Hartree–Fock interaction in superconducting condensate fractals

• Edward G. Nikonov,
• Yajiang Chen,
• Mauro M. Doria and
• Arkady A. Shanenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2177–2182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.150

• -imbalanced regimes in which . The effective Hamiltonian is diagonalized by applying the Bogoliubov–Valatin transformation [4], where uν(i) and vν(i) are, respectively, the particle-like and hole-like quasiparticle (bogolon) wavefunctions, and γνσ and are the annihilation and creation operators for bogolon

Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• produce instantaneous and dramatic impacts that a nonscientific audience can easily perceive, unlike developments in AI, virtual reality, or other highly visible innovations. This lack of immediate, observable transformation has contributed to a strong perception, especially among political leaders

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• of the experimental space. The prepared formulations corresponding to the experimental design runs are shown in Figure 4, and a summary of the BBD is presented in Table 5. To refine the model and improve predictive accuracy, the response data were subjected to Box–Cox transformation, an essential

• step when non-normal distribution is detected [25]. Following transformation, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to evaluate the statistical significance of the overall model and the individual formulation factors. To enhance model parsimony, backward regression elimination was applied to

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• , shape, crystal structure, and temperature [12]. As a result, thermodynamically controlled growth typically results in near-spherical NPs. The lowest surface energy of nanospheres also induces the transformation of other shapes into spherical ones. The effect of surface energy is most pronounced in small

• modification. The presence of the active ionic species has been shown to guide the formation of Ni(OH)2 nanosheets in [30]. After NP formation, the shape transformation can occur during the stages of growth, self-organization, and ageing of the NPs. In this case, laser ablation, which is performed for

• , small near-spherical Pb NPs are produced, which are quickly oxidized and assembled into planar structures due to the existence of a preferential [002] growth direction in the PbO structure. The transformation of the morphology occurs after the laser is switched off and the colloid undergoes ageing at

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• transform, or transformation of the time-based AFM deflection into the frequency domain is conducted. In the majority of studies examining the thermal oscillations of AFM cantilevers, the cantilever’s displacement is measured for a specific length of time and then converted to frequency space over the

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• , and C–O) and the simultaneous transformation of the amorphous polymer phase into a graphitized structure with higher electrical parameters [9]. This results in carbon regions rich in conjugated π-electron systems, which allow for efficient charge delocalization and the formation of conducting pathways

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• conjugates and aptamer-functionalized drug nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery in esophageal cancer are reviewed in this paper. In addition, we expect investigators to pay special attention to improving aptamer permeability and stability to accelerate aptamer clinical transformation. In conclusion

• cancer [85], prostate cancer [86], and ovarian cancer [87]. Scientists have discovered that p37 protein promotes invasiveness and induces malignant transformation of cells [88], which may be a key target for Mycoplasma pathogenicity. However, given that Mycoplasma-mediated cellular malignant

• transformation is characterized by long-latency, multistage chronic infections [89], it is extremely challenging to collect sufficient epidemiological data to establish a direct causal relationship between Mycoplasma infection and tumors. Immunohistochemical results of 53 cancer tissue samples showed that

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• information. DVC was performed using the image registration software Elastix with its implemented B-spline transformation (ver. 5.1.0) [39]. The images were aligned in a two-step process, first with an affine transformation and then with a B-spline transformation. For both steps, a pyramidal approach with

• five resolution levels using a Gaussian filter was applied. The number of iterations per resolution level was set to 1000 for the affine transformation and 2000 for the B-spline transformation. Advanced normalized correlation was chosen as the correlation metric. The detailed parameter files

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• active sites on catalytic materials. These surface sites, often structurally undercoordinated and electronically distinct from the bulk material, drive the transformation of reactants into products. While catalysts regenerate at the end of each cycle, their surfaces can be highly sensitive and unstable

Energy spectrum and quantum phase transition of the coupled single spin and an infinitely coordinated Ising chain

• Seidali Seidov,
• Natalia Pugach and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1668–1676, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.117

• thermodynamic limit of an infinite chain, we map the chain Hamiltonian to the Hamiltonian of the Lipkin–Meshkov–Glik model, and the system as a whole is described by a generalized Rabi Hamiltonian. Next, the effective Hamiltonian is obtained using the Foulton–Gouterman transformation. In the thermodynamic limit

• ]. The Hamiltonian of the whole system then becomes akin to the Hamiltonian of the generalized Rabi model, but with the bosonic field replaced by the collective spin of the LMG model. Next, it is diagonalized in the spin space using the Fulton–Gouterman transformation and we obtain an effective

• mode, but to a more complicated environment [16][17][18]. Diagonalization in the Spin Space The Hamiltonian in the spin space can be diagonalized using the formula for the determinant of a 2 × 2 block matrix. This is also known as the Fulton–Gouterman transformation [19]. This leads to two effective

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• relative intensity of the hydroxyl peak decreases, and the peaks shift slightly (O–Ti at 529.7 eV and –OH at 531 eV), indicating a reduction in surface –OH groups due to dehydration and phase transformation from hydrogen titanate to anatase TiO2. Based on the area underneath the corresponding O 1s XPS peak

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• , phase composition, and lattice parameters of the formed Si nanostructures were determined from HRTEM images by fast Fourier transformation (FFT). The morphology of the produced nanoparticles was also evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with a SUPRA 55WDS microscope (Carl Zeiss, Germany

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

•  1a. The Raman spectrum exhibits two characteristic peaks, namely, the D peak at 1337 cm−1 and the G peak at 1569 cm−1. The ratio of the intensities of D and G peaks (ID/IG) has increased from 0.89 to 1.11 after MA functionalization, indicating a successful transformation of carbon atoms from sp2 to

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• ± 20 nm) for various periods of time up to 72 h. The growth mechanism was investigated through ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy analyses, confirming the gradual transformation of spherical seeds into

• ) irradiating the seeds with green LEDs to form AgNPrs with the aid of ʟ-arginine (L-A) [9]. Due to the different SPR properties between AgNPs and AgNPrs, the morphological transformation of silver nanostructures in sample can be observed through UV–vis spectra in Figure 2. After 6 h of LED irradiation, the UV

• stable at 333 and 440 nm, respectively, indicating that the transformation of silver seeds into nanoplates had reached equilibrium. The IPD peak continued to blueshift slightly (to 604 nm and 600 nm, respectively), but no significant changes were observed in the overall UV–vis spectral profiles. Based on

Transfer function of an asymmetric superconducting Gauss neuron

• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Aleksander S. Ionin,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Mikhail S. Sidel’nikov,
• Sergey V. Egorov and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1160–1170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.85

• due to, for example, defects in the thin-film structure. The third type of asymmetry may be associated with unequal signal supply into the input arms of the neuron. Below, we analyze the transformation of the TF in each of these cases and compare it with experimental results [18]. Symmetric Gauss

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• followed by spontaneous transformation into the thermodynamically favored crystalline state. In addition, we observe a decrease of the full width at half-maximum (FWHM, derived by rotational average from the SAED analysis) of the investigated (111)-ring in the in situ heating experiment (Figure 4C), which

Deep learning for enhancement of low-resolution and noisy scanning probe microscopy images

• Samuel Gelman,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Nir Kampf,
• Marek Patočka,
• Maricarmen Rios,
• Marcos Penedo,
• Georg Fantner,
• Amir Beker,
• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Ido Azuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.83

• low-resolution images, prepare them as input for the various traditional methods and deep learning SR models (Image normalization), apply those methods and models (Traditional methods and deep learning super-resolution models), transform the values to a standard form (Image value transformation

• ]. Three different models were supplied (NinaSR-B0, NinaSR-B1, NinaSR-B2), ranging from lighter to heavier sizes. The NinaSR model utilizes local attention blocks and a wide expansion ratio of the residual blocks, and it was initialized using methods adapted from NFNet [27][42]. Image value transformation

• , allowing for perspective transformation [45]. The borders of the transformed images and the high-resolution GT images were cropped to ensure precise pixel alignment across the image pairs. Metrics Assessing the effectiveness of traditional methods and SR deep learning models can be divided into two main

Towards a quantitative theory for transmission X-ray microscopy

• James G. McNally,
• Christoph Pratsch,
• Stephan Werner,
• Stefan Rehbein,
• Andrew Gibbs,
• Jihao Wang,
• Thomas Lunkenbein,
• Peter Guttmann and
• Gerd Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.82

• , and we adapt this by applying a simple geometrical transformation (Supporting Information File 1, Section S3) to account for oblique plane waves emerging from the ellipsoidal-mirror condenser. This yields an expression for the scattered field Sθ(x′,y′) arising due to an oblique plane wave at a polar

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• patterns for deposited and annealed TiO2 thin films prepared by EBE and IBAD methods reveals a significant structural transformation from the amorphous to the anatase phase after annealing. The results show that the use of ion beam-assisted deposition during EBE did not significantly affect the prepared

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• materials is achieved through the selection and combination of a range of techniques, including the manipulation of atoms and molecules, physical and chemical material transformation, self-assembly and self-organization, orientation and organization by external forces and fields, micro- and nanoscale

• thicknesses. At low temperatures, the molecular nanowires coalesce, whereas, at high temperatures, the nanowires separate to form interconnected networks. The compression of the thin-film structure on the water surface resulted in the transformation of the network into a compact and highly uniform monolayer

• observed to undergo irreversible structural changes, occurring through mechanisms such as loss of monolayer by desorption and local nucleation of defects. In terms of morphology, the nanoscale structure of the monolayer underwent a transformation from a randomly oriented nanowire configuration to a closely

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• does not absorb green light (see Figure 3A) and, therefore, is unreactive to this excitation wavelength. However, irradiation of the 1·2 supramolecular complex leads to a photochemical transformation characterized by the increase of the typical absorption of the non-nitrosated derivative 2b (Figure 5A

• determined within the 20% transformation by using the following equation: where [NOPD] is the concentration of phototransformed 2, V is the volume of the irradiated sample, t is the irradiation time, A is the absorbance of the sample at the excitation wavelength, and I is the intensity of the excitation

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• . Ultrafast time-resolved probing approaches are key to revealing the transient states and pathways that govern material transformation in LSPC. Keywords: electron diffraction; laser processing in liquids; optical imaging; optical spectroscopy; pump–probe; single objects; time-resolved probing; X-ray

• phase transitions when sufficient thermal energy is coupled to the lattice. Depending on the energy density condition the lattice reaches, phase transitions can result in coalescence of multiple NPs [15][105] or in transformation of NPs into vapor, atomic clusters, and small molten NPs. In both cases

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• sp3 hybridization is a metastable material. A significant activation barrier hampers its relaxation into sp2 graphitic carbon, and this transformation occurs during vacuum heating in the temperature range of 1500–1800 °C [9]. According to molecular dynamics simulations, graphitization of nonterminated

• -diamond heterostructures by annealing. Among those, nickel attracts specific attention since the 1960s [33] because its lattice parameter is close to that of diamond. Single-crystal diamond (SCD) substrates were subjected to nickel-assisted graphitization [17][18][19][20][21]. The transformation of the

• -vacuum annealing at a temperature of about 1100 °C. To exclude the influence of impurities from the air, the annealed samples were examined in situ using XPS and NEXAFS without contact with the air. XPS and NEXAFS spectroscopy investigations of heat-induced transformation of the surface of bare and Ni

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• interaction with MoS2 leads to the transformation of the original hexagonal structure into a distorted tetragonal one. Under the experimental conditions, sodium is unable to diffuse through the carbon film consisting of horizontally oriented graphene domains and is almost completely removed by annealing the

• sandwiched between MoS2 layers, the MoS2 component was not converted to Mo and Na2S even at a high degree of sodiation [18]. An ex situ study of a fully sodiated anode composed of MoS2 nanosheets coupled with few-layered graphene revealed a partial transformation of 2H-MoS2 into a distorted tetragonal