Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• and UV light exposure, as widely documented in the literature [29]. The analysis of third-instar Ae. aegypti larvae exposed to the nanocomposite CS/TPP–β-CD–rot (Figure 6) revealed notable dose-dependent morphological alterations. From 50 ppm onwards, the appearance of abnormal excretion in the anal

Electronic and optical properties of chloropicrin adsorbed ZnS nanotubes: first principle analysis

• Prakash Yadav,
• Boddepalli SanthiBhushan and
• Anurag Srivastava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1184–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.87

• pristine ZnS NT and CP-adsorbed ZnS NT at orientations A, B, C, and D reveal significant variations that elucidate the interaction mechanisms between CP molecules and ZnS NTs. For pristine ZnS NTs, the spectrum displays multiple sharp peaks in the UV region (250–400 nm), with the strongest peak occurring

• at approximately 290–300 nm. This behavior is attributed to the intrinsic wide bandgap of ZnS (≈3.68 eV), which confines its absorption to the UV range, as confirmed by both experimental and theoretical studies on ZnS nanostructures [68]. These peaks arise from interband electronic transitions

• highlighting the suitability of ZnS nanostructures for UV photodetectors, sensors, and photocatalytic applications, where high UV sensitivity is critical [69]. Upon CP molecule adsorption, significant redshifts in the absorption spectra are observed across all orientations, indicative of bandgap narrowing

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• drop-casting 1 μL of hBN suspension (prepared in deionized water) onto a TEM grid. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, Shimadzu IRAffinity-1S) and Raman spectroscopy (Renishaw, 532 nm laser) were used to analyze chemical bonds and assess crystallinity. UV–visible spectroscopy (Varian Cary UV

• NMs, 5% silver nitrate solution was added to each well and exposed to UV light for 50 min. Afterward, the cells were washed with diH2O three times, and 5% sodium thiosulfate solution was added to each well to stop the reaction. After 3 min, the cells were rinsed under running tap water for 1 min and

• using a variety of techniques including FTIR, Raman, UV–vis, DLS, and PRFM to confirm their physicochemical properties. Characterization of hexagonal boron nitrides The TEM images of the synthesized hBNs are shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3 (a) and (b). As seen, hBNs have platelet-like

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• , supramolecular nanoconstructs, and nanomaterials photoreleasing NO have been developed as potential nanomedicines over the last decades [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]. In this regard, generating NO with highly biocompatible long wavelength green or red light is highly desirable over blue or even UV

• gel (Merck Kieselgel 60, 230–400 mesh ASTM). The progress of the reactions was followed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) on 5 × 20 cm plates with a layer thickness of 0.2 mm. UV–vis spectra were recorded with a Jasco V-560 spectrophotometer using quartz cuvettes with an optical path length of 1 cm

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• color changing from brown to dark brownish black confirmed the synthesis of PG-CDs-AgNP within 2 h. After 2 h of reaction, the sample was collected for UV–vis studies. The UV–vis spectra were also implemented at 12 and 24 h, respectively. The growth and the formation of PG-CDs-AgNP were recorded by

• using UV–vis spectroscopy. Supporting Information File 1, section S1 contains the details of the material characterization techniques. Results and Discussion Plant extract-mediated production of nanoparticles from noble metal precursors are well reported. In the present work, waste P. pinnata leaf

• evidenced from the progressive color change of the solution as shown by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Structural and morphological analysis The optical properties of PG-CDs and PG-CDs-AgNPs were studied using UV–visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. An absorption peak at 275 nm

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• studied using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) along with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Cross-sectional images are also obtained to evaluate the thickness of ZnO film. The optical properties of pristine and implanted ZnO films are investigated using a Shimadzu UV–visible

• –NIR spectrophotometer (UV-3600Plus) employed with Integrating Sphere Assembly (ISR-603) in the wavelength range of 200–800 nm. Results and Discussion Structural analysis Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction The grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GXRD) patterns of pristine ZnO and argon-implanted ZnO

• in ion fluence, F(R) of the films increases (Figure 10). This points towards the degradation of the crystal quality of ZnO films with disordering of atoms and defects in the films. This causes an increased absorption of UV and visible light. Moreover, additional peaks are observed, centered at around

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• , which have similar properties as the ones induced by direct UV photoexcitation across the bandgap. Conclusions and Perspectives The present review reports the advances brought by the use of high-brilliance photon beams generated by synchrotron radiation and FEL sources in the study of cerium oxide-based

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• instrument (Jasco). Ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy (UV–vis) and light transmittance spectroscopy were recorded using a V-670 spectrophotometer (Jasco). Microscopic texture and imaging were observed by a stereo zoom microscope (Optika SZM). Agar diffusion assays were used for testing

• environment and quickly settled down. Stacked agglomerates of GO-SG-ZH powder at the bottom of the dispersion were observed in the micrograph of Figure 6c, while the micrograph of the dispersion of GO-SG-ZH hydrogel showed the absence of stacked structures. In Figure 6d, UV–vis spectra of aqueous dispersions

• GO-SG-ZH hydrogel. (a) XRD pattern of GO-SG-ZH powder. (b) FTIR spectrum of GO-SG-ZH powder. (c) Aqueous dispersions of GO-SG-ZH powder and hydrogel (concentrations of 50 ppm) and their sedimented particles after 1 day (visualized by the optical microscope). (d) UV–vis spectra of aqueous dispersions

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• its ability to absorb UV wavelengths [32]. This concept was used to fabricate photodetectors (PDs) using pyrite NPs on Si substrate as it inherently has the advantages of exceptional photo-absorption, high mobility, and high absorption coefficient as initially mentioned. Self-powering PDs have a

• nanocolloid in this work. The optical properties of nanocolloids and their thin films were evaluated using UV–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy. The nanoparticle characterization and surface morphology were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the

• crystalline structure of the films was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The UV–vis–NIR photodetection properties of p-n junction-based thin films composed of FeS2 nanoparticles are reported. Additionally, the results of various light-sensing parameters evaluated in these photodetectors are also

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• hurdles. Photochemical processes have also garnered significant research interest for tetracycline antibiotic removal, leveraging UV radiation [8][9]. While this approach offers cost-effectiveness, simplicity, and environmental benefits, its efficacy is strongly influenced by the compound’s adsorption

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• yield of submicrometer particles and nanoparticles was quantified using UV–vis extinction spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and analytical centrifugation, while high-performance liquid chromatography determined degradation. We found improved fragmentation efficiency at lower mass

• iron phthalocyanines (FePc), but also some purely organic dyes such as naphthalocyanides [25], perylenes [26], perylene diimides [27][28], fullerenes [29][30], and quinacridones [2][31] have been successfully downsized to the nanoscale using nanosecond- and femtosecond-LFL with wavelengths in the UV

• , green, and IR ranges. Metal complex dyes are characterized by high thermal and UV stability and were therefore preferred for initial LFL studies [32]. Asahi et al. and Tamaki et al. repeatedly showed that using a UV nanosecond laser with a repetition rate of several hertz not only produces NPs of

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• deposited a mesoporous TiO2 layer from a (transparent) titania paste solution (Aldrich, 16.67 wt % in ethanol) via spin coating and annealed it (same parameters as in the previous step). After each of these titania deposition steps, we subjected the films to a UV-ozone cleaning step (FHR UVO 150) for 30 min

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• of graphene confers antioxidant properties The arrangement of TA molecules on graphene layers and their antioxidant effects were analyzed through three experimental methods. The concentration of TA in the FLG suspension was measured using UV–vis spectroscopy, surface composition changes from graphite

• to unexfoliated graphite (Table S1, Supporting Information File 1), a strong evidence for the incorporation of TA. After exfoliation, the UV spectra analysis indicated that nearly all of TA used in the preparation adhered to the FLG, with only 15 µg remaining as free TA molecules (from an initial

• oxidative stress, thus elucidating the ROS inhibition by FLG–TA. The UV–vis spectroscopic analysis (Figure S5, Supporting Information File 1) revealed a significant decrease in absorbance of the FLG–TA composite following exposure to DPPH solution, indicating oxidative modification of the material under ROS

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• solutions were collected through micropipette and filtered by using membrane filter (0.45 µm). The APT concentration was determined in the supernatant using a UV–vis spectrophotometer (UV 1800 Shimadzu, Japan) measuring the absorbance at λmax of 210 nm [13]. Drug content and encapsulation efficiency Drug

• (equivalent to 2 mg APT) were placed in a dialysis bag sealed at both ends in dissolution medium. After specified time intervals, samples (5 mL) were taken, replaced with fresh medium and analyzed through UV spectrophotometry at λmax = 210 nm after proper dilution. The drug release kinetics were determined by

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• pre- and post-bombardment changes in optical properties, resulting from nanopatterned surfaces, are investigated using UV–vis reflectivity measurements and correlated with the dimensions of the nanopatterns. This manuscript highlights the potential applications arising from these findings, emphasizing

• the transformative impact of nanopatterning through low-energy inert ions. Keywords: optimization of ion current; surface topography; TEM; ultralow-energy ECR-based ion source; UV–vis spectroscopy; Introduction Ion sources serve as fundamental components in numerous scientific and industrial

• confirm the formation of nanostructures as observed from atomic force microscopy (AFM) images. The thickness of the amorphous thin layer is in good agreement with Monte Carlo simulations (SRIM) [31]. The article further investigates and explains the optical response (by UV–vis spectrometry) of the

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• solution and compared the results with the aim of improving the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticle by LRL. The UV–visible absorption spectrum of the aqueous solution of gold chloride was measured every 5 s during laser irradiation to evaluate the progress of the reaction. Figure 1 shows the results of

• the change in the absorption peak at 520 nm in the UV–vis absorption spectrum caused by the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of the Au nanoparticles as a function of the laser irradiation time. The black line shows the change in absorbance for the solution without IPA, and the red line shows

• the nanoparticles, as determined from the change in absorbance at a wavelength of 520 nm in the UV–vis absorption spectrum of solutions with different concentrations of IPA during laser irradiation. The numbers in parentheses in the figure indicate the reaction finishing time of the nanoparticle

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• ). The optical characteristics of the obtained Ag-doped ZnO nanorods were determined using UV–visible spectroscopy (Varian Cary-5000) at room temperature. The measurements were taken in the wavelength range of 200 to 600 nm. Raman spectroscopy (Alpha300/WI Tec) was used to investigate the molecular

• NRs and (b) M–H plot of Ag@ZnO NRs. (a) SEM images, (b) diameter distribution of nanorods, and (c) EDS of Ag@ZnO NRs. FTIR of Ag@ZnO NRs. (a) UV–vis spectrum and (b) bandgap of Ag@ZnO NRs. Zeta potential of Ag@ZnO NRs. Raman spectra of Ag@ZnO NRs. XPS of Ag@ZnO NRs: (a) full scan spectrum, (b) scan of

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• ) was added to the solution and incubated for another 30 min at room temperature. Finally, the absorbance of the solution was recorded at 550 nm in a UV spectrophotometer. To determine the mucoadhesion of the nanoparticles, EudAlg NPs was resuspended in mucin solution (final concentration 0.5 mg/mL, 2

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• resistivity of ≥17.5 MΩ·cm was obtained from a Thermo Scientific Barnstead Smart2Pure Pro UV/UF 15 LPH Water Purification System. The experiments were performed at room temperature and in ambient air. Glassware was cleaned with aqua regia, thoroughly rinsed with water, and dried before use. Data analysis and

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• leads to a reduction in microstrain and dislocation density. The optical studies using UV–vis–NIR spectroscopy reveal that the transmittance of films increases with substrate temperature. Further, the shift in transmittance threshold towards lower wavelengths with substrate temperature indicates that

• , Kurukshetra University. The grazing incidence angle was fixed at 0.5°. The diffraction pattern was recorded in the 2θ range of 20°–70° with a step increment of 0.07°. The optical properties of ZnTe/Qz films were analysed from transmittance spectra obtained using a Shimadzu UV–vis–NIR spectrophotometer (UV

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• -via reflex spectrometer, Tokyo, Japan) with a 514 nm Nd:Yag laser as the excitation source. The optical properties were measured employing a UV–vis spectrophotometer (Cary 5000 UV-VIS-NIR, Agilent, CA, USA) in the 200–800 nm range. The morphology of GO nanosheets was analyzed employing a high

• formation of GO–Chl nanoconjugates was confirmed by investigating the optical, functional, structural, and morphological properties employing standard analytical characterization techniques. The optical properties of GO and GO–Chl were assessed using UV–vis spectroscopy (Supporting Information File 1

• two ways viz. entrapment efficacy (EE, % Chl that has been successfully absorbed onto GO) and % drug content or drug loading efficiency (DLE, amount of Chl loaded per unit weight of GO) using UV–vis spectroscopy. Firstly, a standard calibration curve of Chl was plotted by monitoring the optical

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• prepared using a wet-milling method with zirconium balls to enhance bioavailability and expand potential applications. The particle size and physicochemical properties of the BerNPs were analyzed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier

• particle sizes results in a larger total surface area, thus significantly increasing biological activity and stability [20][28]. Compared to other studies, the size of the berberine nanoparticles obtained in this study was smaller, highlighting the significant application potential of the material. UV–vis

• , and ldh, thereby preventing biofilm development [40]. Conclusion In this study, BerNPs were fabricated using ball milling with zirconium balls. Analysis through FE-SEM, UV–vis, XRD, and FTIR revealed that the nanoparticles predominantly exhibited a crystalline structure, with an average size of 40–65

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• focused on removing antibiotics through AOPs [28][29][30]. Articles explored specific AOP methods tailored for antibiotic remediation, such as H2O2-based AOP [29], Fenton-based AOPs [31], UV-based AOPs [32], UV/chlor(am)ine-based AOP [33], electrochemical-based AOP (EAOP) [34], persulfate and

• properties, exceptional photocatalytic performance, lack of toxicity, widespread availability, and cost efficiency [65]. It has a broad bandgap (3.2 eV). Therefore, it can be activated only by UV radiation, which is only a small part of the solar spectrum. This feature makes TiO2 not suitable for outdoor

• applications where natural light is abundant. Although TiO2 has a high photocatalytic activity under UV light, its practical use is limited because of rapid electron–hole recombination and insufficient visible light absorption [65]. Hence, it is critical to develop effective strategies to enhance TiO2 activity

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• higher cooling rates (e.g., in an ice bath) would result in precipitation of the nanoparticle material in the interlayer of the two phases. After cooling to the biphasic state, the extinction of the gained colloidal phases was investigated by UV–vis measurements (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1

• cycling, the distribution of colloidal copper and iron nanoparticles over the PC and alcohol phase was quantified via UV–vis extinction measurements afterward (Figure 4). Figure 4 shows the mass fraction of colloidal nanoparticles in the propylene carbonate phase (bottom phase of the TMS) for the

• and the vessel was held in place for two hours. Colloids were characterized by UV–vis-spectroscopy using a Cary 50 spectrometer (Varian Inc.) and further processed by OriginPro. The raw UV–vis extinction spectra were baseline-corrected by subtraction of UV–vis extinction spectra gained from

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• characterization of all formulations regarding interactions of the components and their stability during the preparation procedures, different techniques were used including infrared (IR), ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis), and Raman spectroscopy as well as TGA. For analyzing potential structural changes in the CNs

• after exposure to irradiation, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) was used. The stability of TMZ under these conditions was determined unsing attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and UV–vis spectroscopy. Most of the procedures and techniques were used in our previous study [43

• ] in which physicochemical properties of non-covalently PEGylated CNs loaded with TMZ were characterized. Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy UV–vis absorption spectroscopy turned out to be a useful tool for characterizing functionalization with FA and for confirming the TMZ loading through the