size with Mo film thickness before and after N2+ implantation. This increase in roughness and particle size is related to structural alterations due to the increasing film thickness. At the lowest thickness, a greater number of

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• nanopatterned surfaces depending on the dimensions of the nanopatterns (i.e., wavelength and rms roughness). The potential applications of such nanopatterned silicon surfaces are highlighted. This article underscores the versatility of an optimized broad-beam ultralow-energy ion source, specifically in the

• , where variations of ripple wavelength, rms roughness, and power spectral density are discussed. Figure 5g shows the cross-sectional TEM image after 450 eV Ar-ion bombardment of the Si surface at an angle of 60° for a time of 3 h. The presence of Ar-ion-induced surface corrugation in terms of ripple-like

• shown in Figure 6a–c. Further, the fluctuation in ripple height or amplitude, generally termed as rms roughness, is also investigated in Figure 6d. The rms roughness increases linearly with the irradiation time (i.e., fluence). Further, the ordering of the nanostructure with bombardment time, examined

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• the same color contrast as in Figure 5c). By observing the root-mean-squared (RMS) surface roughness (Rq) under UHV conditions of 0.17 nm in topography and 50 pA in the current signal, we determine that the surface is rather smooth and flat. In contrast, under oxidation conditions, the surface

• roughness in topography is increased to 0.63 nm because of the more challenging scanning conditions. However, the current signal surface roughness increases by an order of magnitude to 760 pA with respect to Figure 5c. This significant increase in surface roughness, which can be observed as the appearance

• voltage of −1 V applied to the sample. RMS surface roughness and RMS current for each image are, correspondingly, (a) 0.17 nm, (b) 50 pA, (c) 0.63 nm, and (d) 760 pA. AFM images of cobalt nanoparticles on a thick (50 nm) Al2O3 film taken (a) before reaction, at RT and high vacuum, (b) at 430 K and 2 bar