Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• maximize roughness, but to achieve a balanced nanoscale surface structure that complements the plasmonic and electronic effects of silver, enabling a high density of accessible active sites while maintaining efficient charge separation. Electric and sensory properties The results of electrical property

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• domains, including RGD [94], and participates in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and signal transduction [95]. Five subtypes of OPN are co-upregulated in primary EAC, among which OPNc expression was relatively low, inducing cell separation via an integrin-independent binding mode, probably due to

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• 60 days, the formulation remained physically quite stable without phase separation. Both nanoformulations contained 2.6% (w/v) linseed oil, providing a bioactive concentration compatible with ocular administration volumes (~50 µL). At a final concentration of 1.30 mg·mL−1, OphtNE-3.66%(K1%) showed

• g of LO was mixed with 100 mL methanolic KOH (2.5% w/v) and heated at 70 °C under magnetic stirring (3,000 rpm) for 1 h. Afterward, 100 mL of ethyl acetate was added, and the mixture was stirred at 3,000 rpm for 5 min. The resulting mixture was transferred to a separation funnel to remove the denser

• , water, and surfactant/co-surfactant are ideal for the formation of nanometer-sized droplets, minimizing the risk of coalescence or phase separation. A viable strategy to streamline the extensive series of formulations and to locate the optimized region in the ternary diagram involves diluting an

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• the abaxial epidermis, (2) the brown tissue, and (3) the sclerenchyma fibers (Figure 1). Each scale was first saturated with water to facilitate subsequent separation with a razor blade. Saturating the scales with water prior to the sorption experiments prevents measuring a biased scanning isotherm

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• . Conventional approaches for removing MPs from water rely on a combination of physical, chemical and biological process [51]. Physical methods primarily facilitate the separation of larger plastic particles based on size and density [18]. Chemical processes are employed to destabilize and aggregate plastic

• results in a large specific surface area, which in turn offers the potential to control membrane pore size and enhance the removal efficiency of nanoparticles and MPs. Membranes developed using MOF-based nanomaterials offer scalable control over surface charge and pore size, enabling high separation

• . The resulting h-Ti3C2Tx nanosheets possess a porous, flat structure with 25 nm diameter holes ideal for MP separation. When tested with fluorescent polystyrene (FP) microspheres of varying sizes as MPs models, the membranes demonstrated exceptional removal efficiency of up to 99.3%. Additionally, a

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• behavior via the selected fiber density. This is not limited to a seven-step grading with a linear or bidirectional gradient; more complex geometries or gradients can be generated as desired. It should be noted, however, that the spatial separation of the individual compartments is not as high as in

• separation and recycling of individual components after their service life. Multihierarchical representation of the connection between the parasitic mistletoe and its host tree, from the entire organism to sectioned specimen and stained histological sections. A cellular gradient extends along the V-shaped

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• Environmental and Optoelectronic Applications, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou 325006, P. R. China 10.3762/bjnano.16.111 Abstract Vertically aligned TiO2 nanowires demonstrate exceptional photoactivity owing to their high specific surface area and improved charge separation; however, their

• and engineering. Conventional treatment approaches, including adsorption, membrane separation, and biological methods, are largely inadequate for antibiotics such as OFL [6][7]. This limitation highlights the need for advanced oxidation processes, with a particular emphasis on TiO2-based

• improved active sites and facilitated interfacial charge separation [12]. Activated carbon effectively supports TiO2, enhancing adsorption capacity and loading, which directly impacts photocatalytic efficiency [13]. In contrast to rGO or activated carbon granules, employing carbon cloth as substrates

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• but also of electrical and mechanical performance. For instance, Mg-3Zn, which suffers from phase separation in bulk form, can be synthesized as a uniform alloy in thin films, offering improved corrosion resistance [61]. Moreover, bioresorbable amorphous metal (metallic glass) films have demonstrated

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• techniques according to their treatment models, such as batch and fixed-column systems [22]. Modified biochars have been developed to enhance MP capture efficiency, including magnetic biochar, which facilitates easy separation from aqueous environments [22][23]. A comparative study by Mulindwa, et al. [24

• 64.46% and 80.11% efficiencies for PS and PVC (<100 µm), respectively [82]. While biochar and biocoagulation methods are environmentally friendly, their efficiency remains limited, particularly for MPs <10 µm. Furthermore, no studies have addressed the separation of biomass from MPs, whereas MP

• , biochar offers an environmentally sustainable alternative, leveraging agricultural waste while allowing for MP separation and biochar regeneration. These attributes highlight biochar's potential as a viable solution for MP remediation in diverse environmental contexts. Practical implications and policy

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• voltages were 11 MHz and 9.5 V (−4.75 V to +4.75 V), respectively, for single nanowire growth. During the growth process, the electrode separation was adjusted. Initially, the separation was reduced to a few micrometers to initiate nanowire growth. As the platinum nanowire started growing, the separation

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• the liposomes from the free drugs and enables the determination of the EE [110]. CE offers advantages, such as low sample and buffer consumption, short analysis times, and the possibility of investigating interactions between drugs and liposomes directly in the separation capillary [125]. The

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• in PEC performance. Our method offers a higher degree of control over both the intermediate BiOI layer and the final BiVO4 structure, thereby enabling enhanced charge separation and surface reaction kinetics. Furthermore, this approach provides a deeper understanding of the relationship between the

• )2 volumes, suggested improved charge separation and transport pathways. These voids facilitate the diffusion of the reactants and products, reducing the recombination rates and enhancing the water-splitting efficiency. The finer particle sizes and increased porosity, as observed for BiVO4(326

• promote the formation of active crystal facets, which are critical for PEC performance. These results align with the enhanced photoelectrochemical activity observed for BiVO4(326), as the improved vibrational characteristics reflect more efficient light absorption and charge separation

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• under mechanical agitation [48]. Nevertheless, while these conditions favor the formation of smaller nanodroplets, temperatures above 60 °C may compromise emulsion stability, potentially triggering phase separation or degradation of labile components. This highlights the necessity for stringent

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• commercial kits [107]. Microfluidic devices are now aiding the separation of exosomes by acoustic cell separation [108][109]. The drugs can be either directly load in exosomes or exosomes are sliced to remove contents and reassembled [110]. The interaction between exosomes and host cells is very complex

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• mobility [43]. When CEO content exceeds 8%, WVP slightly increases to 5.27 × 10−12 g·m−1·s−1·Pa−1, likely due to structural heterogeneity and phase separation within the polymer matrix [45]. These findings suggest that an optimal PE-CEO concentration exists to balance water resistance and mechanical

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• from hypotonic to hypertonic solutions suggest a softening of the outer envelope, which we associate with intense dehydration and membrane separation between inner and outer envelopes. Application of a contact mechanics model to account for the minute differences in mechanical behavior upon deformation

• displacement by the piezoelectric element are gathered in order to maintain a constant cantilever deflection or amplitude while a surface is scanned line by line Conversely, in FV quantitative information is extracted after analysis of a force–separation curve obtained from a performed nanoindentation

• . The mentioned parameters derived from force–separation curves are analyzed and mapped in real time as shown below in Figure 1. In the present study, we investigated the mechanical response of the outer membrane of PA at the single bacterium level in FV mode when exposed to relevant osmolarity

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• correlations [18]. Furthermore, even though the size distributions reported in this work were not strictly monodisperse, size-separation techniques based on centrifugation are well established in the literature and could be applied to HEA NPs as well [109], even in a continuous operation mode using tubular

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• with Iibg = 4 A revealed the formation of a bilayer, indicating the separation of grains into two distinct rows or layers. The width of the elongated grains in this case ranged from 90 to 115 nm. Yang et al. [6] mentioned that compared to conventional electron beam evaporation, ion bombardment provides

• an additional Iibg of 4 A, can be understood as the separation of grains into two distinct rows or layers. This phenomenon may be related to the deposition conditions and the post-process heat treatment of the titanium dioxide thin film. As the grains grow during annealing, the top row of grains may

• recrystallize differently from those near the substrate, forming a visible boundary. The separation between the two layers of grains may be related to the difference in the grain growth kinetics, which may be influenced by the annealing conditions. For optical coatings, amorphous, very smooth TiO2 layers with

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• imperative. Cs and Sr exhibit strong adsorption to particles of rocks and soils, resulting in their water insolubility and substantial volume. A viable method for the disposal of radioactive waste is the application of an acid treatment, which has been demonstrated to be effective in the efficient separation

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• self-organization at the molecular film level offers significant potential for a range of applications. The precise separation and alignment of π-conjugated discotic liquid crystal molecular nanowires represents an attractive area of research. Kumar, Nayak, and colleagues investigated an approach to

• . At a higher surface pressure of 40 mN·m−1, the nanowires exhibited a tendency to come closer together, resulting in the formation of a compact and uniform monolayer. The interfacial nanoarchitectonics method of separating nanowires will undoubtedly prove invaluable for the separation of other 1D

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• the i-th and j-th atom, respectively, and ηi and ηj are their corresponding phases; rij is the internuclear separation between the i-th and j-th atoms. The interference term of the molecular scattering gives rise to the modulation feature of the total elastic scattering intensity, while the atomic

• solvated OH(H3O+) pair before separation. The experimental result showed that these features were short-lived and disappeared within ≈250 fs. This separation occurred because of the subsequent proton propagation from H3O+ to the outer-shell neutral water. The radical–cation pair dissociation process

Characterization of ion track-etched conical nanopores in thermal and PECVD SiO₂ using small angle X-ray scattering

• Shankar Dutt,
• Rudradeep Chakraborty,
• Christian Notthoff,
• Pablo Mota-Santiago,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Patrick Kluth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 899–909, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.68

• attracted significant attention in the past decade because of their broad applicability in a variety of areas including biosensing, micro/ultrafiltration, desalination, ion and molecular separation, dialysis, battery technologies, blue energy generation, and nanofluidics [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• dependence for highly oriented pyrolytic graphite [51], and is similar to the dependence for a film of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes [52]. In layered graphite, there is a separation of electron orbitals with respect to symmetry: σ orbitals lie in the basal plane of graphite, while π orbitals are

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• acceptor level or donor levels present at the top of the valence band or at the bottom of the conduction band, respectively. This results in a decrease in the energy separation between the valence band and the conduction band. Also, the sub-bandgap values decrease with increase in ion fluence as shown in