Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• commercial kits [107]. Microfluidic devices are now aiding the separation of exosomes by acoustic cell separation [108][109]. The drugs can be either directly load in exosomes or exosomes are sliced to remove contents and reassembled [110]. The interaction between exosomes and host cells is very complex

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• mobility [43]. When CEO content exceeds 8%, WVP slightly increases to 5.27 × 10−12 g·m−1·s−1·Pa−1, likely due to structural heterogeneity and phase separation within the polymer matrix [45]. These findings suggest that an optimal PE-CEO concentration exists to balance water resistance and mechanical

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• from hypotonic to hypertonic solutions suggest a softening of the outer envelope, which we associate with intense dehydration and membrane separation between inner and outer envelopes. Application of a contact mechanics model to account for the minute differences in mechanical behavior upon deformation

• displacement by the piezoelectric element are gathered in order to maintain a constant cantilever deflection or amplitude while a surface is scanned line by line Conversely, in FV quantitative information is extracted after analysis of a force–separation curve obtained from a performed nanoindentation

• . The mentioned parameters derived from force–separation curves are analyzed and mapped in real time as shown below in Figure 1. In the present study, we investigated the mechanical response of the outer membrane of PA at the single bacterium level in FV mode when exposed to relevant osmolarity

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• correlations [18]. Furthermore, even though the size distributions reported in this work were not strictly monodisperse, size-separation techniques based on centrifugation are well established in the literature and could be applied to HEA NPs as well [109], even in a continuous operation mode using tubular

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• with Iibg = 4 A revealed the formation of a bilayer, indicating the separation of grains into two distinct rows or layers. The width of the elongated grains in this case ranged from 90 to 115 nm. Yang et al. [6] mentioned that compared to conventional electron beam evaporation, ion bombardment provides

• an additional Iibg of 4 A, can be understood as the separation of grains into two distinct rows or layers. This phenomenon may be related to the deposition conditions and the post-process heat treatment of the titanium dioxide thin film. As the grains grow during annealing, the top row of grains may

• recrystallize differently from those near the substrate, forming a visible boundary. The separation between the two layers of grains may be related to the difference in the grain growth kinetics, which may be influenced by the annealing conditions. For optical coatings, amorphous, very smooth TiO2 layers with

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• imperative. Cs and Sr exhibit strong adsorption to particles of rocks and soils, resulting in their water insolubility and substantial volume. A viable method for the disposal of radioactive waste is the application of an acid treatment, which has been demonstrated to be effective in the efficient separation

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• self-organization at the molecular film level offers significant potential for a range of applications. The precise separation and alignment of π-conjugated discotic liquid crystal molecular nanowires represents an attractive area of research. Kumar, Nayak, and colleagues investigated an approach to

• . At a higher surface pressure of 40 mN·m−1, the nanowires exhibited a tendency to come closer together, resulting in the formation of a compact and uniform monolayer. The interfacial nanoarchitectonics method of separating nanowires will undoubtedly prove invaluable for the separation of other 1D

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• the i-th and j-th atom, respectively, and ηi and ηj are their corresponding phases; rij is the internuclear separation between the i-th and j-th atoms. The interference term of the molecular scattering gives rise to the modulation feature of the total elastic scattering intensity, while the atomic

• solvated OH(H3O+) pair before separation. The experimental result showed that these features were short-lived and disappeared within ≈250 fs. This separation occurred because of the subsequent proton propagation from H3O+ to the outer-shell neutral water. The radical–cation pair dissociation process

Characterization of ion track-etched conical nanopores in thermal and PECVD SiO₂ using small angle X-ray scattering

• Shankar Dutt,
• Rudradeep Chakraborty,
• Christian Notthoff,
• Pablo Mota-Santiago,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Patrick Kluth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 899–909, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.68

• attracted significant attention in the past decade because of their broad applicability in a variety of areas including biosensing, micro/ultrafiltration, desalination, ion and molecular separation, dialysis, battery technologies, blue energy generation, and nanofluidics [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• dependence for highly oriented pyrolytic graphite [51], and is similar to the dependence for a film of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes [52]. In layered graphite, there is a separation of electron orbitals with respect to symmetry: σ orbitals lie in the basal plane of graphite, while π orbitals are

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• acceptor level or donor levels present at the top of the valence band or at the bottom of the conduction band, respectively. This results in a decrease in the energy separation between the valence band and the conduction band. Also, the sub-bandgap values decrease with increase in ion fluence as shown in

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• immiscibility under equilibrium conditions, which leads to elemental segregation and phase separation [35]. Additionally, standard near-equilibrium heating methods are not suitable for synthesizing CCA NPs because of inherent thermodynamic limitations [36]. While high-temperature synthesis techniques have been

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• , and rapid energy transfer from the plasma to the surrounding liquid. The target and liquid are heated during the shockwave propagation, which may aid in the separation of material from the crater. The plasma plume cools down and releases energy to the liquid solution as it expands. This event causes

• argon ions is provided in Figure 7. The Fe 2p spectra of pyrite NPs in all solvents (Figure 7a–e) show two major peaks of Fe 2p3/2 and Fe 2p1/2 at 709 and 722 eV, respectively, which denotes the Fe2+ chemical state [44] with a separation ΔE of 13.1 eV. The peak fitting of the Fe 2p3/2 peak reveals a

• as indicators of surface recombination. Peter et al. have explained this mechanism in semiconductor photoanodes [63]. When light is turned on, an immediate photocurrent appears due to the rapid separation of electron–hole pairs in the space charge region. This initial response is followed by a decay

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• their mechanical strength and hydrophobicity. Recent studies have revealed that inorganic salt mixtures, such as zinc chloride and calcium chloride, effectively dissolve cellulose, facilitating the fabrication of cellulose membranes for gas separation and organic pollutant removal [38][39]. Specifically

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• distributions indicative of p-i-n junctions in all devices, with a lower CPD on the ETL side where the electrons accumulate under bias. Subtracting the first measurement from the second, we filter out all information from the data that does not pertain to potential changes due to charge separation and

• position of the built-in fields that enable charge separation. These profiles that are being referred to as “electric field difference” are presented in Figure 3i–l. To extract the electric field difference profiles, we applied the following equation: Here, E is the electric field difference, V is the

• -doped HTLs, exhibit one large drop at the perovskite/HTL interface, indicative of the dominant diode junction that exists there. In order to further understand charge separation within the solar cells, we can use these photopotential profiles in order to examine charge extraction and accumulation within

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• the gradient of the energy, WC, stored in the tip–sample capacitor C with respect to the tip–sample separation z, as given by where Vtip−sample specifies the electrical voltage across the tip–sample gap. In conventional EFM with single-frequency excitation, Vtip−sample is given by Equation 2 [18

• together with the parameters of a regular EFM cantilever (NuNano SPARK 70 Pt) and an electrical drive of V = 2 V and a mechanical amplitude of Am = 10 nm. Comparing the graphs, we can immediately see that the total C′ signal retains a significant long-range contribution even at a tip–sample separation of

• total signal at a given distance z. At a typical tip–sample separation of 10 nm, the apex signal makes up more than 82% of the complete C″ signal, while the apex contribution to the first capacitance gradient only makes up less than 10% of the total C′ signal. In closer proximity of 1 nm distance to the

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• . The structural alteration observed, marked by the separation of cells and loss of cohesion between them, compromised the integrity of the pancreatic parenchyma, which may indicate dysfunction in enzyme production and secretion, as well as an exacerbated inflammatory response. In addition, cell

• , 0.25 μm film thickness) was used for compound separation, with helium as a 99.999% pure carrier gas (White Martins SA) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and a split/splitless autoinjector. For the analysis, a solution of EOCF was prepared at a concentration of approximately 10 mg/mL using hexane as a solvent

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• could be seen experimentally (black curve of Figure 3), where the cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis shows a large peak-to-peak separation of 0.72 V for the [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− redox pair. This differs significantly from the theoretical 0.057 V peak-to-peak separation in reversible redox processes that involve

• based on electrodeposition of gold nanoflowers increased the current response of the electrode because of the larger electroactive surface area compared to a CSPE (Figure 3). The CV analysis of the AuNFs/CSPE showed a peak-to-peak separation of 0.37 V. This value is smaller than in the commercial CSPE

• largest change in the CV was observed after the functionalization of the AuNFs with 4-ATP through stable Au–S bonds. In this case, the peak-to-peak separation for the 4-ATP/AuNFs/CSPE was 0.16 V, showing that the redox reversibility for the [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− pair and the current response of the electrode

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• separation, which aligns with the measured tensile stress. In the nitrogen-implanted films, all peaks are shifted to reduced 2θ values compared to the as-deposited films, indicating compressive stress. Nevertheless, the peak positions for the implanted films shifted towards increasing 2θ values as the film

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• PLL-based system to enhance ribozyme-catalysed RNA recombination and oligonucleotide assembly within peptide–RNA condensates [27]. This work demonstrated that low-molecular-weight PLL (Mw = 1–5 kDa) facilitated charge-mediated phase separation, significantly shifting the reaction equilibrium from RNA

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• ]. The techniques mentioned are expensive, use toxic chemicals, are laborious, and require highly skilled professionals. Apart from that, each method has limitations, such as chromatographic techniques requiring the separation of the target analyte from complex mixtures. The commonly employed ionometric

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• methodology is more rapid and efficient than existing processes because it obviates the heating, cooling, and separation steps of traditional chemical nanoparticle syntheses. It additionally eliminates post-synthetic attachment of catalyst nanoparticles that results in wastage of unattached catalyst material

• surfactant-free gold nanoparticles directly on carbon fiber paper supports by integrating nanoparticle synthesis and attachment, obviating typical laborious nanoparticle synthesis, separation, and immobilization procedures. Pulsed laser-grafted composites exhibited zero measurable charge transfer resistance

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• , phase separation, self-assembly, and electrospinning. Electrospinning is considered the most versatile and widely used technique for nanofiber fabrication, offering greater control over fiber structures, higher productivity, simplicity, lower cost, and potential for industrial use [69][70

• steps but minimizes the risk of incomplete dissolution or phase separation due to different solubility requirements of each polymer [84]. Nevertheless, the instabilities can still occur when blending the two solutions if the solvents are incompatible. Sequential electrospinning Sequential

• central axis, which separates two different solutions into two separate chambers within the nozzle [96]. The two different solutions should possess similar electrical conductivity for the materials to eject as a single jet without any phase separation. This technique can be regarded as a variant of

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• antibiotics, several physical, biological, and chemical methods have been applied [13][18][19]. Various physical wastewater treatment techniques are based on mechanical separation to reduce contaminant levels by relocating rather than degrading antibiotics [7][8][20]. Biological approaches, such as the

• degradation and solid–liquid separation are also commonly used in making the pollutants non-toxic or non-hazardous [13][23]. It should be noted that many of the conventional methods fail in degrading antibiotics completely since most antibiotics are very complex in structure and are even resistant to

• –hole separation. The detailed mechanism of dopant ions in semiconductor materials is shown in Figure 4. Mechanisms of heterojunction photocatalysts Most semiconductor materials are susceptible to electron–hole recombination, which reduces photocatalytic efficacy. As a result, additional efforts must be