Filling nanopipettes with apertures smaller than 50 nm: dynamic microdistillation

• Evelyne Salançon and
• Bernard Tinland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2181–2187, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.204

• is recorded at the same time. The first measurement is made directly after the first electrolyte loading at a concentration of [KCl] = 10−4 mol·L−1. This first electrical measurement confirms that the nanopipette is filled: The current flows and ion exchange is ensured between the Ag/AgCl electrodes

• performed (Figure 2b), i.e., ion exchange is enforced through voltage applied for a given time. Here, electromigration is performed by maintaining the power supply at V = −300 mV over a period of time of t = 10 min. During these 10min, the intensity level increases from I−300mV = −30 pA to an upper limit of

Cr(VI) remediation from aqueous environment through modified-TiO₂-mediated photocatalytic reduction

• Rashmi Acharya,
• Brundabana Naik and
• Kulamani Parida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1448–1470, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.137

• industrial processes pose threat to aquatic life and downstream users. Various treatment techniques, such as chemical reduction, ion exchange, bacterial degradation, adsorption and photocatalysis, have been exploited for remediation of Cr(VI) from wastewater. Among these, photocatalysis has recently gained

• pollutants and has mandated a maximum acceptable concentration of 50 μg L−1 in potable water [13][14][15]. Therefore, it is now of great importance to explore the efficient and economical ways for the treatment of Cr(VI)-rich wastewater. Various techniques, such as chemical reduction, ion exchange, bacterial

Ag₂WO₄ nanorods decorated with AgI nanoparticles: Novel and efficient visible-light-driven photocatalysts for the degradation of water pollutants

• Shijie Li,
• Shiwei Hu,
• Wei Jiang,
• Yanping Liu,
• Yu Liu,
• Yingtang Zhou,
• Liuye Mo and
• Jianshe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1308–1316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.123

• , to enhance the photocatalytic performance of Ag2WO4, AgI (possessing matched energy band levels) was chosen as a suitable component to combine with Ag2WO4, AgI/Ag2WO4 heterojunctions at different mole ratios. These heterojunctions were prepared via an in situ ion-exchange approach, utilizing Ag2WO4

A review of carbon-based and non-carbon-based catalyst supports for the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide

• Shahreen Binti Izwan Anthonysamy,
• Syahidah Binti Afandi,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Bin Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 740–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.68

• temperature window of 150–500 °C in a diesel engine as well as the low energy consumption and economy of NH3-SCR [9]. In the literature, abundant catalysts at low temperature have been explored such as transitional metals (Mn, Cu, Ce, Fe, Co, Mo) [10][11][12][13], novel metals (Pt, Pd) [14], and metal ion

• -exchange zeolite catalysts [15]. The Mn-based catalyst is one of the most active metal oxide catalysts for high N2 selectivity at low temperature and is recognised by many researchers as a potential alternative for the common catalyst. Jin et al. [16] successfully used a Mn-based catalyst with the addition

Photocatalytic and adsorption properties of TiO₂-pillared montmorillonite obtained by hydrothermally activated intercalation of titanium polyhydroxo complexes

• Mikhail F. Butman,
• Nikolay L. Ovchinnikov,
• Nikita S. Karasev,
• Nataliya E. Kochkina,
• Alexander V. Agafonov and
• Alexandr V. Vinogradov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 364–378, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.36

• distribution curve features a peak at 1.5 nm, which corresponds to polymeric forms of the (TiO)8(OH)124+ polycations, as mentioned previously [8][26]. Intercalated and TiO2-pillared montmorillonite The intercalation of montmorillonite with titanium polyhydroxo complexes was performed by ion exchange in a 1

Laser-assisted fabrication of gold nanoparticle-composed structures embedded in borosilicate glass

• Nikolay Nedyalkov,
• Mihaela Koleva,
• Nadya Stankova,
• Rosen Nikov,
• Mitsuhiro Terakawa,
• Yasutaka Nakajima,
• Lyubomir Aleksandrov and
• Reni Iordanova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2454–2463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.244

• , ion exchange, and co-deposition [12][13][14] have been developed, major requirements for production efficiency, including reducing production time and cost, have yet to be met. The existing technologies cannot provide efficient control and reproducibility of the spatial characteristics of complex 3D

Hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO quantum dot/KNb₃O₈ nanosheet photocatalysts for reducing carbon dioxide to methanol

• Xiao Shao,
• Weiyue Xin and
• Xiaohong Yin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2264–2270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.226

• excellent nonlinear optical, piezoelectric, ferroelectric, ionic conductivity, selective-ion exchange and photocatalytic properties [6][7][8][9]. Zhang et al. prepared K4Nb6O17 with a sheet-like nanostructure by hydrothermal synthesis and found its photocatalytic activity for degrading acidic red G to be

Freestanding graphene/MnO₂ cathodes for Li-ion batteries

• Şeyma Özcan,
• Aslıhan Güler,
• Tugrul Cetinkaya,
• Mehmet O. Guler and
• Hatem Akbulut

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1932–1938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.193

• electrode particles from the micrometer to the nanometer regime can enhance the ion exchange rate in Li-ion batteries [15], while on the other hand, supporting the cathode with carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes, acetylene black and graphene, helps to improve the conductivity of the electrode. Among

Organoclay hybrid materials as precursors of porous ZnO/silica-clay heterostructures for photocatalytic applications

• Marwa Akkari,
• Pilar Aranda,
• Abdessalem Ben Haj Amara and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1971–1982, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.188

• smectite from the Gafsa region (TSM-CTA), indicate an increase of the interlayer spacing (d001) from ca. 1.2 nm in the pristine Na+-exchanged clays to ca. 1.85 nm (Figure 2Ab) and 3.34 nm (Figure 2Bb), respectively. This feature is due to the different degree of ion exchange and the different conformation

• from solution. This is especially relevant in the present case as MB is a cationic molecule that may be adsorbed by the clay component due to electrostatic interactions in an ion-exchange mechanism. The initial amount of MB adsorbed by the different substrates is in the range of 8–12 mmol/100g. The

Effect of nanostructured carbon coatings on the electrochemical performance of Li_1.4Ni_0.5Mn_0.5O_2+x-based cathode materials

• Konstantin A. Kurilenko,
• Oleg A. Shlyakhtin,
• Oleg A. Brylev,
• Dmitry I. Petukhov and
• Alexey V. Garshev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1960–1970, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.187

• to the practical application of LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 is related to the internal ion exchange (ion mixing) of Li+ and Ni2+ due to the very similar ionic radii. This process could be partially suppressed by the introduction of extra lithium into LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2. Extra lithium ions are usually located in the

Controlled supramolecular structure of guanosine monophosphate in the interlayer space of layered double hydroxide

• Gyeong-Hyeon Gwak,
• Istvan Kocsis,
• Yves-Marie Legrand,
• Mihail Barboiu and
• Jae-Min Oh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1928–1935, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.184

• ) as a model molecule. First, we prepared LDHs with exchangeable anions and intercalated GMP through an ion exchange reaction. We evaluated the molecular conformation of GMP in the interlayer space of LDH by varying the GMP/Al3+ (in LDH) molar ratio and the reaction temperature. This was revealed that

• STA S-1000) and X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF, Thermo Scientific ARL QUANT’X) were used. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of products prepared by ion exchange between MgAl-LDH and GMP under controlled GMP/LDH molar ratios at 80 °C for 1 day. (a) GMP only, (b) MgAl-NO3-LDH, (c) 1:0.25, (d) 1:0.5

Effective intercalation of zein into Na-montmorillonite: role of the protein components and use of the developed biointerfaces

• Ana C. S. Alcântara,
• Margarita Darder,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1772–1782, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.170

• (typically Na+ and Ca2+) located in the interlayer region [3]. These interlayer cations are exchangeable by treatment with diverse cationic species, being the reason of its extensive use in the development of hybrid materials by ion-exchange intercalation reactions. Since 1950 when Talibudeen reported on the

• 0.59 nm, which is lower than the dimensions of the zein monomer, considering that the α-helix monomer of zein has a thickness of approximately 1.2 nm [35]. A possible explanation could be related to a partial intercalation of zein, affecting only the edges of the clay particles via ion-exchange

False positives and false negatives measure less than 0.001% in labeling ssDNA with osmium tetroxide 2,2’-bipyridine

• Anastassia Kanavarioti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1434–1446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.135

• disadvantage is that CZE may not show tentative degradation of the backbone or plausible side reactions. Therefore, ion exchange (IE) HPLC with DNA Pac column from Dionex (see Experimental) was exploited. To our knowledge, this is one of the best columns to resolve oligos primarily based on length and also

• autosampler and the column compartment have individual temperature control. The method most suitable for oligo analysis is ion exchange (IE) with a salt gradient at 30 °C in the column compartment. A Dionex HPLC column, DNAPac 200PA, with a 2.0 μm inner diameter and 25 cm path length was used for the

Single pyrimidine discrimination during voltage-driven translocation of osmylated oligodeoxynucleotides via the α-hemolysin nanopore

• Yun Ding and
• Anastassia Kanavarioti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 91–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.11

• (HPLC) with ion exchange chromatography (see Experimental section). The oligo was chosen so that cross-linking of two strands to form a 64 nt long conjugate could be easily detected by this HPLC method. The presence of the tail is not expected to have a major effect on the reactivity of the alleged OsBp

• were used for data acquisition and processing. The column was a 2 × 250 mm BioLC DNAPac® PA200 from Dionex used in conjunction with 25 mM Tris·HCl pH 7 buffer and a NaCl gradient; the column was maintained at 30 °C. This type of ion-exchange chromatography resolves oligos based on length and

Green synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of natural bentonite-supported copper nanoparticles for the solvent-free synthesis of 1-substituted 1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazoles and reduction of 4-nitrophenol

• Akbar Rostami-Vartooni,
• Mohammad Alizadeh and
• Mojtaba Bagherzadeh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2300–2309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.236

• XRF results of natural bentonite [22] were due to ion exchange of Na+ ions from the bentonite with Cu2+ ions, followed by reduction under Thymus vulgaris extract. On the other hand, the reduction and ion exchange processes are simultaneous. FTIR spectra of the natural (a) and modified (b) bentonite

Effect of SiN_x diffusion barrier thickness on the structural properties and photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ films obtained by sol–gel dip coating and reactive magnetron sputtering

• Mohamed Nawfal Ghazzal,
• Eric Aubry,
• Nouari Chaoui and
• Didier Robert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2039–2045, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.207

• ), which is less photoactive than the anatase form [8]. In order to prevent this poisoning effect, various strategies have been reported including ion exchange via the formation of a thin proton-exchanged surface layer [3] or a post-treatment of the TiO2 films by hydrochloric acid [9], and the usage of a

Transformation of hydrogen titanate nanoribbons to TiO₂ nanoribbons and the influence of the transformation strategies on the photocatalytic performance

• Melita Rutar,
• Nejc Rozman,
• Matej Pregelj,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Romana Cerc Korošec,
• Andrijana Sever Škapin,
• Aleš Mrzel,
• Srečo D. Škapin and
• Polona Umek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 831–844, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.86

• synthesized by using the sol–gel method applying various titanium(IV) alkoxides or TiCl4 as the precursors [2]. The transformation of layered titanates to TiO2 through ion exchange and subsequent dehydration represents an alternative pathway [8] to the well-established methods for the preparation of TiO2

• of hydrogen titanate nanoribbons Hydrogen titanate nanoribbons (HTiNRs) were prepared from sodium titanate nanoribbons [25] (NaTiNRs) by an ion exchange. In brief, a suspension of 2.0 g of NaTiNRs and 150 mL of 0.1 M CH3COOH(aq) was stirred for 15 min and centrifuged. This procedure was repeated five

In situ observation of biotite (001) surface dissolution at pH 1 and 9.5 by advanced optical microscopy

• Chiara Cappelli,
• Daniel Lamarca-Irisarri,
• Jordi Camas,
• F. Javier Huertas and
• Alexander E. S. Van Driessche

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 665–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.67

• range (data not shown, in preparation) point to a retreat of low steps due to dissolution rather than ion exchange. In the case of macrosteps, monolayers or bunches of layers spread while the position of the macrostep remains apparently unchanged (Figure 1). This peculiar behavior is related to the

Palladium nanoparticles anchored to anatase TiO₂ for enhanced surface plasmon resonance-stimulated, visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity

• Kah Hon Leong,
• Hong Ye Chu,
• Shaliza Ibrahim and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 428–437, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.43

• photoactivity. There are several synthesis methods available for preparing plasmonic photocatalysts, namely photodeposition [3][30][31], hydrothermal [4][32][33][34], ion exchange [35][36], chemical reduction [25][37][38], physical vapour deposition [27][39][40], and deposition–precipitation [41][42][43]. Among

Poly(styrene)/oligo(fluorene)-intercalated fluoromica hybrids: synthesis, characterization and self-assembly

• Giuseppe Leone,
• Francesco Galeotti,
• William Porzio,
• Guido Scavia,
• Luisa Barba,
• Gianmichele Arrighetti,
• Giovanni Ricci,
• Chiara Botta and
• Umberto Giovanella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2450–2458, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.254

• ]. Among the inorganic nano-scaled materials, layered silicates have been widely used as hosts for functional π-conjugated molecules (dyes) [8][9][10], and polymers [11][12][13][14][15], owing to their adsorption properties, ion-exchange ability, high specific surface area, and a two-dimensional (2D

• ) expandable interlayer space. The combination of these features permits the easy tuning of the interaction between the emitting centers by surface chemistry (i.e., ion-exchange and grafting reactions), and a sandwich-type intercalation. In particular, the intercalation of functional molecular species within

• purification. Styrene (Aldrich, 99% pure) was refluxed for 4 h over CaH2, then distilled trap-to-trap and stored under nitrogen. Distilled deionized water was used for all ion-exchange experiments. 2,7-dibromofluorene, 1,6-dibromohexane and trimethylamine were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich. 9,9-di-n

Electrical contacts to individual SWCNTs: A review

• Wei Liu,
• Christofer Hierold and
• Miroslav Haluska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2202–2215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.229

• ion exchange surface chemistry approach. Tens of thousands of CNFETs were fabricated on the chip level with 78% yield. Chikkadi et al. [89] introduced a photolithography-based scalable fabrication process which provides a good platform for investigating the uniformity of CNFET performance on a large

The surface properties of nanoparticles determine the agglomeration state and the size of the particles under physiological conditions

• Christoph Bantz,
• Olga Koshkina,
• Thomas Lang,
• Hans-Joachim Galla,
• C. James Kirkpatrick,
• Roland H. Stauber and
• Michael Maskos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1774–1786, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.188

• (aqueous solutions of alkali silicates, e.g., Na2SiO3, Na4SiO4). Typically, this neutralization is performed by using ion exchange resins where particle sizes of around 5 to 500 nm in diameter can be realized [55][56][57]. 2. Pyrogenic silica (also referred to as “fumed silica”) is produced on the

Liquid fuel cells

• Grigorii L. Soloveichik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1399–1418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.153

• and oxidative stability than PEMs [12]. The lower conductivity may be compensated for by the larger number of cationic sites, resulting in a high OH− conductivity and power density. For example, an alkaline fuel cell utilizing a poly(vinylbenzyl(trimethylammonium hydroxide)) ion-exchange membrane

• as a solution. Water is a natural solvent for organic and inorganic fuels, because it is produced at the cathode side, and it is the ion conducting medium in the majority of ion exchange membranes. Some of the proposed organic fuels are produced from renewable biomass, e.g., ethanol by fermentation

• increased with lower temperatures. Combining a borohydride electrolyte with a mixed anode (Zn + LaNi4.7Al0.3) and a MnO2 cathode catalyst allowed for an increased cell capacity (up to 1800 mA/g for the anode) and an increased peak power compared to a Zn/air cell [174]. Replacing the ion exchange membranes

3D-nanoarchitectured Pd/Ni catalysts prepared by atomic layer deposition for the electrooxidation of formic acid

• Loïc Assaud,
• Evans Monyoncho,
• Kristina Pitzschel,
• Anis Allagui,
• Matthieu Petit,
• Margrit Hanbücken,
• Elena A. Baranova and
• Lionel Santinacci

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 162–172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.16

• enhanced properties as compared to those grown by conventional methods, such as impregnation, ion-exchange, and deposition–precipitation [15][16]. ALD has initially been used to produce oxide layers to support the catalysts [17], but two additional approaches have been recently proposed: ALD is either used

Synthesis and electrochemical performance of Li₂Co_1−xM_xPO₄F (M = Fe, Mn) cathode materials

• Nellie R. Khasanova,
• Oleg A. Drozhzhin,
• Stanislav S. Fedotov,
• Darya A. Storozhilova,
• Rodion V. Panin and
• Evgeny V. Antipov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 860–867, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.97

• synthesis, the preparation of 3D-Li2FePO4F requires the electrochemical ion-exchange of the Na-counterpart, and the corresponding Mn-based fluorophosphate has not been yet identified [16]. It is reasonable, that a substitution of Co2+ by Mn2+, which has the largest ionic radius, only takes place in a