Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• . Keywords: atomic force microscopy (AFM); high eigenmodes; multifrequency AFM; nanoscale material analysis; surface characterization; Introduction Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has become an indispensable tool for characterizing the morphology and surface properties of materials at the micro- and the

• variations exceeding two orders of magnitude, this necessitates iterative probe selection, complicating high-throughput characterization [21]. In this study, we introduce a hybrid multifrequency AFM technique that synergistically integrates non-resonant PeakForce modulation with eigenmode vibrations to

• montmorillonite (MMT) nanosheets, demonstrating its potential to improve material property contrast and characterization. Experimental Experimental setup Our experiments were conducted using a commercial AFM system (Bruker Dimension Icon) equipped with a cantilever holder that incorporates a piezoelectric

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• aerogel. Characterization data for the prepared SIL is shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1. A monolithic material with a large porosity and a polydisperse pore system in the size range Dpore = 50–300 nm was obtained. The specific surface area is ABET = 946 m2·g−1 according to nitrogen

• transport, and macro-to-mesoporous materials are more frequently used for chromatography [57], we concentrate on aerogels in our current study. An aerogel prepared from 1,3-bis(triisopropoxysilyl)thiophenol is presented here for the first time. The relevant characterization data are shown in Supporting

• -AlaNH10oSil and, thus, a material containing a hydrophobic environment around the stereocenter. Characterization data are shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S9. Chiral spin probes in achiral hosts The enantiomerically pure nitroxides are not commercially available. Therefore, 3CP was prepared

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• fibers without the lipid core. Furthermore, maintaining ambient relative humidity below 45% proved essential for processing stability. Comprehensive morphological characterization via scanning electron microscopy confirmed the uniformity of the fibers. At the same time, confocal microscopy, cross

• observable beads, and a heterogeneous diameter distribution. Structural characterization of nanofibers Core–shell nanofibers create a protective environment for bioactive agents within the core, preserving their activity while enabling controlled release. By tailoring the shell architecture, the release

• of bulk HA (black), PLA nanofiber (red), nanofiber composed of HA 1%(w/w) and PLA 20%(w/w) (blue), and nanofiber composed of HA 1%(w/w), NE 2%(w/w), and PLA 20%(w/w) (green). Thermal characterization plots of neat HA, PLA, and nanofiber compositions. Thermogravimetric analysis (A), DTG curves (B

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• characterization of the adhesive system of S. alveolata through the ultrastructural and chemical characterization of the two types of adhesive cells and the cement they produce, as well as the identification of new adhesive protein candidates. Another goal is to address the gap in knowledge about adhesive protein

• transmission electron microscope. Identification and characterization of new adhesive protein and kinase candidates Local basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) searches were performed in the transcriptome of the anterior part of S. alveolata [26] using the adhesive protein sequences of P. californica from

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• lipid surface density and structure on LNP physicochemical properties Understanding the spatial organization of lipid components within LNPs is critical for optimizing their physicochemical characterization and stability. In particular, the localization of PEG lipids plays a significant role in

• incorporated [17][18][19][20]. These findings indicate that trends in LNP characterization change by varying PEG lipids cannot be universally applied across all PEGylated LNP formulations. Rational LNP design should consider the distinct structural attributes of PEG lipid, recognizing that optimization of LNP

• characterization and biological performance of LNPs were evaluated. These LNPs were able to maintain comparable sizes in the range of 46 to 58 nm. To further assess the impact of increased PEG density on protein adsorption, ApoE association to LNPs was quantified in vitro using fluorescence-labeled ApoE and size

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• ultrasonication (40 kHz). This formulation demonstrated physicochemical stability, with good optical transparency and absence of phase separation. Characterization by TEM revealed spherical droplets with sizes between 20 and 40 nm. In the larvicidal bioassay, fourth-instar larvae of Ae. aegypti were exposed to

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• characterization Table 1 summarizes the device parameters for three different probes employed in this work, measured at 10 mK in free space far from the surface. We characterize the sensor by measuring the total noise of the undriven mechanical resonance, up-converted to the microwave spectrum. Figure 2a shows the

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• yield and characteristics of the resulting nanoparticles, making it an essential parameter for optimizing reproducibility and ensuring eco-friendly synthesis processes [52][53]. Metallic nanoparticles characterization The studies characterize the nanoparticles obtained through green synthesis in terms

• = 36), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis, 34.69%; n = 35), and X-ray diffraction (XRD, 25.48%; n = 27). They are among the most commonly used techniques for the characterization of metallic nanoparticles synthesized via green routes due to their complementary abilities to elucidate key

• of plant sources, extraction methods, synthesis parameters, and nanoparticle characterization techniques. Applications in the dental science field Preventive and restorative dentistry represents the field that most extensively utilizes green synthesis of nanoparticles (Table 1), particularly in the

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• analysis. All samples were prepared in triplicate and data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The NEs composition was described in Table 3. Physicochemical characterization Droplet size, polydispersity index and zeta potential evaluation The droplet size was determined by dynamic light scattering

Piezoelectricity of layered double hydroxides: perspectives regarding piezocatalysis and nanogenerators

• Evgeniy S. Seliverstov,
• Evgeniya A. Tarasenko and
• Olga E. Lebedeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1812–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.124

• compensated for this deficiency. Second, the presented XRD data are limited to 2θ values below 40°, whereas LDHs characterization is conventionally extended to at least 80° in order to capture the full set of reflections characteristic of the LDHs. Consequently, the data provided do not offer sufficient

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• implantation primarily affects subsurface layers, leading to bulk modifications with more gradual structural changes and less surface sputtering. The details of the energy stopping powers at the depth of ion implantation are given in Figure 1. Elemental characterization by RBS and ERDA The elemental

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• concentration of 3.66% (w/w), containing 2.6% (w/v) LO (equivalent to 26 mg·mL−1 or 26,000 µg·mL−1) and added with 1% (w/v) Kolliphor® HS15 (indicated by the “K”). The detailed mass composition of OphtNE-3.66%(K1%) is provided in Table S2 (Supporting Information File 1). Characterization techniques for linseed

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• characterization of plant motion. To better describe and analyze the pine cone scale in silico in the future, the material properties of the tissues should be re-measured, focusing on their structural rather than cellular properties. A detailed mesh of a pine cone scale based on a segmented CT scan could also be

• axis of the scale, where the tissue samples were prepared from. (B) The respective scale cross section at the sampling location. (C) Close-up of the exact sampling locations within the tissues. (D) Microscopic images of the upper end of the respective tissue sample pillars. Characterization of the

• ) Trilayer with varying fibers. (E) Remodeled scale (“scale-like”). Results of the sorption measurements and the bending angle characterization. (A) The average moisture content of the scale tissues as a function of relative humidity. The desorption is shown as a solid line, the absorption as a dashed line

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• fields of, among others, catalysis research, material characterization, and thin film deposition, utilizing dedicated cells. HIPPIE, on the 3 GeV ring, covers a wider photon energy range than SPECIES (250 to 2500 eV), also with variable polarization [10]. It has two branches, each with its own

• observation of catalytic surfaces under reaction conditions. This allows for full life cycle characterization of catalysts, offering insights into surface structure, composition, and dynamic behavior during catalysis. Thanks to its intrinsic surface sensitivity, APXPS is uniquely positioned to probe the

• significant challenges for both synthesis and in operando characterization. In particular, photon-hungry techniques like APXPS require the high brilliance provided by fourth-generation synchrotron sources to probe such dilute systems. From a synthetic perspective, stabilizing isolated metal atoms against

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• certainly reflects the industry’s insecurity in investing in early-stage projects involving extraction, isolation, characterization, and reproducibility, as they are technically complex and costly, with little initial commercial appeal. Consequently, pharmaceutical companies tend to avoid these high-risk

• characterization, and therapeutic evaluation of nanotechnology [92]. The formulation of patent CN114470229 was discussed in an article by Guo et al., which showed that the nanoparticle, as in the patent, achieved better solubility, synergistic effect, and better targeting [93]. In addition, the article published

• ) complex that targets the PD-L1 gene, a cell-penetrating peptide, and a tumor cell membrane derived from HepG2 cells. Characterization of the nanoparticles showed that the nanocomplex was stabilized by hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic forces. In addition, confocal microscopy, gene

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• physicochemical characterization of the nanoparticles revealed mean diameters below 230 nm, positive zeta potentials, and PDI below 0.3, corroborating other reports of PLA–PEI systems [14][38]. In addition, the high encapsulation efficiency can be attributed to the functionalizing agent (PEI), which demonstrates

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• techniques for the removal of MPs. Nanoparticle-based removal Advancements in characterization and synthesis techniques have enabled the manipulation of materials at the nanoscale, leading to innovations across various domains, including energy, electronics, and biomedical applications. Figure 5 depicts

• MPs from water. Its natural abundance, low toxicity, and biodegradability position it as sustainable option for water treatment applications [129][130]. Another challenge that arises is the precise detection and characterization of MPs. Commonly employed techniques for MPs identification include

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• , USA) equipped with Peltier-cooled CCD-detector and with a xenon arc lamp for excitation. The measured spectra were corrected for the spectral sensitivity of the spectrofluorometer. Results and Discussion Morphology and crystal structure The morphology characterization of as-formed Si NPs was performed

• further confirmed by their SEM characterization (Figure 3). As can be seen from Figure 3, long ramified filaments are dominant, and quasi-spherical NPs are seldomly observed. The formation of two different morphologies confirmed both by TEM (Figure 2) and SEM studies (Figure 3) for the ablation using a

• . Optical characterization The optical properties of Si NPs dispersed in ethanol were investigated using Raman and UV–vis spectroscopy. Initially, Si NPs obtained using Bessel, annular, and Gaussian laser beams were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, and their Raman spectra (vibrational modes) were

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• spectroscopy was specifically used to confirm the Diels–Alder reaction on the surface of CNTs, and other characterization techniques (SEM, EDX, XRD, TGA, and FTIR) were applied to confirm the successive growth of the dendrimers. Highly dendrimerized CNTs were found to be more effective in removing heavy metal

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates, and solar cells. In this review article, we describe different methods of nanocolloidal synthesis using laser-assisted processes and corresponding thin film fabrication methods, particularly those utilized for device fabrication and characterization. The four

• specific applications will be crucial for realizing the full potential of laser-based techniques and addressing challenges in LAL such as low productivity, high energy consumption, and wide size distribution. Additionally, advancing in situ characterization methods, such as time-resolved shadowgraphy [26

• . This method is widely utilized for forming thin films primarily for characterization purposes such as XRD, AFM, and photoluminescence (PL). However, apart from factors like strain of the substrate or temperature, if any applied to the substrate, no significant control over the film formation is

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• , 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. During the irradiation process, the color of the solution gradually shifted from pale yellow to green and eventually to blue. Characterization The optical properties of the samples were characterized using UV–vis spectroscopy (Jasco V-670) with a scanning range from 900 to 200

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• electrode. (c) EDS elemental characterization of the copper deposition in panel b (from top to down: copper, platinum, and carbon). (a) Selected differential potential voltammetry (DPV) curves for dopamine detection. (b) Peak current analysis after baseline subtraction for logarithmic fitting. (c

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• the formation of the Ag@PCTA membrane. Finally, the membrane was cleaned three times with ultrapure water and then placed in a vacuum drying oven for further use. Characterization of antibacterial performance by disk diffusion method The modified CTA membrane and unmodified membrane were each cut into