Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• nanosecond pulses, graphite has an effective absorption coefficient of 5 µm−1 [26], resulting in an ablation threshold fluence of 0.7 J·cm−2 [27]; thus, our chosen fluence was well below this ablation threshold. The critical melting fluence of graphite has been reported to be 0.13 J·cm−2 [28], suggesting

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• leads to a reduction in microstrain and dislocation density. The optical studies using UV–vis–NIR spectroscopy reveal that the transmittance of films increases with substrate temperature. Further, the shift in transmittance threshold towards lower wavelengths with substrate temperature indicates that

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• circularly polarized laser pulses, drastically reducing cell viability to about 10%. This targeted approach ensures that the laser energy remains below the threshold that could damage healthy cells, and the thermal field is efficiently confined to a 10 nm range around the cancer cells, thereby sparing

Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

• Josiane A. D. Batista,
• Rayane M. de Oliveira,
• Carlos H. M. Lima,
• Milton L. Lana Júnior,
• Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
• Maria J. V. Bell and
• Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

• certain threshold concentration (≈0.04 μM) and then decays abruptly, indicating that a strong DNA compaction process has occurred [25][26][27][28]. A similar DNA compaction was also found for neodymium at higher concentrations (>0.5 μM), but not for ytterbium. In Figure 2, we show the corresponding

• trivalent rare earth cations can interact with the double helix, promoting the well-known cation-induced DNA condensation process, just as other polycations such as, for example, spermidine and hexaammine cobalt [29][31]. Note that the threshold concentration for DNA condensation to occur depends strongly

• . For ytterbium and neodymium, this mechanical parameter remains constant. In the case of erbium, the behavior is different. The contour length remains initially constant until reaching a certain threshold concentration (≈0.04 μM) and then decays abruptly, indicating that a strong DNA compaction process

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• of 500 µM, the cell viability slightly decreased, approaching significance (p = 0.051), indicating a potential threshold where lipid concentration may begin to impact cell viability. Significant cytotoxicity was observed at higher concentrations (1000 and 2000 µM) with p-values of 0.003 and <0.001

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• the potential of gelatine-embedded silver nanoparticles in the degradation of P-NP, but it was not used for heavy metal ion sensing [17]. Similarly, citrate-stabilized silver nanospheres were used for the colorimetric detection of Ni2+ with a threshold limit of 0.75 mM without any catalytic activity

The round-robin approach applied to nanoinformatics: consensus prediction of nanomaterials zeta potential

• Dimitra-Danai Varsou,
• Arkaprava Banerjee,
• Joyita Roy,
• Kunal Roy,
• Giannis Savvas,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Ewelina Wyrzykowska,
• Mateusz Balicki,
• Tomasz Puzyn,
• Georgia Melagraki,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1536–1553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.121

• ][62] (Equation 12). These values quantify the distance of each query sample from the centroid of the training set [61], taking into account the descriptor values employed in model development. The AD boundaries are determined by a predetermined threshold leverage value h* (Equation 13). A test

• prediction is deemed reliable if its corresponding leverage value falls below this threshold (h < h*). where X is the table containing the descriptor matrix, p is the number of descriptors used in the model [60][61], and N is the number of samples in the training dataset. Results and Discussion In the next

• The area of reliable predictions for this model was defined using the leverage method. The leverage threshold was calculated based on the training NMs subset and set to 0.226 (Equation 13). The test NM samples had values within the range of 0.031 to 0.191, indicating that their predictions were

Strain-induced bandgap engineering in 2D ψ-graphene materials: a first-principles study

• Kamal Kumar,
• Nora H. de Leeuw,
• Jost Adam and
• Abhishek Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1440–1452, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.116

• % compressive uniaxial strain [34]. At 6% strain, a maximum bandgap of 389 meV and 379 meV was observed for uniaxial and biaxial strains, respectively. When the applied strain exceeds a threshold of 8%, the bandgap of silicene disappears [34]. In 2017, Li et al. predicted a new 2D allotrope of carbon atoms

• . The convergence in self-consistency was achieved at a stringent threshold energy value of 10−5 eV, and forces acting on atoms were converged to 0.01 eV. Top and side views of relaxed geometries, PDOS, and EBSs of (a) ψ-graphene, (b) ψ-graphone, and (c) ψ-graphane. The black dashed square boxes in the

A biomimetic approach towards a universal slippery liquid infused surface coating

• Ryan A. Faase,
• Madeleine H. Hummel,
• AnneMarie V. Hasbrook,
• Andrew P. Carpenter and
• Joe E. Baio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1376–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.111

• baseline absorbance value. 5% is a sufficient threshold to overcome the noise floor of the data [33]. Clot morphology Wells of interest of a non-treated 96-well polystyrene were blocked with 300 μL 1% BSA in Milli-Q water for 2 h at 37 °C. After 2 h, wells were rinsed three times with Milli-Q water. Plates

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• also leads to undesirable side effects such as iron overload (hemochromatosis) and acute iron poisoning [14]. Similarly, other metals, including copper and cobalt, significantly damage different body parts above a threshold limit. Heavy metal ions pose a severe risk to human and environmental health

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• surface stabilization and functionalization [93][94][95]. Importantly, the use of antibodies and other proteins as targeting agents may increase the HD of usNPs beyond the threshold for renal filtration, and so careful consideration is needed in the design of such constructs. To ensure effective

Quantum-to-classical modeling of monolayer Ge₂Se₂ and its application in photovoltaic devices

• Anup Shrivastava,
• Shivani Saini,
• Dolly Kumari,
• Sanjai Singh and
• Jost Adam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1153–1169, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.94

• electron-like wave functions have been generated using the projected augmented wave (PAW) method. A plane-wave basis set has been used to consolidate the interaction between core and valence electrons with an optimized threshold energy of 60 Ry. For efficient and precise calculations, the Brillouin zone

• monolayer Ge2Se2 using DFT. The structure of the monolayer is properly optimized and relaxed for its lowest energy state. Tough threshold criteria have been chosen to maintain high precision in the calculation, along with a hybrid functional for modeling the exchange–correlation interactions. The non

Introducing third-generation periodic table descriptors for nano-qRASTR modeling of zebrafish toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles

• Supratik Kar and
• Siyun Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1142–1152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.93

• BestSubsetSelection_v2.1 tool, which can be found at https://teqip.jdvu.ac.in/QSAR_Tools/. This tool produces a comprehensive set of model combinations for a user-specified number of descriptors while ensuring that the intercorrelation does not exceed a certain threshold. The MLR-based nano-qRASTR model was evaluated

• and Tropsha, with all the metrics falling within the stipulated threshold [41] as follows: The Y-randomization test was also performed to validate if the model was generated by chance. After shuffling all descriptor values, 100 random models were generated. As a result, the average R2 value is 0.20

• , while the average Q2 value is −0.60, which cannot qualify the threshold of 0.5 for both parameters, suggesting that our original model was not developed by chance (details in Supporting Information File 1). The scatter plot (Figure 1a) suggests that all MONPs are very close to the best-fit line

Ca_n neutral clusters: a two-step G₀W₀ and DFT benchmark

• Sunila Bakhsh,
• Sameen Aslam,
• Muhammad Khalid,
• Muhammad Sohail,
• Sundas Zafar,
• Sumayya Abdul Wadood,
• Kareem Morsy and
• Muhammad Aamir Iqbal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1010–1016, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.82

• functionals, as it can be more efficient in terms of computational resources and time. The threshold for the force was set at 0.1 eV/Angstrom for better convergence, whereas the charge density difference tolerance, which is essential for convergence, was set at a value of 10−9. The ABACUS code employs the

Recent progress on field-effect transistor-based biosensors: device perspective

• Billel Smaani,
• Fares Nafa,
• Mohamed Salah Benlatrech,
• Ismahan Mahdi,
• Hamza Akroum,
• Mohamed walid Azizi,
• Khaled Harrar and
• Sayan Kanungo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 977–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.80

• bending between the carriers. However, when the gate bias that is supplied is greater than the threshold voltage of the device, the type of the channel is inverted which permits the current to flow and turns on the transistor [52]. The FET-based biosensors consist of two dissimilar transduction mechanisms

• concurrently shifts the threshold voltage and modifies the drain current via channel conductivity modulation. The difference between the current (threshold voltage) in the presence of biomolecules and the current without biomolecules is used to define the current sensitivity. The second transduction mechanism

• dielectric constant inside the cavity resulting in a gating effect modulation and subsequent alteration in channel conductivity. This leads to a change in both threshold voltage and drain current, manifesting the presence of target biomolecules in the cavity, and the corresponding sensitivity is defined

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• an increasing electric field (1–30 kV) is supplied to the syringe tip [45]. A polymer jet exits the Taylor cone structure when the electric field applied to the polymer solution rises above a predetermined threshold. High-voltage-polarized polymer molecules travel in an erratic manner in the

A review on the structural characterization of nanomaterials for nano-QSAR models

• Salvador Moncho,
• Eva Serrano-Candelas,
• Jesús Vicente de Julián-Ortiz and
• Rafael Gozalbes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 854–866, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.71

• categorization of the size and other physicochemical parameters was required in the quasi-SMILES descriptors used in those cases [51] as they are converted to a string, even when the effect is reduced by dividing the dataset in two categories only with a single size threshold [60]. However, in more modern

Electron-induced ligand loss from iron tetracarbonyl methyl acrylate

• Hlib Lyshchuk,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Thomas F. M. Luxford,
• Miloš Ranković,
• Jaroslav Kočišek,
• Juraj Fedor,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Pamir Nag

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 797–807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.66

• with an odd number of electrons were assumed to be in doublet spin states. Threshold energies listed in the tables were obtained as differences of sums of the electronic and zero-point energies of products and reactants as Here, Ei is the sum of electronic and zero point energies of a given fragment

• , and the sum goes over all charged and neutral fragments. A negative value of threshold energy, thus, corresponds to an exothermic reaction. Results and Discussion Dissociative ionization Figure 2a shows the positive ion mass spectrum of Fe(CO)4MA measured on the CLUB setup at a constant incident

• shows the energy dependence of the mass spectra in the threshold electron energy region (5 to 25 eV). The horizontal axis depicts the masses, the vertical axis shows the incident electron energy, and the intensity is color-coded. The intensity profiles along the vertical traces, thus, correspond to the

Reduced subthreshold swing in a vertical tunnel FET using a low-work-function live metal strip and a low-k material at the drain

• Kalai Selvi Kanagarajan and
• Dhanalakshmi Krishnan Sadhasivan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 713–718, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.59

• low work function is placed in a high-k HfO2 layer in the source–channel region. The device is examined by the parameters Ioff, subthreshold swing, threshold voltage, and Ion/Ioff ratio. The introduction of a live metal strip in the dielectric layer closer to the source–channel interface results in a

• excellent improvement in TFETs, an on-current of 1.00 × 10−5 A/μm, an Ion/Ioff ratio of 7.14 × 1011, and a threshold voltage of 0.28 V. Keywords: dual low-work-function live strip (DLWLS); low-k dielectric spacer; low-work-function live strip (LWLS); Miller capacitance; molybdenum; subthreshold swing (SS

• is greater. Thermionic emission affects the off-to-on transition. A small subthreshold swing is needed to turn the device to an off-state sharply, once Vgs drops below the threshold voltage (VT). Tunnel field-effect transistors (TFETs) work based on band-to-band tunneling and not on conventional

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• . Optical breakdown occurs when the free-electron density surpasses a critical value, resulting in a high-density plasma, and the optical breakdown threshold is significantly reduced in the presence of metal nanoparticles [49][81][82]. Supercontinuum emission can occur at low fluences, when pulses shorter

• crucial for the synthesis of polyynes. On the one hand, if the fluence is below a certain threshold for solvent decomposition, the necessary fragments and, hence, polyynes cannot be formed. On the other hand, if the fluence is too high or the irradiation time is too long, processes leading to diamond-like

• Equation 2. This yielded the carbon solubility S as a function of the particle radius r via the solubility in the bulk state S0, the surface tension σ, the volume of a metal molecule V, the Boltzmann’s constant k and the melting temperature of the bulk state T. When the Au particle size exceeds a threshold

Sidewall angle tuning in focused electron beam-induced processing

• Sangeetha Hari,
• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Johannes J. L. Mulders,
• Piet H. F. Trompenaars,
• Pieter Kruit and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 447–456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.40

• occurs when the electron energy matches that of an anion state. Other dissociation channels, such as neutral dissociation (ND) and dissociative ionization (DI), are threshold processes, but their efficiency declines above roughly 100 eV because the interaction time with the molecule becomes too short

Comparative electron microscopy particle sizing of TiO₂ pigments: sample preparation and measurement

• Ralf Theissmann,
• Christopher Drury,
• Markus Rohe,
• Thomas Koch,
• Jochen Winkler and
• Petr Pikal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 317–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.29

• application laboratory in Waldbronn, Germany, and the particle counting threshold was set at 30 nm. The samples were first intensively dispersed by ultrasonication in a polyphosphate solution in water (562 J/mL, 2.5% pigment, 2% polyphosphate) one day before measurement. The energy of 562 J/mL was chosen

• smaller particle size will achieve this, but only down to a certain lower threshold, which is around 105–115 nm. Below this limit, the scattering power of the particles decreases significantly, and the material can no longer be used effectively as a white pigment. This behaviour was demonstrated using

• a higher SSA (i.e., smaller particle size) do not scatter visible light sufficiently to be used as white pigments. This threshold corresponds approximately to a MinFeret D50n particle size of 105 nm and an ECD D50n particle size of 110–115 nm. By modifying the particle size (or SSA), the tint (hue

Ultrasensitive and ultrastretchable metal crack strain sensor based on helical polydimethylsiloxane

• Shangbi Chen,
• Dewen Liu,
• Weiwei Chen,
• Huajiang Chen,
• Jiawei Li and
• Jinfang Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 270–278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.25

• , respectively. The resistance changes exhibit a gradual increase initially, followed by a steep increase once a certain strain threshold is exceeded, with variations observed for different helix indices (C is the ratio of the helical sensor diameter D to the helical fiber diameter d). Notably, the resistance

• and a light-emitting diode (LED). When a tensile strain is applied, the light emitted by the LED is modulated by the strain sensor. The LED rapidly switched off when the sensor surpassed the critical strain threshold of the target. The switch-off of the LED could serve as an alarm signal, and the

• threshold strain required to trigger this alarm could be adjusted by manipulating the helix indices of the helical sensor. Conclusion In summary, this study presents a straightforward method for producing a remarkably flexible resistive strain sensor by utilizing a Au thin film on a helical structure. The

Exploring disorder correlations in superconducting systems: spectroscopic insights and matrix element effects

• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Alexander E. Lukyanov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov,
• Boris G. Lvov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 199–206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.19

• take N = 50, which our calculations show is sufficiently large to mitigate finite-size effects. BdG equations (Equation 2) are solved together with the self-consistency conditions (Equation 3) in the usual way until the order parameter and the Hartree potential reach a predefined accuracy threshold [63