Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

• surface, triggered by protease degradation after tumor homing by the EPR effect [112]. Mesoporous silica vesicles (MSVs; dav = 3 μm) with high affinity to tumor vasculature were also described by Blanco et al. as a platform for the triggered release of various therapeutic nanoscale vectors (liposomes

Ethosomal (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a novel approach to enhance antioxidant, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase effects

• Çiğdem Yücel,
• Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak,
• Sena Yalçıntaş and
• Tuğba Eren Böncü

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 491–502, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.41

•  2). El Kayal et al. conducted a study that provided the basis for the development of formulations as ETHs, transfersomes, and transethosomes to maximize the therapeutic efficacy of EGCG. The formulation compositions were optimized to produce vesicles with acceptable physical properties for these

• liposomes, which have limited skin penetration and mostly remain in the upper layer of the stratum corneum. The release of the therapeutic agent occurs by the fusion of these vesicles with the cell membranes in the deeper layers of the skin [11]. ETHs have been reported to help many active substances to be

• min followed by sonication using an ultrasonic bath (Wise Clean, Korea, 210 W, 40 kHz), at 40% sonication strength, and three cycles of 30 min to obtain monodisperse vesicles and to enhance encapsulation efficiency [44][45]. Then, ETHs were collected by centrifugation at 10.000 rpm for 30 min. For the

pH-driven enhancement of anti-tubercular drug loading on iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery in macrophages

• Karishma Berta Cotta,
• Sarika Mehra and
• Rajdip Bandyopadhyaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1127–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.84

• Intracellular pathogens are often contained in vesicles within phagocytic cells like the macrophages. These vesicles are known to present an acidic environment [42], while the normal physiological pH of the cell remains neutral [43]. Thus, nanoparticles used in drug delivery to macrophages would experience both

Use of nanosystems to improve the anticancer effects of curcumin

• Andrea M. Araya-Sibaja,
• Norma J. Salazar-López,
• Krissia Wilhelm Romero,
• José R. Vega-Baudrit,
• J. Abraham Domínguez-Avila,
• Carlos A. Velázquez Contreras,
• Ramón E. Robles-Zepeda,
• Mirtha Navarro-Hoyos and
• Gustavo A. González-Aguilar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1047–1062, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.78

• . Liposomes are one of the most well-studied nanosystems. They are self-assembled vesicles with at least one phospholipid bilayer with a diameter size in the range of 50–450 nm when used for medical purposes, and are often used to deliver both hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules [71][72]. Their main

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• on triggering exocytosis leading to the release of extracellular vesicles [187]. Microbubbles were first developed as contrast agents and then were used in cargo delivery. Nowadays, they play a role as theranostic agents [178][188]. Many studies have shown that the concurrent use of MBs and US

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• vesicles, and phagosomes could be employed as a gateway for endocytosis-mediated transcellular transport across the MBB [19]. Since there is no lymphatic drainage, the BM tissue relies on these pathways for bidirectional transport of a variety of molecules across the MBB. The capability of the sinusoidal

• NALM-6 cell membrane vesicles that were further decorated with aTGFβRII antibodies, attached via hypoxia-sensitive azobenzene linker. The membrane coating plays a dual role in the formulation. It guides the drug to the BM via receptor–ligand interaction between CXCR4 (a chemokine receptor expressed on

Differences in surface chemistry of iron oxide nanoparticles result in different routes of internalization

• Barbora Svitkova,
• Vlasta Zavisova,
• Veronika Nemethova,
• Martina Koneracka,
• Miroslava Kretova,
• Filip Razga,
• Monika Ursinyova and
• Alena Gabelova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 270–281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.22

• through CavME or lipid rafts. Co-localization studies confirmed the entrapment of fluorescently labeled RITC-BSA-SO-MNPs in clathrin-coated vesicles in A549 cells stably expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-clathrin. The results indicate that tuning of the MNP surface chemistry can potentially

The nanomorphology of cell surfaces of adhered osteoblasts

• Christian Voelkner,
• Mirco Wendt,
• Regina Lange,
• Max Ulbrich,
• Martina Gruening,
• Susanne Staehlke,
• Barbara Nebe,
• Ingo Barke and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 242–256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.20

• Osteoblasts are bone-mineralizing cells situated inside the matrix boundaries of the osteoid. They can release matrix vesicles containing calcium and phosphate, eventually leading to precipitation and growth of bone mineral [1][2]. They adhere to and spread on a wide spectrum of pristine and coated material

• the initial phase of adhesion well before the release of matrix vesicles in the collagen matrix. Our results include characteristic sheet-like protrusions, so-called ruffles. Their appearance on the osteoblast cell rims mostly vanishes when a large adhesion area is established, resulting in a smooth

Imaging of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells by helium ion microscopy

• Natalie Frese,
• Patrick Schmerer,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Matthias Schürmann,
• Matthias König,
• Michael Westphal,
• Friedemann Weber,
• Holger Sudhoff and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 172–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.13

• infection of approximately 1 (MOI 1) and an incubation time of 18 h. The surface of the infected cells is covered by a number of micrometer-sized vesicles and segments of cell membranes, which is a first indication that apoptosis occurred during viral replication. Regularly shaped particles below 100 nm

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

Cardiomyocyte uptake mechanism of a hydroxyapatite nanoparticle mediated gene delivery system

• Hiroaki Komuro,
• Masahiro Yamazoe,
• Kosuke Nozaki,
• Akiko Nagai and
• Tetsuo Sasano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1685–1692, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.150

• . The physiological mechanism of macropinocytosis has been recently elucidated [28][29]. In previous reports, macropinosomes have been considered to be inherently leaky vesicles comparable to other types of endosomes [21][30][31][32]. In this study, since lysosomal degradation of pDNA was low, the

Key for crossing the BBB with nanoparticles: the rational design

• Sonia M. Lombardo,
• Marc Schneider,
• Akif E. Türeli and
• Nazende Günday Türeli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 866–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.72

• endocytosis is initiated. The receptor–ligand complex is invaginated, which leads to the formation of intracellular transport vesicles. The vesicles are then sorted and the ones sorted for exocytosis cross the cell to release the ligand to its basolateral side. The receptor is then recycled [41]. Some of the

• endocytic vesicles have been identified and described in the brain endothelial cells: clathrin-coated pits, caveolae and macropinocytosis vesicles. Clathrin-coated pits are involved in most of the internalization processes mediated by receptors such as TfR or insulin receptors [39][40]. After endocytosis

• , the vesicles converge in the early endosome network, which functions as an intracellular sorting station. From there, cargo can be transported via sorting tubules to the basolateral side of the cells for exocytosis. Cargo can also stay in the early endosomes, which can mature in late endosomes and

Integrated photonics multi-waveguide devices for optical trapping and Raman spectroscopy: design, fabrication and performance demonstration

• Gyllion B. Loozen,
• Arnica Karuna,
• Mohammad M. R. Fanood,
• Erik Schreuder and
• Jacob Caro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 829–842, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.68

• scale) and the mass producibility. In [6], we presented a detailed simulation study of the trapping capabilities for extracellular vesicles (EVs) of the dual-waveguide trap we used in [5]. EVs are small cell-derived particles (diameter ranging from 30 to 1000 nm) and are important as potential

• powers of several milliwatts. Thus, we have quite some power left for making the transition to stable trapping of, for example, bacteria, human cells or extracellular vesicles. The 16-waveguide device is the better choice in this respect, since Table 1 indicates that it clearly has a higher trap

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• 5 peptide grafted PGA [107]. The homogeneous adsorption of charged lipids such as dipalmitoyldiphosphatidic acid (DPPA), dipalmitoyldiphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and sphingosine over a capsule surface has been achieved in two ways: 1) the adsorption of lipid vesicles via electrostatic interactions

Interactions at the cell membrane and pathways of internalization of nano-sized materials for nanomedicine

• Valentina Francia,
• Daphne Montizaan and
• Anna Salvati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 338–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.25

• required for uptake to occur are (Figure 3): a specific lipid composition of the cell membrane at the site of endocytosis (such as the presence of sphingolipids or cholesterol) [70][72][74][75][76], cargo recognition at the cell membrane (receptor-mediated or not) and capture (into coated vesicles or

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

• micelles or vesicles. The driving forces of this assembly are a loss of entropy during the self-assembly and different interactions acting on the monomer units of the polymer. Whereas polymer/polymer interactions are favored for the hydrophobic block, interactions between the hydrophobic block and water

• , part 1 of this review showed the large variety of polymers used for PDT, going from aliphatic polyesters, polyacrylates to peptides or polysaccharides. The chemical structure will influence the crystallinity of the vector, its morphology (micelles, vesicles, or worm-like micelles), its stability ((bio

• includes both the assessment of the shape and the difference between micelles and vesicles, both being spherical but, respectively, hydrophobic or hydrophilic at their core. This is very rapidly linked to the vector size, since micelles will exhibit a typical size of 10–30 nm, vesicles will be typically

Molecular architectonics of DNA for functional nanoarchitectures

• Debasis Ghosh,
• Lakshmi P. Datta and
• Thimmaiah Govindaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 124–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.11

• beacon) state to an open (A-motif) state in a pH-responsive manner within artificial vesicles and living cells. The DNA device was made up of 24 nucleobases, of which 12 adenine nucleobases were present within the loop region, and a closed molecular beacon structure was formed via two stretches of five

• altered the FRET response, which was exploited for sensing of acidic pH (3–5.5) with a low step size (0.2–0.3) within synthetic vesicles that mimicked the intracellular environment. The in cellulo study in HeLa cells demonstrated the efficient cellular uptake of the DNA device without the need for a

• data (Figure 8c) showed the movement of ions through the lipid–nanopore interface via the formation of a toroidal pore. The binding of porphyrin-tethered nanopores with giant unilamellar vesicles was analyzed by confocal microscopy (Figure 8d). The inherent fluorescent signal of porphyrin showed their

Internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides

• Ivana Ruseska and
• Andreas Zimmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 101–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.10

• of integral membrane protein pumps and channels. Macromolecules, however, require a different machinery in order to traverse the cellular membrane, which usually needs energy. Endocytosis is the active process in which macromolecules are carried into the cell in vesicles or vacuoles pinched-off of

• involves an actin-driven membrane protrusion that results in an increase in fluid-phase uptake [61]. These protrusions do not ‘envelop’ a ligand-coated particle, but instead they collapse onto and fuse with the plasma membrane to generate large endocytic vesicles called macropinosomes [52]. Although

• rim transforms into an hourglass-like membrane neck. Eventually, the neck undergoes fission [79]. For this step, dynamin, a kind of GTPase, is required. In subsequent steps, the released clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) are rapidly uncoated and delivered to early endosomes, which mature to late

The different ways to chitosan/hyaluronic acid nanoparticles: templated vs direct complexation. Influence of particle preparation on morphology, cell uptake and silencing efficiency

• Arianna Gennari,
• Julio M. Rios de la Rosa,
• Erwin Hohn,
• Maria Pelliccia,
• Enrique Lallana,
• Roberto Donno,
• Annalisa Tirella and
• Nicola Tirelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2594–2608, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.250

• for a hard, uniform sphere, 1.0 for vesicles with thin walls (hollow spheres), close to 1.5 for random polymer coil conformations [23][24]. Fractal dimension (D). When applied to particulates, the fractal geometry analysis is another important morphological indicator. For example, aggregation of

Bombesin receptor-targeted liposomes for enhanced delivery to lung cancer cells

• Mohammad J. Akbar,
• Pâmela C. Lukasewicz Ferreira,
• Melania Giorgetti,
• Leanne Stokes and
• Christopher J. Morris

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2553–2562, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.246

• formulations were prepared using the thin-film technique to yield small and monodisperse vesicles as judged by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis (Table 1). The colloidal properties of both liposomal formulations were highly similar in terms of size, polydispersity and zeta potential and consistent with

• those reported for other pegylated liposomes by others [27]. The vesicles were colloidally stable in PBS over 72 h at temperatures of 4, 25 and 37 °C with no significant changes in size, PDI or zeta potential observed (Figure 3a,b). It was noted that the diameter of both liposome formulations was larger

• than the 50 nm pore diameter of the terminal extrusion membrane. This is likely due to the deformation of the vesicles under pressure during extrusion and subsequent expansion after emergence from the pore. Commercial realisation of targeted nanomedicines is contingent upon the development of platforms

Small protein sequences can induce cellular uptake of complex nanohybrids

• Jan-Philip Merkl,
• Malak Safi,
• Christian Schmidtke,
• Fadi Aldeek,
• Johannes Ostermann,
• Tatiana Domitrovic,
• Sebastian Gärtner,
• John E. Johnson,
• Horst Weller and
• Hedi Mattoussi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2477–2482, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.238

• reported that a sizable fraction of the delivered nanoparticles can end up in the cytoplasm, by either circumventing endocytosis through the use of virus-derived peptide sequences, or non-disruptively penetrating the cellular membranes [13]. Escape from endosomal vesicles of once endocytosed nanoparticles

• that distribution of the internalized nanohybrids (yellow staining) is distinct from that of the endosomes (counterstained in red). This provides further confirmation of the data shown in Figure 1E, demonstrating that the nanohybrids are not trapped within endocytic vesicles. The respective signals

Mannosylated brush copolymers based on poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(ε-caprolactone) as multivalent lectin-binding nanomaterials

• Stefania Ordanini,
• Wanda Celentano,
• Anna Bernardi and
• Francesco Cellesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2192–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.212

• aggregates (e.g., micelles and vesicles) above their critical aggregation concentration (CAC). The resulting self-assembled nanoparticles can act as drug carriers and delivery systems, being able to accommodate a hydrophobic drug within their hydrophobic core [22], or chemically bind bioactive agents [23][24

Synthesis and potent cytotoxic activity of a novel diosgenin derivative and its phytosomes against lung cancer cells

• Liang Xu,
• Dekang Xu,
• Ziying Li,
• Yu Gao and
• Haijun Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1933–1942, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.189

• ingredients could undergo self-assembly into stable vesicles in aqueous solution, which could act as a vehicle to facilitate membrane transport [29]. Compared to liposomes, phytosomes can load more drug molecules, and showed enhanced stability in the lyophilization and reconstitution processes prior to use

• film. Before hydration, the lipid film was dried in a vacuum drying chamber at 27 °C for 12 h. The hydrated multilamellar vesicles were sonicated by a sonicator for 20 min. Blank lipid nanoparticles (P) were also prepared with the same process without adding Di or P2. Characterization of phytosomes

Lipid nanostructures for antioxidant delivery: a comparative preformulation study

• Elisabetta Esposito,
• Maddalena Sguizzato,
• Markus Drechsler,
• Paolo Mariani,
• Federica Carducci,
• Claudio Nastruzzi,
• Giuseppe Valacchi and
• Rita Cortesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1789–1801, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.174

• triangular structures were observed. At last, in the case of suppocire NLCs, besides the presence of some irregular structures (Figure 2F), spherical structures were detected (inset of Figure 2F), resembling vesicles rather than to solid particles. The inner morphology of the NLCs was further characterized

• an ordered structural organization inside the NLC, while suppocire is not able to preserve such an organization. According to the cryo-TEM findings, vesicles rather than nanoparticles probably form in this condition. The analysis of the position of the peaks observed in tristearin-based NLCs allowed

• values were found in the case of NLC S10-TOC and NLC T10-RA. In the case of suppocire, TOC EE values decreased from 88 to 60% by doubling the lipid phase concentration, suggesting that the presence of vesicles instead of nanoparticles prevented high loading of the antioxidant within their structure