Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17

• ]. For example the α-SiC can also be called 2H-, 4H- or 6H-SiC, depending on the unit cell, while β-SiC can also be called 3C-SiC because of the ABC stacking [156] (Figure 27). The formation process of graphene on SiC is also called graphitization. It consists of the sublimation of Si atoms from the SiC

• surfaces in order to maintain a good match with the hexagonal lattice of graphene [161][162]. The SiC wafer is usually precleaned in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) or in other environments with different techniques in order to increase the graphene quality during graphitization. The three most common techniques

Nitrogen-doped graphene films from chemical vapor deposition of pyridine: influence of process parameters on the electrical and optical properties

• Andrea Capasso,
• Theodoros Dikonimos,
• Francesca Sarto,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Giovanni De Bellis,
• Maria Sabrina Sarto,
• Giuliana Faggio,
• Angela Malara,
• Giacomo Messina and
• Nicola Lisi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2028–2038, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.206

• hydrogen flow, due to a higher graphitization level and to a lower defect density. iii) The electrical conductivity is also linked to the doping level, which is however less pronounced above 1000 °C. Conclusion Graphene films were grown by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) using pyridine as liquid carbon

Filling of carbon nanotubes and nanofibres

• Reece D. Gately and
• Marc in het Panhuis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 508–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.53

• MWCNT, the metals acted as a catalyst to create a nanotube with a single wall. Similar to MWCNTs, the physical properties (inside diameter, length, degree of graphitization) of SWCNTs vary with the production method [12]. For example, during the synthesis of SWCNTs using pulsed laser vaporization (PLV

Electrical contacts to individual SWCNTs: A review

• Wei Liu,
• Christofer Hierold and
• Miroslav Haluska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2202–2215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.229

• a more controllable manner. Amorphous carbon was deposited between Ni (as catalysts for graphitization) and semiconducting SWCNTs. The amorphous carbon transforms to graphitic carbon by annealing at 850 °C (as shown in Figure 7b). By this approach, the effective contact area between the metal and

Design criteria for stable Pt/C fuel cell catalysts

• Josef C. Meier,
• Carolina Galeano,
• Ioannis Katsounaros,
• Jonathon Witte,
• Hans J. Bongard,
• Angel A. Topalov,
• Claudio Baldizzone,
• Stefano Mezzavilla,
• Ferdi Schüth and
• Karl J. J. Mayrhofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 44–67, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.5

• and support structure on the underlying degradation mechanisms. The hollow graphitic spheres (HGS) provide a mesoporous, three-dimensional interconnected support structure with a high degree of graphitization and a high BET surface area (ca. 1200 m2·g−1) at the same time. The synthesis was described

• are a result of the large void in the middle of the sphere. Graphitization is intended to slow down carbon corrosion and the high specific carbon surface area in combination with the three dimensional network is intended to offer large inter-particle distances and a good particle separation [71

Micro- and nanoscale electrical characterization of large-area graphene transferred to functional substrates

• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Salvatore Di Franco,
• Patrick Fiorenza,
• Raffaella Lo Nigro,
• Fabrizio Roccaforte,
• Cristina Tudisco,
• Guido G. Condorelli,
• Nicolò Piluso,
• Noemi Spartà,
• Stella Lo Verso,
• Corrado Accardi,
• Cristina Tringali,
• Sebastiano Ravesi and
• Filippo Giannazzo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 234–242, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.24

• substrates [11]. As a matter of fact, future applications in large-scale electronics will require wafer-scale sheets of graphene that can be deterministically placed on a substrate. Other methods, such as epitaxial graphene growth by controlled graphitization of silicon carbide [12][13][14][15] and by

Low-dose patterning of platinum nanoclusters on carbon nanotubes by focused-electron-beam-induced deposition as studied by TEM

• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Sara Bals and
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 77–86, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.9

• graphitization due to the increasing electron–carbon interactions [43][45] can be observed from Figure 7e, where thin graphitic layers have emerged at the CNT surface, adding to the nondamaged CNT nanostructure. Accompanying the reduction of amorphous carbon, the growth of Pt nanoclusters is noticed. As

• , and the graphitization of the carbon layer is present to reduce the resistance between the CNT and the deposited metal effectively. In summary, focused-electron-beam deposition of Pt nanoclusters on CNTs in a DualBeam system has been demonstrated to be a viable approach to fabricate novel

Influence of the diameter of single-walled carbon nanotube bundles on the optoelectronic performance of dry-deposited thin films

• Kimmo Mustonen,
• Toma Susi,
• Antti Kaskela,
• Patrik Laiho,
• Ying Tian,
• Albert G. Nasibulin and
• Esko I. Kauppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 692–702, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.79

• resistances were affected by the bundle diameters, although they did play a secondary role by simply affecting the absorption. The individual SWCNT diameters and their graphitization level as gauged by the Raman D band intensity did not show any clear correlation with the overall performance. Keywords

• ferrocene-based aerosol CVD reactor [21] is included for comparison. The bundle lengths are shown to dominate the optoelectronic performance, while bundle diameters play a secondary role by affecting the absorption. The diameters of the SWCNTs and their graphitization level do not seem to be important

• distributions shown in Figure 3b. Furthermore, SWCNTs synthesized at Tset < 650 °C were less able to withstand the electron irradiation dose in the TEM, disintegrating at magnifications higher than 600k. Their graphitization level, e.g., the crystallinity of the hexagonal carbon lattice, was thus likely poor

Structural, electronic and photovoltaic characterization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes grown directly on stainless steel

• Luca Camilli,
• Manuela Scarselli,
• Silvano Del Gobbo,
• Paola Castrucci,
• Eric Gautron and
• Maurizio De Crescenzi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 360–367, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.42

• investigated by a range of electron microscopy and spectroscopy techniques. The results show the good quality and the high graphitization degree of the synthesized MWCNTs. Through energy-loss spectroscopy we found that the electronic properties of these nanostructures are markedly different from those of

• the scanned area. In general, only a very few traces of impurities were found in other spots of the sample. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the CNTs are multiwalled in nature, with an average number of walls of about 20, as illustrated in Figure 3a and Figure 3b. The high graphitization