Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

• pH 5 in MES buffer, to form the amine-reactive NHS ester, which could then be coupled to PPA at pH 7.8, in MOPS buffer. For clarity, simplified schemes are used to label spectra of different IONP preparations throughout this text, in which IONPs are represented by black spheres, the bound ligands are

• the intended pathway, that is, EDC/NHS coupling to the 3,4-DHBA carboxylate group. For this purpose, IONP-3,4-DHBA was first incubated in MES buffer (pH 5), in the absence of EDC and NHS, to mimic the activation conditions, and subsequently reacted with PPA in MOPS buffer at pH 7.8. Once again, the

• described above, we tried another commonly used disulfide reducing agent, TCEP (Figure 1g). TCEP is typically used as a disulfide reducing agent in biochemical applications, as a non-thiol-containing substitute for DTT [68]. TCEP is also more stable than DTT, which readily oxidizes at pH >7.5, and is a more

Nanomaterials for biomedical applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Filippo Pierini,
• Seda Kizilel and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1499–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.105

• react to certain bodily conditions, for example, changes in pH or enzymes. As a result, drugs only target affected parts of the body, lowering the damage to healthy cells. Additionally, the surface of these nanoparticles can be modified by attaching antibodies or ligands, which allows these

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• biochar with a surface area of 368.3 m2·g−1 for sawdust [32]. Post-synthesis modification: Pre-synthesized biochar is immersed in ferric and ferrous solutions at pH 10–11 for 24 h, resulting in Fe3O4 deposition on the biochar surface [45]. The incorporation of functional groups significantly enhances the

• illustrates the effectiveness of biochar in counteracting the physical degradation caused by MPs. In terms of soil chemical properties, MPs influence pH, organic matter content, and macronutrient levels, including nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). For example, 3–7% low-density polyethylene (LDPE

• optimal removal observed for adsorbents with surface areas of 539 m2·g−1 [71]. Biochar derived from jujube waste pyrolyzed at 700 °C achieved more than 99% removal efficiency for PE, compared to 98% for biochar produced at 300 °C, at the optimal pH 7 [72]. Notably, PE removal efficiency was lower than

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• hydrochloride power (98%, Sigma-Aldrich) to 10 mL 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4, Sigma-Aldrich). This stock dopamine solution was added into 30 mL 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline solution to get desired concentrations. Same Ag/AgCl reference and platinum counter electrodes as above were used in

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• ][32][33][34]. In comparison, no peaks of Ag are observed in CTA and PCTA (Figure 3c,d). Under alkaline conditions (pH > 7.5), dopamine can spontaneously polymerize into PDA in the presence of oxygen (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1a) [31][35][36]. During the preparation of PCTA, alkaline

• of water, followed by gradual addition of dilute hydrochloric acid until the solution reached a pH of 8.5. Subsequently, 10 mg of dopamine hydrochloride (98%) was dissolved in 5 mL of the tris/HCl solution to prepare a 2 mg·mL−1 dopamine solution. The CTA membrane surface was then coated with the

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• nanoparticles constructed with pH-sensitive polymers can be engineered to degrade in acidic environments, such as those found at infection sites. Additionally, certain bacteria at these sites express enzymes like lipase and hyaluronidase, which can be leveraged to design enzyme-sensitive antibiotic delivery

• , which improves cellular uptake and facilitates drug release within the target site [90]. The incorporation of stimuli-responsive agents in the pores also enables MSiNPs to release therapeutic agents upon exposure to specific environmental cues, such as pH or temperature. These interesting features for

• high positive surface charges suitable for drug delivery. Notably, CAT–Zn-loaded β-CS-NPs displayed significantly enhanced antibacterial activity, with MIC and MBC values as low as 0.031 and 0.063 mg/mL, respectively. The system maintained good stability under acidic conditions (pH 2.0–4.5), further

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• PEG can sometimes limit the targetability of liposomes [114]. Another innovation is the development of stimuli-responsive liposomes, which release their payload in response to triggers like pH, temperature, or enzymatic activity. Stimuli-responsive technology, based on specific physiological

• conditions found in tumors compared to healthy tissue, aids in the spatiotemporal release of cargo. For example, pH-sensitive liposomes use the acidic tumor microenvironment to achieve targeted drug release, reducing systemic toxicity and enhancing therapeutic impact [134][135]. According to recent studies

• oxidation or hydrolysis processes. After the hydrolysis of free fatty acids, compounds are formed that are toxic to the human body and lower the pH value of the environment. Antioxidants such as flavonoids and vitamins C and E can be included in the formulation of liposomes to stop oxidation [138]. While

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• ) were used to adjust the pH during deposition. Ethanol (C2H5OH, 99.9%, Merck) and deionized (DI) water were used for cleaning and dilution, respectively. Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates (7 Ω·sq−1, Pilkington) served as the conductive support for electrodeposition. Fabrication of BiVO4

• photoanodes The BiVO4 film was deposited using electrochemical deposition. A solution of 0.2962 g Bi(NO3)3 dissolved in 50 mL distilled water was ultrasonicated for 30 min. Subsequently, 400 mM KI and 5% HNO3 were added to adjust the pH to 2. Additionally, 50 mM p-benzoquinone (0.2 g) was dissolved in 10 mL

• electrochemical workstation (CHI650E, CH Instruments, USA). The three electrodes included a working electrode (BiVO4 photoelectrode, 1.0 × 1.0 cm2), counter electrode (Pt plate), and reference electrode (Ag/AgCl). The electrolyte used in the photoelectrochemical measurements was 0.50 M Na2SO4 (pH 5.6), and the

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• 80®: Tween 80®), and 90% deionized water. The organic phase, composed of bocaiúva oil and surfactants, was stirred at 400 rpm at 35 °C for 20 min. The aqueous phase (deionized water with conductivity below 0.4 μS and pH 6.5) was added to the organic phase at 1 mL/min under continuous magnetic

• to each well [41]. The plates were incubated for 1 h at 37 °C and were centrifuged at 3000 rpm at 5 °C for 15 min. After centrifugation, the concentration was suspended in 50 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4). The amount of hemoglobin was determined at 540 nm using a docetaxel (DTX) 880

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• surface acts as scaffold for synthesis of nanoparticles [76]. The thiol groups are protonated at neutral pH and can entrap Au(III) ions. When the pH is changed to basic (≈12), Au(III) is reduced to Au and gold nanoparticles are formed [77]. Synthesis of albumin-templated nanomaterials depends upon many

• applications. It forms crosslinked gels and responds to changes in pH and temperature [93]. To escape the RES, ovalbumin nanoparticles are conjugated with polyethylene glycol. Controlling the PEG/OVA ratio allows for fine-tuning of critical physical properties, such as particle size, elasticity, and mesh size

• ferritin. This property was exploited to design redox and pH dual-responsive ferritin nanoparticles. In drug-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles, ferritin was used as a gating material. It covered the pores to prevent drug release and opened only when activated by redox or pH stimuli [98]. Similarly

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• , such as primary amines and sulfhydryl groups on proteins or other biomolecules. The reactive chemical group is the most important property of a cross-linker. The reactive group establishes the method and mechanism for polymer modification [43][45]. Harsh conditions such as low pH and high temperature

• of Ca(OH)2 (pH 10.2), CaCl2 (pH 7.2), or CaCO3 (pH 8.1) for three days at room temperature, followed by washing with water and drying at 60 °C [140]. In recent years, ultrasmall nanogels have emerged as an innovative drug delivery system, mainly due to their ability to deeply penetrate biological

• suppressions of ear edema, pruritus, high IgE levels, epidermal swelling, and mast cell infiltration in Balb/c mouse model [62]. Temperature- and pH-responsive hydrogels loaded with gallic acid were developed using a combination of biocompatible polymers: Pluronic F-127, N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan, and

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• contamination is always present, and also because the sensitive nature of the intermolecular forces during the measuring conditions (pH, ionic strength, temperature, etc.) can easily affect their magnitude. This was reflected in the obtained adhesion maps (see Figures S5 and S6 of Supporting Information File 1

Transfer function of an asymmetric superconducting Gauss neuron

• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Aleksander S. Ionin,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Mikhail S. Sidel’nikov,
• Sergey V. Egorov and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1160–1170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.85

• readout (SQUID) elements (Equation 51). Upon substitution into Equation 2–Equation 3, the third term will cause the appearance of terms characteristic of input asymmetry with t = LoutMsq/MoutMin (with ). Substituting further the values Lout = 7.2 pH, Msq = 0.1 pH, Mout = 2.7 pH, and Min = 2.4 pH given in

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• polypropylene oxide (PPO) arranged in a triblock structure. Here, the stability in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2), which is used widely in pharmacology and biomedical experiments, was examined. We evaluated the phototoxicity of the fabricated nanoparticle colloids in vitro against PC12 cells (a cell

• stability of the nanoparticles was evaluated by spectral absorption measurements. 0.2 mL of the prepared colloids was put in 1.8 mL of deionized water, PBS (pH 7, Thermo Fisher scientific), MEM (Sigma-Aldrich, M4655-500ML), or RPMI1640 medium (Sigma-Aldrich, R8758-500ML) media, and then the absorption

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• . In this study, the SLGO surface after Cs adsorption was analyzed by surface analytical tools. This enabled us to elucidate the adsorbing sites and electronic state of Cs on SLGO. Additionally, we examined the electronic structure of Cs adsorbed on SLGO in several different solutions with pH values of

• 4, 7, and 9. Both the electronic structure and the normalized amount of Cs adsorbates were dependent on the pH scale. These fundamental aspects provide us important information for developing new adsorbent materials using GO. Results and Discussion Large-area and single-layer graphene oxide growth

• adsorbing mechanism of the Cs atoms to the SLGO sheet, we investigated the electronic structure and chemical properties of adsorbed Cs by changing the pH level of the Cs aqueous solutions. Figure 5 shows Cs 3d XPS spectra of Cs-adsorbed SLGO under three different pH values. No energy shift was observed

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• hydrolytic environments, releasing boron over time. This boron is present in physiological media mostly in the form of boric acid which is the thermodynamically stable and biologically active species at pH ≈7.4 [68][69]. The literature indicates that hBN-based nanostructures can enhance bone recovery and

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• electroactivity. This combination is intended to result in enhanced ORR activity. The LbL-assembled films were electrically connected, thereby increasing the electrocatalytic current obtainable for ORR in aqueous environments with neutral pH. Furthermore, the selective incorporation and enrichment of oxygen

• between benzoquinone and hydroquinone is precisely controlled by pH, in accordance with the Nernst equation. In order to compensate for the charge carriers in the semiconductor, dopant ions must be supplied through the redox reaction. The efficient doping of polymeric organic semiconductor thin films is

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• an aqueous solution of iron chloride (30 wt %) for 2 h to dissolve the copper foil. The remaining free PyC film was washed twice in dilute HCl (10 wt %) and then in deionized water until neutral pH was reached. The floating PyC film was trapped either on bare or MoS2-covered SiO2/Si substrates and

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• exothermic heat increased the reactor temperature to above 90 °C). After 2 h of agitation, the reaction was mixed with 150 mL of a 5% H2O2 solution and kept stirring for one day. After washing to neutral pH, the material was dried and ground to produce a GrO powder (moisture ≈20%). Next, the GrO powder was

• then sonicated for 15 min. A volume of 500 mL of the as-prepared GO/Zn2+ dispersion was dropped into the 500 mL SG dispersion. The mixture was agitated for 15 min and sonicated for 15 min. Then, the reaction was adjusted to pH 10 using ammonia solution for Zn(OH)2 precipitation and kept stirring for 1

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• molar ratio of 50:38.5:10:1.5 and a final lipid concentration of 10 mM. siRNA was diluted in an acetate buffer (25 mM, pH 4.0) to a final concentration of 3.3 µM for MC3 LNPs and 12.33 µM for C12 LNPs. For fluorescent LNPs, siRNA and siRNA-AF647 were mixed 2:1 v/v. For MC3 LNPs the Nanoassemblr was set

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• concentration of 60 mg·L–1 at pH 6–7, reaching equilibrium after 12 h. The surface characteristics and structural properties of PGC were determined using various material characterization techniques, including FTIR, SEM, EDX, and BET. Verification experiments under optimal conditions confirmed that the

• high porosity and a large specific surface area, have demonstrated adsorption efficiency across a wide pH range [17]. Although previous studies have offered valuable insights, further research is needed to optimize the structural and compositional properties of materials to improve their performance

• characteristics and morphology of the synthesized adsorbent. Additionally, the study examines the adsorption mechanism of TC on the material’s surface and evaluates the effects of pH value, adsorbent dosage, and matrix composition. As a biodegradable and easily recoverable material derived from natural cellulose

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• −1 solution of potassium dihydrogen phosphate previously adjusted to pH 2.0 with phosphoric acid (A) and acetonitrile (B). The initial concentration of mobile phase B is increased from 30% to 70% within the time interval from 0 to 8 min, then further increased to 90%; this concentration is maintained

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• diameter glass coverslips (CML, France) in a 24-well plate and exposed to FLG–TA concentrations ranging from 1 to 200 µg·mL−1. Adherent cells were washed twice with PBS and fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde (Euromedex, France) in 0.05 M sodium cacodylate buffer (Euromedex, France) at pH 7.4 for 2 h. Cells were

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), in vitro drug release in 0.1 M HCl (pH 1.2) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4), and pharmacokinetic studies. The optimal formulation (APT-CD-NP4) containing the highest

• concentration of β-CD showed the highest drug solubility (93.50% ± 3.73%) in PBS (pH 7.4) and drug content (96.75% ± 0.24%); particle size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index of APT-CD-NP4 were 121.1 ± 0.72 nm, −18.8 ± 0.94 mV, and 0.15 ± 0.35, respectively. SEM analysis showed that APT was converted from

• release (98.89% ± 4.11%) in PBS (pH 7.4) and followed the Higuchi release model (with exponent n = 0.542), indicating non-Fickian diffusion (anomalous transport). The maximum concentration of drug in plasma and the bioavailability of optimal formulation APT-CD-NP4 were higher than those of pure APT