Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• pulse energies in the second control experiment (0.15 mJ) (corresponding parameters can be found in Supporting Information File 1, Table S5, Section S9), exceeding typical threshold values by far [50][88]. As depicted in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S7, amorphization tendencies were analogous

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• experiments regarding the laser fluence dependence for AlClPc. The absorption spectra of the sample after laser irradiation at various fluences for 30 min were compared (Figure S9, Supporting Information File 1). The absorption of the nanoparticles increased with the fluence above a threshold (30 mJ·cm−2

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• [120], fulfils this role. Similarly as Richard Feynman established the foundations of nanotechnology in the mid-20th century [121][122], Masakazu Aono proposed the concept of nanoarchitectonics [123][124] at the threshold between the 20th and 21st centuries. Nanoarchitectonics can be defined as the

• conductivity. However, above the percolation threshold, the additive particles begin to overlap, resulting in the formation of isolated, disordered interfaces and an increase in the volume of less conductive material. Accordingly, the highest value of ionic conductivity is observed at moderate concentrations

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• further until the evaporation threshold is reached. Evaporation again requires additional energy to overcome heat of fusion. Only evaporation can lead to expulsion of material and formation of clusters in this context via condensation of the vapor. Further processes that will be described in the laser

• to both positive and negative transmission changes, as shown in Figure 8C. Therefore, TAS at this point is no longer an unambiguous probe for the resolution of such effects [131]. Nevertheless, the bubble formation as a threshold process can still be identified through the characteristic change in

• formation threshold as well as bubble sizes [125][128]. Figure 8F shows that bubble size growth with laser fluence can be extracted with good correlation to X-ray results (Figure 8G). Structure formation, such as LAL or LFL in NP colloids and on surfaces, involves all steps of particle heating, melting

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• concentration exceeds this threshold, TC adsorption efficiency declines. This is because higher PVA levels hinder dissolution and mixing, particularly as viscosity increases. Similarly, TC adsorption efficiency also declines as GA concentration increases. At high concentrations, GA can dissolve PVA

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• fluences, which could be explained by NP formation [22][34]. However, this increase in extinction could only be observed once a certain threshold fluence was exceeded. If the laser fluence is further increased above a critical value, degradation can occur due to excessive energy input. Using fullerene C60

• production of ROS are also conceivable. Even though the laser intensities applied at the jet’s entrance (ca. 3·1010 W·cm−2) are one order of magnitude below the irradiance threshold range for the optical breakdown of water (i.e., 4.5·1011 W·cm−2 at 30 ps, 1064 nm [59]), it is difficult to pinpoint to which

• extent such nonlinear, free-electron-generating, radical-promoting effects need to be considered as a contribution to the degradation of the nutraceuticals in our specific setup. On the one hand, it is well-known that the threshold of the Kerr effect is considerably lower in the presence of (inorganic

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• also contributes to the percolation threshold, which is a fundamental parameter controlling electrical conductivity and crucial for certain applications such as sensors, where accurate modulation is required [9]. An initial work by Naha et al. developed a model to enhance the understanding and

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• -based optoelectronic applications [7]. High-energy ion irradiation can lead to latent track formation or phase transitions, either from crystalline to crystalline or crystalline to amorphous, depending on the threshold electronic energy loss (Seth) [8][9]. The formation of latent tracks has been

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• further increases in extraction voltage, the beam current decreases rapidly. Beyond this threshold of 400 V, the increased extraction voltage induces significant defocusing of the ion beam. This highlights the critical role of the extraction voltage in maintaining beam coherence. Generally, the extraction

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• top-view setup was applied to observe the bubble morphology evolution on a transparent yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) target. The YAG crystal has a low thermal conductivity and a high laser-ablation threshold, minimizing the influence of the ablation products on cavitation bubble dynamics and, thus

• NPs per characterized sample were analyzed for every single experiment performed. The tendencies can be explained by the fact that a donut-shaped beam avoids overheating in the center of the laser spot and prevents underheating in the peripheral region with temperatures below the ablation threshold

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• onto the wells (input). Statistical analysis Statistical differences among the study groups in in situ mucoadhesion measurements, PAS stain assay, and internalization studies were assessed by Student’s t-tests. The significance threshold was p ≤ 0.05. The statistical differences among the groups of

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• nanosecond pulses, graphite has an effective absorption coefficient of 5 µm−1 [26], resulting in an ablation threshold fluence of 0.7 J·cm−2 [27]; thus, our chosen fluence was well below this ablation threshold. The critical melting fluence of graphite has been reported to be 0.13 J·cm−2 [28], suggesting

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• leads to a reduction in microstrain and dislocation density. The optical studies using UV–vis–NIR spectroscopy reveal that the transmittance of films increases with substrate temperature. Further, the shift in transmittance threshold towards lower wavelengths with substrate temperature indicates that

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• circularly polarized laser pulses, drastically reducing cell viability to about 10%. This targeted approach ensures that the laser energy remains below the threshold that could damage healthy cells, and the thermal field is efficiently confined to a 10 nm range around the cancer cells, thereby sparing

Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

• Josiane A. D. Batista,
• Rayane M. de Oliveira,
• Carlos H. M. Lima,
• Milton L. Lana Júnior,
• Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
• Maria J. V. Bell and
• Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

• certain threshold concentration (≈0.04 μM) and then decays abruptly, indicating that a strong DNA compaction process has occurred [25][26][27][28]. A similar DNA compaction was also found for neodymium at higher concentrations (>0.5 μM), but not for ytterbium. In Figure 2, we show the corresponding

• trivalent rare earth cations can interact with the double helix, promoting the well-known cation-induced DNA condensation process, just as other polycations such as, for example, spermidine and hexaammine cobalt [29][31]. Note that the threshold concentration for DNA condensation to occur depends strongly

• . For ytterbium and neodymium, this mechanical parameter remains constant. In the case of erbium, the behavior is different. The contour length remains initially constant until reaching a certain threshold concentration (≈0.04 μM) and then decays abruptly, indicating that a strong DNA compaction process

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• of 500 µM, the cell viability slightly decreased, approaching significance (p = 0.051), indicating a potential threshold where lipid concentration may begin to impact cell viability. Significant cytotoxicity was observed at higher concentrations (1000 and 2000 µM) with p-values of 0.003 and <0.001

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• the potential of gelatine-embedded silver nanoparticles in the degradation of P-NP, but it was not used for heavy metal ion sensing [17]. Similarly, citrate-stabilized silver nanospheres were used for the colorimetric detection of Ni2+ with a threshold limit of 0.75 mM without any catalytic activity

The round-robin approach applied to nanoinformatics: consensus prediction of nanomaterials zeta potential

• Dimitra-Danai Varsou,
• Arkaprava Banerjee,
• Joyita Roy,
• Kunal Roy,
• Giannis Savvas,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Ewelina Wyrzykowska,
• Mateusz Balicki,
• Tomasz Puzyn,
• Georgia Melagraki,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1536–1553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.121

• ][62] (Equation 12). These values quantify the distance of each query sample from the centroid of the training set [61], taking into account the descriptor values employed in model development. The AD boundaries are determined by a predetermined threshold leverage value h* (Equation 13). A test

• prediction is deemed reliable if its corresponding leverage value falls below this threshold (h < h*). where X is the table containing the descriptor matrix, p is the number of descriptors used in the model [60][61], and N is the number of samples in the training dataset. Results and Discussion In the next

• The area of reliable predictions for this model was defined using the leverage method. The leverage threshold was calculated based on the training NMs subset and set to 0.226 (Equation 13). The test NM samples had values within the range of 0.031 to 0.191, indicating that their predictions were

Strain-induced bandgap engineering in 2D ψ-graphene materials: a first-principles study

• Kamal Kumar,
• Nora H. de Leeuw,
• Jost Adam and
• Abhishek Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1440–1452, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.116

• % compressive uniaxial strain [34]. At 6% strain, a maximum bandgap of 389 meV and 379 meV was observed for uniaxial and biaxial strains, respectively. When the applied strain exceeds a threshold of 8%, the bandgap of silicene disappears [34]. In 2017, Li et al. predicted a new 2D allotrope of carbon atoms

• . The convergence in self-consistency was achieved at a stringent threshold energy value of 10−5 eV, and forces acting on atoms were converged to 0.01 eV. Top and side views of relaxed geometries, PDOS, and EBSs of (a) ψ-graphene, (b) ψ-graphone, and (c) ψ-graphane. The black dashed square boxes in the

A biomimetic approach towards a universal slippery liquid infused surface coating

• Ryan A. Faase,
• Madeleine H. Hummel,
• AnneMarie V. Hasbrook,
• Andrew P. Carpenter and
• Joe E. Baio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1376–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.111

• baseline absorbance value. 5% is a sufficient threshold to overcome the noise floor of the data [33]. Clot morphology Wells of interest of a non-treated 96-well polystyrene were blocked with 300 μL 1% BSA in Milli-Q water for 2 h at 37 °C. After 2 h, wells were rinsed three times with Milli-Q water. Plates

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• also leads to undesirable side effects such as iron overload (hemochromatosis) and acute iron poisoning [14]. Similarly, other metals, including copper and cobalt, significantly damage different body parts above a threshold limit. Heavy metal ions pose a severe risk to human and environmental health

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• surface stabilization and functionalization [93][94][95]. Importantly, the use of antibodies and other proteins as targeting agents may increase the HD of usNPs beyond the threshold for renal filtration, and so careful consideration is needed in the design of such constructs. To ensure effective

Quantum-to-classical modeling of monolayer Ge₂Se₂ and its application in photovoltaic devices

• Anup Shrivastava,
• Shivani Saini,
• Dolly Kumari,
• Sanjai Singh and
• Jost Adam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1153–1169, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.94

• electron-like wave functions have been generated using the projected augmented wave (PAW) method. A plane-wave basis set has been used to consolidate the interaction between core and valence electrons with an optimized threshold energy of 60 Ry. For efficient and precise calculations, the Brillouin zone

• monolayer Ge2Se2 using DFT. The structure of the monolayer is properly optimized and relaxed for its lowest energy state. Tough threshold criteria have been chosen to maintain high precision in the calculation, along with a hybrid functional for modeling the exchange–correlation interactions. The non

Introducing third-generation periodic table descriptors for nano-qRASTR modeling of zebrafish toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles

• Supratik Kar and
• Siyun Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1142–1152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.93

• BestSubsetSelection_v2.1 tool, which can be found at https://teqip.jdvu.ac.in/QSAR_Tools/. This tool produces a comprehensive set of model combinations for a user-specified number of descriptors while ensuring that the intercorrelation does not exceed a certain threshold. The MLR-based nano-qRASTR model was evaluated

• and Tropsha, with all the metrics falling within the stipulated threshold [41] as follows: The Y-randomization test was also performed to validate if the model was generated by chance. After shuffling all descriptor values, 100 random models were generated. As a result, the average R2 value is 0.20

• , while the average Q2 value is −0.60, which cannot qualify the threshold of 0.5 for both parameters, suggesting that our original model was not developed by chance (details in Supporting Information File 1). The scatter plot (Figure 1a) suggests that all MONPs are very close to the best-fit line