Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• catalytically active sites resulting from the carbonization of the polymer matrix, together with the silver clusters formed during ion implantation, provide suitable conditions for reactant adsorption and efficient charge transfer. Silver ions exhibit strong localized surface plasmon resonance in the visible

• the implanted samples. This suggests that the material itself without any intervention has limited ability to generate reactive oxygen species or facilitate charge transfer, which are both essential for efficient photocatalysis. There is a noticeable increase in the rate constant when low-energy Ag

• ions of 20 keV are implanted. This increase can be explained by the formation of defects in the GO surface layer, which increase the rate of electron excitation and facilitate subsequent charge transfer. At the same time, the implanted Ag ions can act as catalytic centers that improve the process of

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• transfer throughout the entire polymer matrix. However, in NPs, a balance between amorphous and crystalline states is necessary to optimize mechanical strength and drug release rates. The glass transition temperature reflects the polymer chain’s permeability and mobility, influencing its susceptibility to

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• integrate high-resolution computed tomography-based geometries to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying hygroscopic actuation. This integrative approach will bridge experimental findings with computational modeling and advance plant biomechanics and biomimetic transfer. Keywords: digital volume

• reliability of upcoming simulations. For the analysis of the motion mechanism of the scale, for example, to show the multiphase nature of the motion [12], future simulation approaches could use transient heat transfer simulations incorporating diffusion models. The comparative simulations in this work

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• intercalate beneath graphene at around 220 °C, initiating a slower, undercover oxidation of copper to Cu2O. This process is a galvanic reaction facilitated by graphene’s high conductivity, enabling electron transfer from copper to oxygen atoms. However, the graphene/Cu2O hybrid structure slows further

• photocatalyst, it is essential to combine the photocatalyst’s performance with mechanistic knowledge under operando reaction conditions. APXPS is uniquely suited to investigate such systems. Its surface sensitivity enables the detection of charge transfer processes, reaction intermediates, and active sites

• under operando conditions. Additionally, the kinetics of charge transfer and the role of specific chemical species or components functioning as charge donors or acceptors during photocatalytic reactions can be clarified using APXPS. At MAX IV, external light sources (e.g., UV lamps or solar simulators

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• leading to mass mortality. Such interactions amplify the ecological consequences of MPs in the environment. Consequently, the ingestion of MPs embedded with contaminants can contribute to the transfer of toxic substances across terrestrial and aquatic food webs [46]. In freshwater ecosystems, MPs can

• adhere to plant tissues and subsequently transfer to herbivores that consume these plants. In a food chain, as MPs move from lower to higher trophic levels, they accumulate in animal tissues, leading to bioaccumulation. Because of this, freshwater organisms are often considered effective bio-indicators

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• manufacturing. We intend to transfer the connection mechanisms of mistletoe to a bioinspired material system in which the interface between different materials is not only geometrically structured (V-shape), but also has continuous gradients along the geometry to enable smooth transition between materials

• defined interfaces between the compounds. This can be explained by the reduction in heat transfer of polymer blends with higher glass fiber content [41] and needs to be considered when designing graded interfaces of fiber-reinforced polymers. The results show that interface structuring of FGMs is possible

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• effect may involve (1) carbon cloth possessing a substantial specific surface area and surface mesopores, which offers numerous adsorption sites, thereby concentrating solute molecules near the surface of thin films [13], (2) the transfer of photogenerated electrons from TiO2 to the conductive carbon

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• photolithography onto biodegradable substrates necessitates the use of a critical technique known as transfer printing [72][73]. One of the most sophisticated transfer printing approaches utilizes poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as a sacrificial layer and diluted polyimide (PI) as a protective layer (Figure 2c

• protective PI layer is extremely thin, it can be selectively removed by reactive ion etching, ultimately leaving only the biodegradable materials on the target surface. To simplify multistep fabrication processes, wafer-scale transfer methods have also been developed [74]. These involve fabricating

• electronic devices on a large-area substrate, such as a silicon wafer, followed by backside etching to remove the handle or box layers, thereby isolating the functional thin film for transfer onto a biodegradable substrate. This wafer-level technique offers a promising route to large-area, high-resolution

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• charge and discharge, facilitating the charge transfer processes [47][48][49]. As a result, parameters such as specific capacitance and cycling stability are enhanced [13]. In our case, high values of specific capacitance can be expected because of the developed surface of the silicon NPs prepared by

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• through the interaction of the electromagnetic waves with the electrons of the NPs, causing collective motion in metallic particles or perturbations in the electronic orbitals of non-metallic NPs [42][43]. In the case of non-metals, nanosecond laser pulses transfer energy from electrons to phonons

• surrounding solvent, owing to the efficient light absorption capability of the NPs and their limited thermal transfer to the solvent. [35][63][72][73][74]. LIL also leads to phase transitions and morphological changes (Figure 7a–d) depending on the laser fluence and irradiation time [42]. Schematic

• used to deposit photoresist films for microelectronic manufacturing, where understanding the interaction between liquid flow and mass transfer during the process became crucial as device sizes decreased. A one-dimensional model of spin coating was developed to describe film thinning due to both

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• and surface area, compared to other materials [37]. Biochar produced from carbon-, oxygen- and nitrogen-rich straw at low pyrolysis temperatures retains a large number of functional groups, which enhance charge transfer potential and adsorption stability through increased surface charge density

Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning

• Dylan Stewart Barker and
• Adam Sweetman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99

• closer to the surface, where the atom binds to the Ag(111), at which point charge transfer from the substrate to the molecule will return it to its neutral state [21]. Whilst carrying out bias spectroscopy over these SnPc molecules, it was found that a switch could occasionally be induced, even if the

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• develop mutations that reduce or completely eliminate the antibiotic efficacy [4]. If bacteria are exposed to non-lethal quantities of an antibiotic, these bacteria will eventually develop resistance to the antibiotic [5]. Moreover, bacteria have the ability to transfer resistance genes directly between

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• unclear and controversial. Also, peroxidation of their membrane phospholipid, cardiolipin, has not been observed in ferroptosis. Nevertheless, it may theoretically play a unique role as it contributes to metabolic functions such as the ETC carbon transfer chain. Also, mitochondria can support the process

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• higher current densities and larger VO(acac)₂ volumes. This observation suggests that improved crystallinity enhances the structural uniformity of the VO4− tetrahedra, leading to more efficient charge-transfer pathways. Furthermore, the appearance of sharper and more intense Raman peaks with increasing

• transfer, LSV experiments were conducted in a 0.50 M Na2SO4 (pH 5.6) solution with 1 M Na2SO3 as a hole scavenger (Figure 5c). The hole injection efficiency was calculated as the ratio of the photocurrent density values obtained with and without the Na2SO3 hole scavenger. The hole injection efficiency of

• the BiVO4(326) photoanode at 1.23 V vs RHE was 47%, which was higher than that under other conditions. This indicates that the formation of films with larger surface areas reduces the charge recombination rate and facilitates faster charge transfer rates. AC impedance measurements were performed on

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• electroporation (Figure 3C). Although electroporation is an easy and feasible loading method, its scale-up is challenging [29]. Many researchers have attached drugs, therapeutic proteins, or drug-loaded nanoparticles onto the surface of RBCs to transfer innate characteristics of RBCs to the nanoparticles (Figure

• are efficiently taken up by cells due to their surface markers [104]. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles has set out guidelines on the purity of extracellular vesicles depending upon intended applications [105]. Through exosomes, donor cells can transfer exogenous substances, such as

Electronic and optical properties of chloropicrin adsorbed ZnS nanotubes: first principle analysis

• Prakash Yadav,
• Boddepalli SanthiBhushan and
• Anurag Srivastava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1184–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.87

• functional theory (DFT) to explore the sensing capabilities of a ZnS (3,3) nanotube (ZnS NT) for detecting chloropicrin (CP, CCl3NO2), a highly toxic gas. To elucidate the sensing mechanism, we systematically analyze the adsorption configurations, Mulliken charge transfer, band structure, density of states

• adsorption energy ranges from −0.389 to −0.657 eV, indicating weak physisorption. The Mulliken charge transfer varies between 0.06e and 0.109e, confirming effective but nondestructive interaction. A favorable recovery time of ≈3.533 μs at room temperature, along with a significant red shift in the absorption

• highly toxic chemical warfare agent, remains an area with untapped potential. Addressing this gap, the present work constructs an armchair ZnS NT to investigate its adsorption configurations, charge transfer, band structure, density of states, optical absorption, and optical conductivity using a density

Transfer function of an asymmetric superconducting Gauss neuron

• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Aleksander S. Ionin,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Mikhail S. Sidel’nikov,
• Sergey V. Egorov and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1160–1170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.85

• and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russian Federation Joint Venture Quantum Technologies, 121205, Moscow, Russian Federation 10.3762/bjnano.16.85 Abstract The Gauss neuron is a nonlinear signal converter, whose transfer function (TF) is described by the

• (CL, shown as a dashed line in Figure 1), an external solenoid, or another method. An additional magnetic flux Φb is also introduced into the neuron, influencing the shape of the neuron’s transfer function (TF) [1][12][14]. When developing experimental superconducting neurons [17][18], it is essential

• . It can be seen that as tanα increases, the curve becomes asymmetric, that is, the left part becomes flatter, and the right one steeper (Figure 3a). For sufficiently large asymmetry ( for the parameters in Figure 3a), the transfer function becomes multivalued, and hysteresis should be observed during

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• . Liquid crystal nanoarchitectonics is not merely concerned with the manipulation of liquid crystal structures; it also encompasses the transfer of such structures to alternative materials, thereby influencing their nanostructure [238][239][240]. Metal oxides of earth-abundant elements are of significant

• substantial molecular amplification, the surface is occasionally designated a “command surface” or “command layer”. Furthermore, other dynamic optical functions are being investigated, including photomechanical motion utilizing block copolymer monolayers, morphological switching, photoinduced mass transfer

• aforementioned example. It is also anticipated that soft materials nanoarchitectonics using polymers will be applied in other fields, including the control of the functions of polymer semiconductors. The process of chemical doping of molecular semiconductors is based on electron transfer reactions between the

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• activatable with blue light, and encouraging the NO release with the more biocompatible green light probably by an intra-cage photoinduced electron transfer. Keywords: calixarenes; cell targeting; fluorescence; light; nitric oxide; Introduction Calix[n]arenes are a family of polyphenolic macrocycles

• several kcal·mol−1 lower than that of 2. This makes, of course, a potential singlet–singlet energy transfer highly endoergonic. In contrast, the triplet state of the ABF chromophore is well known to not be populated unless in cyclohexane [66], making any triplet–triplet energy transfer impossible

• electron transfer. Either reductive or oxidative pathways usually lead to NO loss and the concomitant formation of an anlinyl radical intermediate, which evolves to the stable photoproduct 2b after H transfer. In our case, such a process involves mainly the lowest singlet state of ABF. This hypothesis is

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• conventional TTM that describes energy transfer between electrons and the lattice. Although the dynamics of photoexcited hot electrons were expected to uniformly affect the entire specimen within a few picoseconds, the experiment instead observed inhomogeneous and laser-polarization-dependent anisotropic

• dynamic behavior of the surrounding liquid environment. The liquid medium not only mediates energy transfer but also plays a crucial role in influencing NP generation mechanisms, shock wave propagation, and bubble dynamics. Understanding the liquid dynamics is therefore essential for optimizing process

• electrons of the liquid sample pumped by a synchronized femtosecond laser pulse are then recorded by a detector as a scattering pattern, which provides a momentum transfer range (denoted by q) reaching as large as 10 Å−1, cf. Figure 4B for the liquid water scattering pattern. Here q = 4πsinθ/λ, where θ is

Tendency in tip polarity changes in non-contact atomic force microscopy imaging on a fluorite surface

• Bob Kyeyune,
• Philipp Rahe and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 944–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.72

• . This particularly concerns the transfer of surface species to the tip when the tip is subject to intentional or unintentional contact with the surface. Furthermore, ambient species like native oxides, hydrogen ions, or residual water can adsorb on the tip apex during scanning. Additionally, the

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• reduction of Ag+ to Ag(0) via oxygen-containing functionalities on their surfaces. The electrostatic attraction between the oxygen-containing functionalities on the surface of CDs binds with the positively charged Ag+ ions, which were then reduced by electron transfer from PG-CDs to the Ag+ ions [27]. The

• the PG-CDs-AgNPs are displayed in Figure 5d. The charge-transfer resistance (Rct) in the high-frequency range is indicated by the semicircle diameter [39][40]. How facile electrons or ions can be moved throughout the electrode and electrolyte–electrode system is shown by the Rct [39][40]. The straight

• -CDs-AgNPs has a greater slope suggests that these particles have optimal supercapacitive properties and electrochemical activity. In the three-electrode investigation, PG-CDs-AgNPs showed better electrochemical activity overall in terms of capacitive performance, charge-transfer activity, and

Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

• Thomas Henning Loeber,
• Bert Laegel,
• Meltem Sezen,
• Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
• Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
• Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

• in the size or density of the bubbles when comparing depositions on Si (upper part) and Si with the native oxide layer (lower part). Similar to Rb+ FIBID-Pt discussed in [11], these bubbles appear after exposure of the samples to air (during the short transfer from the Cs+ FIB to the Ga+ FIB) and are