Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• traditional methods, such as thin film hydration, to produce liposomes and lipid nanoparticles [113][120]. Microfluidics offers exceptional control over particle size, lower variability, higher EE, and better scalability, making it the most advanced and practical approach for nanoparticle production [115][119

• ]. Different techniques are used to evaluate the characteristics of liposomes [122][123][124]. In the case of average particle size, DLS and microscopy techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), TEM, cryogenic TEM, and AFM are used to determine the size of liposomes [122]. The size of liposomes is

• liposomes (AGCL) using alkyl-N-octyl-β-ᴅ-glucopyranoside with the idea that incorporating Cel into alkyl-Glu-modified liposomes could improve its ability to target tumors and reduce potential side effects. The particle size and zeta potential of AGCL were reported to be approximately 83.41 nm and −19.1 mV

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• , θ is the Bragg angle in radians, β is the full width at half maximum of the peak in radians, D is the particle size, and k is a constant with a value of 0.9. As shown in Table 1, an increase in the deposition current and VO(acac)2 concentration led to narrower peak widths and larger crystallite

• observed in the Raman spectra. These structural features are critical for improving the electronic and catalytic properties of BiVO4 photoanodes. To complement the XRD-derived crystallite sizes, the particle sizes were estimated from the FESEM images. As shown in Table 1, the particle size trends do not

• . This distinction suggests that while the crystallite size governs the internal crystalline quality and carrier mobility, the particle size affects the surface area and interface kinetics. Ideally, a material such as BiVO4(326) with both large crystallites and small, porous particles offers superior PEC

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• applications. It forms crosslinked gels and responds to changes in pH and temperature [93]. To escape the RES, ovalbumin nanoparticles are conjugated with polyethylene glycol. Controlling the PEG/OVA ratio allows for fine-tuning of critical physical properties, such as particle size, elasticity, and mesh size

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• seen for rBP compared to BP, which indicates a decrease in interplanar spacing, suggesting that NC has infiltrated the PVA lattice structure. For rCBP, with the addition of PE-CEO that has a larger particle size (≈700 nm [38]), the peaks were shifted towards lower angles and the peak intensity was

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• antimetabolite used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, were obtained by Sadarani et al. (2019). First, methotrexate was encapsulated in deformable liposomes followed by incorporation in the hydroxyethylcellulose gel. The nanogel-MTX presented a small particle size of 110 ± 20 nm and a drug encapsulation rate of 42

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• of solubility were later contradicted by particle size distribution analysis. Figure 2 shows the solubility behavior of PpIX in water and EtOHabs, with mean concentrations of 0.497 ± 0.054 mg/mL in water, and 0.179 ± 0.004 mg/mL in EtOHabs. In contrast, the systems containing 0.4 mg/mL of PpIX in

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• efficiency, the size analysis of the produced nanochitosan particles confirmed that both ion gelation methods produced nanostructures smaller than 100 nm (Figure 1). However, in Figure 1B, the peak area is narrower, indicating a higher uniformity in particle size. Figure 2C and 2D also show that the

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• structures while the influence of the other mentioned metalloids is less frequently observed [75]. Crystalline FeSiB NPs, synthesized by ns-LAL in water could be modified and an amorphous structure could be achieved by a follow-up LFL treatment. As a result, the particle size decreased and the beforehand

• ][81]. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the particle size distributions within the circular areas used for SAED experiments for amorphous samples from ns-LAL and crystalline samples from ps-LAL. Figure 1B and Figure 1E show TEM images of analyzed HEA NPs with the corresponding particle size

• distributions directly associated with the diffraction patterns of the SAED analysis. In both selected areas (indicated as white circles in Figure 1B and Figure 1E, respectively) the determined particle size distributions show mean values of 21 ± 10 nm for crystalline ps-ablated particles and 21 ± 7 nm for

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• . The nanoparticles having strong absorption in the NIR region (700 to 900 nm) were successfully prepared by PLFL, and the colloids remained stably dispersed over a period of at least one week. Particle size and size distribution determined by DLS measurements depended on the molecules. The compound

• microcrystalline powder into small nanoparticles with high efficiency. The particle size was determined by dynamic light scattering measurements (Zetasizer nanoS, Malvern Instruments). In this analysis, the prepared colloids were diluted more than tenfold with ion-exchanged water. Dispersion stability Dispersion

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• SiC surface and stored at room temperature. The synthesized hBN and commercial BaTiO3 nanoparticles (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) were characterized using several analytical techniques. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEOL ARM 200 CF, 200 keV) was employed to examine morphology and particle size by

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• ][12][13], as well as laser fusion or laser melting in liquid (LML) [14][15]. The latter is used to achieve the opposite effect of increasing particle size with the aim for high quality in shape or size. The presence of a liquid in laser processing, on the one hand, has practical advantages, such as

• , disappearance, or shift of structural features. The Fourier transform of the complete particle leads to SAXS at low scattering vectors corresponding to π/D with D being the particle size. In Figure 9C such a 2D depiction of ΔI*q2 is shown in false colors, where blue areas indicate negative difference and red

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• environmentally friendly as CDs play a role as capping, reducing, and stabilizing agent without addition of any chemicals. PG-CDs-AgNPs showed a particle size of 10 nm having excellent fluorescence emission in the blue region, and it has been explored as an electrode material for supercapacitor applications. The

• well-resolved lattice spacing of 0.24 nm equivalent to (111) lattice planes of silver [36]. The clear visible lattice fringe indicates that the particles are crystalline. The average particle size distribution histogram depicted that the diameter of PG-CDs-AgNPs were approximately 9–10 nm, as depicted

• in Figure 4e. The narrowness of the average particle size distribution plot was well supported by the uniform particle size distribution shown in TEM images. Figure 4f is the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern of PG-CDs-AgNPs, exhibiting a ring-like diffraction pattern indicating

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• foreign ions in the ZnO film lattice can create an impact on its surface roughness and particle size. Previous reports available discuss the implantation-induced optical longitudinal phonon symmetry in ZnO films using heavy ions with high energy and low implantation fluences [12][13][14][15]. Singh et al

• were implanted with 30 keV Ar+ at fluences varying from 1 × 1015 to 2 × 1016 ions·cm−2. Surface variables (roughness and particle size), structural variables (crystallite size and dislocation density), and optical properties (diffuse reflectance, Urbach energy, and optical bandgap) were studied in

•  7d), and 2 × 1016 ions cm−2 (Figure 7e). All the images have been analyzed using Nanoscope analysis software provided with the AFM to determine the particle size and surface root mean square (RMS) roughness values for different implanted samples. The results are shown in Table 4. The pristine sample

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• for Ge-based CCA and Tc = 263 K for Al-based CCA. At the nanoscale, both Ge- and Al-based NPs exhibit superparamagnetic behaviour, with blocking temperatures of TB ≈ 120 K for Ge-based NPs (xc = 13.4 ± 15.5 nm, average particle size) and TB ≈ 100 K for Al-based NPs (xc = 18.4 ± 9.1 nm, average

• particle size), demonstrating the intrinsic superparamagnetic nature of NPs. While the Ge-based CCA demonstrates almost twice the saturation magnetization (Ms) and ≈20% lower hysteresis (Hc) in bulk form, the Al-based CCA exhibits comparable Ms and ≈45% lower Hc at the nanoscale at 5 K. These results

• carbon-supported TEM copper grid and dried under ambient conditions. The particle size distribution was determined by measuring the Feret diameter of individual particles from TEM images using ImageJ software [52]. The NP crystal structure was evaluated using CrysTBox software [53] using digital

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• morphological differences of the pyrite NPs generated in different solvents such as IPA, DMF, ethanol, methanol and acetone, and their respective TEM, HRTEM, and STEM images, particle size distribution, and SAED patterns are provided in Figures 2–6. The lattice fringes from HRTEM images and the diffraction

• factors that influence the mechanism of nanoparticle formation. The physical properties of all solvents are tabulated in Supporting Information File 1 (Table S1). Modifying the liquid medium is one of the most effective and adaptable techniques to control particle size distribution and morphology during

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• σ = 0.3, and the inset shows the obtained particle size distribution. It is well visible that the predicted model describes the experimental data perfectly. The small value of the nanoparticles found in the fitting, and a quite narrow f(D) distribution coincide with the shape of the ZFC curve

• for the FS0 sample (Figure 5a), and with the TEM images (Figure 3a–e). For a noninteracting system of magnetic nanoparticles, the temperature at which the blocking process begins directly depends on the mean particle size and its distribution in the sample. Here, the narrow maximum in the ZFC curve

• located at low temperatures signaled the small particle size just after the measurement, and the calculation confirmed this assumption. Figure 7b presents the temperature dependence of the parameters MS, μ, and χ obtained in the fitting. It should be stressed here that obtained values of the fitting

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• equipped with a Turbo Ion Spray source, which was operated in both positive mode and negative mode (QTRAP®4000, AB SCIEX, Framingham, MA, USA). The analyses of the tetracyclines were performed using a Sunfire C18 column (150 × 2.1 mm i.d., 5.0 mm particle size) from Waters (Milford, MA, USA), and the

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• influencing the particle size or morphology [9], working at comparably low laser fluences (PUDEL < LML < LAL ≤ LFL). Recently, the pulsed laser extraction of organic matter in liquid (LEL), in the mild fluence regime of PUDEL, has been demonstrated to be much faster and more efficient than state-of-the-art

• understood. In the last two decades, the transfer of these laser-based processes to organic substances has been reported with a particular focus on particle size reduction by LFL [10][16][17]. One motivation behind the size reduction of organic particles like drugs or near-infrared absorbing dyes, which

• that a 36% increase in the specific extinction band could be achieved for vitamin C and up to 135% for capsaicin [35]. Further work demonstrated the successful laser-induced particle size reduction of curcumin, where the laser-generated NPs had particle sizes below 500 nm. These NPs also exhibited

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• from the calibration curve. The total quantity of tannic acid adsorbed on the surface of the FLG was then calculated from the difference between the initial and the final TA concentrations and reported per unit mass of carbon-based material. Attempts to evaluate the FLG–TA particle size and zeta

• increases monotonically and significantly with rising FLG–TA concentration, reaching 43.7% at 200 µg·mL−1. The lateral particle size expands from 2 to 15 µm, indicating the formation of larger clusters on the cells’ surface. Representative confocal images of PDL cells following exposure to the FLG–TA

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• analysis. APT-loaded SLNs were prepared by the precipitation method and characterized by physicochemical studies including particle size and zeta potential measurements, drug content, encapsulation efficiency and solubility studies, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron

• concentration of β-CD showed the highest drug solubility (93.50% ± 3.73%) in PBS (pH 7.4) and drug content (96.75% ± 0.24%); particle size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index of APT-CD-NP4 were 121.1 ± 0.72 nm, −18.8 ± 0.94 mV, and 0.15 ± 0.35, respectively. SEM analysis showed that APT was converted from

• class-IV drug [10]. Low solubility and poor dissolution of BCS class-IV drugs can be improved by using techniques such as incorporating the drug or prodrug into lipid or polymeric formulations, using solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), applying surfactants, adjusting the pH value, reducing particle size

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• nucleation rate, which in turn increases the catalyst particle size and the amount of free carbon atoms, producing CNFs with larger diameters and amorphous carbon. According to Raman analysis, the grown CNFs have a high number of defects, which may be good for applications where defective nanomaterials are

• and the larger diameters compared to CNTs. As the equivalence ratio decreases from rich condition towards stoichiometry conditions, the flame temperature starts to decrease as the flame is leaner than the stoichiometry condition. The increase in particle size is a result of the increased mobility and

• leads to a higher likelihood of particles sticking together [29]. This phenomenon explains the production of CNFs with large diameters. As the equivalence ratio reduces from Φ = 1.80 to Φ = 1.00, the primary flame temperature increases. At higher temperatures, the catalyst particle size increases, which

Zeolite materials with Ni and Co: synthesis and catalytic potential in the selective hydrogenation of citral

• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Yailen Costa Marrero,
• Tania Farias Piñeira,
• Céline Fontaine,
• Lexane Paget,
• Beatriz Concepción Rosabal,
• Arbelio Penton Madrigal,
• Vitalii Petranovskii and
• Gwendoline Lafaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 520–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.40

• . Experimental Material and methods Natural zeolite from the San Andrés deposit in Cuba, with a particle size range of 40–160 μm, was used. This zeolitic material consists primarily of mordenite and clinoptilolite-type zeolites (around 80%), along with minor accompanying phases (quartz, montmorillonite, feldspar

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• + implantation for all Mo films. Table 3 reveals a continuous increase in particle size with Mo film thickness before and after N2+ implantation. This increase in roughness and particle size is related to structural alterations due to the increasing film thickness. At the lowest thickness, a greater number of

• particles are found to be small [43]. As the thickness of Mo thin films increases, smaller particles coalesce, which increases the surface roughness. The increase in roughness and particle size of implanted films results from structural modifications caused by N2+ implantation. AFM analysis reveals that N2

• thin films. Lattice constants and texture coefficients of as-deposited and implanted Mo thin films. Values of RMS surface roughness and particle size of as-deposited and implanted Mo thin films. The electrical parameters of as-deposited and implanted Mo thin films. Funding Usha Rani is thankful to

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• oxidation; 2) 2–6 min of laser irradiation: particle formation and crystal growth reaction; 3) 6–26 min of laser irradiation: continuous reduction and particle size reduction by laser fragmentation in liquid. Therefore, this means that all reactions are complete after 26 min of laser irradiation in the

• with a wide particle size distribution of >10 nm, particles with a square shape of >50 nm were also observed. It is thought that the square-shaped particles were formed by crystal growth of the atoms produced by laser irradiation as nuclei, while consuming unreacted ions in the solution through a self

• -catalytic effect. This also suggests that the reduction reaction was not complete after 10 min of laser irradiation. The sample after 30 min of laser irradiation shows that particles with a narrow particle size distribution of less than 10 nm in diameter were formed. In contrast, in the sample with 10 vol