Few-photon microwave fields for superconducting transmon-based qudit control

• Irina A. Solovykh,
• Andrey V. Pashchenko,
• Natalya A. Maleeva,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Olga V. Tikhonova and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1580–1591, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.112

• be large enough to lead to some overlapping and interference patterns in the distribution (see Figure 3a,b). Physically, these lateral peaks occur in other settings when not only the desired state is involved in the excitation, but also some other neighbors. In this case, the average interaction

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• concentration of 200 ppm, suggesting the high adsorption capacity and probably a deep mineralization capacity of the thin film photocatalyst developed in the current investigation. This work represents a new promising strategy to tackle emerging contaminants and could lead to the advancement of cutting-edge

Modeling magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms used as a component of spin hybrid superconductor–ferromagnetic structures

• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Olesya Severyukhina,
• Anastasia Salomatina and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1557–1566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.110

• characterized by smaller fluctuations of magnetic energy and magnetization modulus. The steps dt = 0.1 fs and dt = 1.0 fs lead to changes in the instantaneous values of the magnetic parameters near the average values of E = −4.5936 eV and |M| = 0.8747, respectively. Comparison of the average normalized magnetic

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• silicon, while amorphous silicon exhibits the highest degradation rate among them [45]. Interestingly, doping can lead to a retardation of degradation [42], resembling the etch-stop phenomenon in the potassium hydroxide process. This newfound understanding of biodegradability of electronic-grade silicon

• that protects the device from external environmental factors, particularly moisture. Encapsulation plays a pivotal role in the design of bioresorbable electronic devices. As these devices naturally degrade during operation, changes in material thickness and structural integrity can lead to shifts in

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

• . Through the judicious use of controls, we demonstrate significant cross-reactivities of amines, thiols, maleimides, and common disulfide reducing agents with surface Fe of IONPs and show how these unwanted interactions can produce false positive results. Without proper controls, these can lead to

• report the controls performed to determine if the loading of functional molecules onto IONPs is due to the proposed coupling reaction(s) employed, or some other unknown interaction with the IONP surface. We demonstrate here that a failure to account for these cross-reactivities can lead to erroneous

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• potential in applications like catalysis. This technique has become a valuable addition to the toolbox of nanoparticle synthesis, offering enhanced precision and scalability for advanced materials and applications [6][29][30]. The synthesis of lead telluride (PbTe) NPs was successfully performed through

• influencing the particle size [61]. Figure 5b,c depicts this dependency studies of laser fluence required to melt a single particle of Au, Fe3O4, and Fe2O3 using different wavelengths of laser (355 and 532 nm). Longer laser irradiation times lead to larger particle sizes, with initially inhomogeneous

• rapidly heat target liquid regions, triggering various physical and chemical processes that lead to the formation and stabilization of desired defect structures. These processes can include thermal decomposition, phase transformations, chemical reactions, and the introduction of impurities or dopants [86

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• potential presence of oxidizing agents in brackish water can lead to the breakdown of the PDA matrix. The cross-sectional SEM image shows that the PDA layer remains present on the surface of the Ag@PCTA membrane, with a relatively dense structure (Figure 4h). High-magnification views clearly depict the PDA

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• is defined by irregularities in the processes that control cell division, leading to the survival and rapid spread of cancerous cells. Despite significant advances in medical science and technology, cancer is still a disease with limited therapeutic options. Metastasis and recurrence of cancer lead

• independently of GSH deficiency (or GSH depletion). Hemin initiates this reaction as an iron catalyst to respond to the excess H2O2 [29]. Another way of triggering ferroptosis is the oxidation of unsaturated lipids by an iron redox couple, which can also lead to ferroptosis. This process of inducing ferroptosis

• structural and functional changes in proteins and nucleotide acids lead to toxic effects in the cell and initiate the ferroptosis cascade [37][38]. Due to the instability of lipid peroxides, it is not easy to detect them. Nevertheless, the secondary products of lipid peroxidation, such as malondialdehyde

Deep-learning recognition and tracking of individual nanotubes in low-contrast microscopy videos

• Vladimir Pimonov,
• Said Tahir and
• Vincent Jourdain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1316–1324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.96

• the performance comparable to the current state-of-the-art models [28]. Expanding the dataset to include more diverse video quality and nanotube localization can lead to more stable models [29]. Moreover, replacing computationally demanding models like Mask-RCNN with smaller models could enhance

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• density coherently oscillates, coupled to both media. Usually, LIPSS formation is a multipulse phenomenon, as pulse after pulse create a different roughness on the surface or feedback mechanism to form certain SPP modes. The interference of incoming light with scattering from the SPP modes can lead to the

• patterns. Perfect overlapping optimization becomes paramount in this process; any discrepancies in overlapping, whether excessive or insufficient, can lead to the destruction of LIPSS or incomplete patterning across the large surface area. From the correlation between wavelength and spot diameter, the spot

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• showed that the film exhibited inhomogeneous coverage and an inconsistent PEC response, which could lead to misleading interpretations when comparing the material trends. Therefore, these samples were not included in subsequent analyses to maintain the clarity and consistency of the dataset

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• of persimmons was maintained up to 63 days in cold storage [35]. The major challenge of using CEO is its hydrophobic nature, which prevents it from blending with the biopackaging casting solution, and its volatile and unstable structure, which can lead to significant loss of efficacy over time [36

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• [20][21], drug monitoring in biological fluids [22], CO2 absorption from the atmosphere [23], dye removal from industrial effluents [24], cavity-prevention in oral products [25], insect repellent coating for textiles [26], lead detection in water reservoirs [27], production of vaccines [28], and

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• PSs have their hydrophobicity as drawback, which can lead to the formation of aggregates in aqueous solutions, compromising bioavailability and photodynamic activity [5]. The aggregation of the PS decreases its photoactive properties since, for its action, it must be in the monomeric form, in which

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• channels contributing to its selective permeability [12][13]. Also integrated into the outer membrane, specific tension-activated channel proteins are responsible for the osmoregulation of the membrane envelope and its protection from threatening conditions such as severe osmotic downshocks, which can lead

Transfer function of an asymmetric superconducting Gauss neuron

• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Aleksander S. Ionin,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Mikhail S. Sidel’nikov,
• Sergey V. Egorov and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1160–1170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.85

• asymmetry in our model, since they are generated through a single element Lout, common to both receiving loops. Nevertheless, Lout can lead to an effective asymmetry of the input signal supply, as will be shown below. Let us try to apply the results obtained above to the experimental data presented in our

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• lattice [20]. In addition, the synthesis of the CrMnFeCoNi system by arc-discharge plasma method also lead to the formation of fcc HEA NPs [7]. The addition of Al to the high-entropy alloy system was shown to stabilize a bcc-type structure in the synthesized HEA NPs [14][30], while amorphous FeCoNiCrMox

• amorphous. As different pulse durations (ps vs ns) may lead to fundamentally different ablation mechanisms during LAL [50][64], it is conceivable that differences in sample compositions (content and distribution of the elements Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) may be responsible for the observed pulse-duration-dependent

• remelting already occurs after the first laser pulse, continuous ablation of the same area with consecutive pulses could lead to the creation of NPs with Mn enrichment. All in all, the composition of metallic constituents in all HEA NPs analyzed agrees well with the determined composition of the bulk target

Towards a quantitative theory for transmission X-ray microscopy

• James G. McNally,
• Christoph Pratsch,
• Stephan Werner,
• Stefan Rehbein,
• Andrew Gibbs,
• Jihao Wang,
• Thomas Lunkenbein,
• Peter Guttmann and
• Gerd Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.82

• determined by Beer’s law, whereas the microscope underestimates this absorption by 10–20%. This surprising observation highlights the need for future work to identify the microscope feature(s) that lead to this quantitative discrepancy. Keywords: 3D imaging; mathematical model; Mie theory; nanoparticle

• component, for example, a tilt of the incoming beam relative to the optical axis defined by the zone plate and camera (Figure 4c). In this case, the condenser will be aligned relative to the tilted incoming beam and will lead to polar angles θ of plane wave illumination that vary as a function of the

• similar significant undershoot and a slight overshoot of the pc-Mie model compared to the data (Figure 5). This significant undershoot cannot be explained by errors in estimating the diameters of the slightly oblong nanospheres by SEM, as these estimation errors lead to only small differences in the

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• practice, additional heating of the substrates, reducing the pressure in the working chamber, applying additional electrical bias to the substrates, or using ion beam assistance are used. All of these methods lead to an increase in the total energy of the nucleating particles on the substrate. Ion beam

• such as substrate temperature, deposition rate, substrate biasing, and ion beam gun settings. Moreover, post-process annealing can lead to a reduction in thermal stress due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficients between the film and the substrate and can also affect internal stress by

• showed that the annealed film was composed of big, elongated grains with a length from 160 to 350 nm (Figure 3a). It is worth noting that the coatings had a milky color. This was probably the result of the size of grains, which could lead to a significant scattering of light. In contrast, the use of the

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• [57]. Moreover, sonoporation, a mechanical effect of US, may lead to a temporarily perturbation of cell membrane homeostasis and disruption of the cell membrane [58]. Additionally, US exposure could cause cells to detach from the surface, potentially leading to their removal during the washing process

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• electron transfer. Either reductive or oxidative pathways usually lead to NO loss and the concomitant formation of an anlinyl radical intermediate, which evolves to the stable photoproduct 2b after H transfer. In our case, such a process involves mainly the lowest singlet state of ABF. This hypothesis is

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• to liquid) should lead to restructuring. In a simple model, the laser energy is converted into heat that will be localized in the absorbing part within the laser penetration depth. Absorption is linear as expressed by the (known) absorption cross section. In the model by Takami et al. [46], which is

• further until the evaporation threshold is reached. Evaporation again requires additional energy to overcome heat of fusion. Only evaporation can lead to expulsion of material and formation of clusters in this context via condensation of the vapor. Further processes that will be described in the laser

• of electrons (of the order of 10%) can be excited, which would lead to changes of the interatomic forces faster than electron–phonon coupling. This has been seen in semiconductors [24][112] in particular. The electron–phonon coupling will increase the temperature of the lattice, which will undergo

Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

• Thomas Henning Loeber,
• Bert Laegel,
• Meltem Sezen,
• Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
• Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
• Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

• diminish with higher acceleration voltages. This is why only 2 and 5 kV Cs+ depositions lead to surface bubbles. Because the Pt layers deposited with Cs+ ions at 2 kV are so sensitive to air exposure, the deposition rate and the resistivity measurements will mainly focus on layers deposited with

• Figure 9a, this may lead to a higher electrical resistivity. The changes in resistivity are not immediately obvious from the chemical composition of the deposits. Speculation based on the microstructure provides a probable cause for this decreasing resistivity vs beam energy. Figure 7 shows that the

• resistivity decreases despite a similar chemical composition. However, it is unclear why Cs+ FIBID-Pt would have a higher resistivity than Ga+ FIBID-Pt under similar beam conditions since the Cs+ FIBID was observed to have the lowest O%, which should lead to a smaller resistivity. So this might be a combined

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• 450 and 650 nm, which are ascribed to the presence of defects like oxygen vacancies, oxygen interstitials, zinc vacancies, and zinc interstitials. The defects lead to the formation of sub-bandgap levels [42][43]. Further, the peak positions of these absorption peaks shift towards shorter wavelengths

• Figure 11. Generally, implanted ions lead to the production of point defects, which act as trapping centers and affect the optical absorption [47]. Thus, a progressive decrement in bandgap values with increasing fluence is ascribed to lattice disorder due to argon ion implantation. Moreover, we have