Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The morphology of the NPs in different solvents varied from spherical, rice-like to rod-like particles which demonstrates the effect of the solvent on the morphology/composition of NPs

• crystalline structure of the films was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The UV–vis–NIR photodetection properties of p-n junction-based thin films composed of FeS2 nanoparticles are reported. Additionally, the results of various light-sensing parameters evaluated in these photodetectors are also

• SEM analysis of pyrite thin films was performed using a Hitachi Model SU 8020. The NPs were deposited on carbon-coated copper grids for TEM analysis and on silicon substrates for SEM analysis. Using monochromatic Al Kα radiation with an energy of 1486.68 eV, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• AC) performed on the undissolved sample revealed the presence of a low temperature blocking process ( ≈ 10 K), and confirmed its superparamagnetic state between 70– 250 K. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman studies showed a varied composition of the undissolved sample in which organic

• discrepancies are mainly a consequence of difficulties with analysis of structural and morphological measurement results (e.g., signal obtained in X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments is dominated by the carbohydrate). This results in very broad, hard to interpret, or even uninterpretable lines (see XRD patterns

• , the question of the iron phase present in the FS0 sample appears to be unresolved based on the TEM results; however, the presence of the iron oxyhydroxide is highly probable. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) spectrum (Figure 3f) of the FS0 sample collected from the area visible in Figure

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• effect) [19][20][21]. A well-known and suitable technique to investigate the electronic structure of surfaces is X-ray photoemission spectro-microscopy [22][6]; in order to obtain the necessary spatial resolution, the beam size must be reduced to tens of nanometers. The Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical

• silicon oxide substrate would help the determination of flakes thickness, we used also a more conductive substrate to measure photoemission under X-ray irradiation, that is, 1 nm thick native oxide Si substrates. Another convenient substrate for SPEM was 190 nm thick indium-doped tin oxide on glass

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• , environmental reliability, and operando capabilities. Scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy (SPEM) is one of the characterization tools that combine high spectral resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with submicron spatial resolution. In particular, the SPEM equipment hosted at the ESCA microscopy

• enhanced sensitivities are examples of capabilities that modern techniques of characterization in nanotechnology must possess. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is still one of the fundamental tools for chemical and electronic characterization of surfaces and subsurface layers. In the last three to

• several improvements have been developed at synchrotron light facilities where unique properties of X-ray radiation can be found. Scanning photoelectron microscopy (SPEM) combines XPS analysis with lateral resolution; chemical imaging as well as XPS spectroscopy at nanoscale sized areas can be performed

High-temperature epitaxial growth of tantalum nitride thin films on MgO: structural evolution and potential for SQUID applications

• Michelle Cedillo Rosillo,
• Oscar Contreras López,
• Jesús Antonio Díaz,
• Agustín Conde Gallardo and
• Harvi A. Castillo Cuero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 690–699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.53

• using pulsed laser deposition (PLD). This research investigates the influence of varying deposition parameters, including substrate temperature and ambient gas composition, on the structural, morphological, and superconducting properties of the films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction

• dynamics and superconducting characteristics of the films. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the TaN thin films exhibited excellent crystallinity, with sharp diffraction peaks indicating well-defined structural phases. The deposition process was optimized by systematically adjusting substrate

• nitrogen pressure between 10 and 90 mTorr. The experiment was performed in a laser ablation system “RIBER LDM 32”. It consists of three stainless steel ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) chambers for sample introduction, PLD deposition, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, isolated by UHV gate valves

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• to the FLG–TA colloid were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the antioxidant properties of FLG–TA were evaluated using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. XPS analysis (Figure 2 and Table S1, Supporting Information File 1) shows a significant increase in the O-to-C ratio

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), in vitro drug release in 0.1 M HCl (pH 1.2) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4), and pharmacokinetic studies. The optimal formulation (APT-CD-NP4) containing the highest

• , and zeta potential measurements. Also Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), solubility, in vitro dissolution, and in vivo and stability studies were carried out. Result and Discussion Physicochemical evaluation The solubility of APT in the SLNs was 24-fold higher

• polymers [19]. X-ray diffraction studies APT, β-CD, poloxamer 407, APT-CD-NP4, and APT-PX-NP8 were evaluated using X-ray diffraction. APT exhibited sharp and intense peaks at diffraction angles (2θ) of 8.98°, 10.64°, 12.47°, 14.67°, 15.42°, 17.13°, 18.89°, 19.48°, 20.81°, 22.78°, and 27.10° (Figure 4b

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• pressure exerted by the Zn2SiO4 phase on CdO nanoparticles during oxygen ion irradiation leads to the coexistence of both B1 and B2 phases. X-ray absorption near-edge spectra (XANES) reveal minimal changes in the intensity of the spike-like Zn L3,2 pre-edge feature associated with the Zn2SiO4 phase under

• oxygen ion irradiation, while it entirely disappears with silver ion irradiation, confirming the amorphization of the Zn2SiO4 phase. Complementary observations from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), specifically O 1s and Si 2p peaks in XPS spectra, support these findings. Additionally, the track

• diverse characterization techniques, demonstrating the potential reversibility of the B1 to B2 phase transformation induced by ion irradiation. Keywords: irradiation; phase transformation; thermal spike; track diameter; X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• effective dwell time with a 600 nm FWHM of the electron beam), and 2000 cycles. For deposit morphology observation, a high-resolution Hitachi S4800 FESEM was used. The chemical composition of the deposits was confirmed through energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) using a silicon drift detector from

• of the thin focused electron beam (FEB) deposit containing Pd, C, and O without substrate interference (native silicon oxide and silicon), the SAMx Stratagem thin film correction software, based on the work by Pouchou and Pichoir [43] was employed. Stratagem needs k-ratios (i.e., the ratio of X-ray

Zeolite materials with Ni and Co: synthesis and catalytic potential in the selective hydrogenation of citral

• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Yailen Costa Marrero,
• Tania Farias Piñeira,
• Céline Fontaine,
• Lexane Paget,
• Beatriz Concepción Rosabal,
• Arbelio Penton Madrigal,
• Vitalii Petranovskii and
• Gwendoline Lafaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 520–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.40

• being mixed. After 24 h, the solid phases were separated, lightly washed with distilled water, and oven-dried at 110 °C. Characterization The elemental composition of ZSA and the modified materials from both treatments was determined using X-ray fluorescence analysis, performed with a ZETIUM PANalytical

• nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. The initial natural zeolite samples were also examined via powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD patterns were recorded using a PW 1218 diffractometer (Philips, Almelo, Netherlands) equipped with a curved graphite monochromator and Cu Kα

• Andrés deposit. Some HEU crystals are indicated by a, b, and c, where a and b exhibit tabular characteristics while c has slat morphology. Mordenite crystals, marked by d, e, and f, show acicular to fibrous shapes. Elemental composition determined by X-ray fluorescence of the materials obtained by IE and

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• the same nominal film thickness after implantation. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; grazing angle X-ray diffractometer; Keithley parametric analyzer; Mo thin films; RF sputtering; spectroscopic ellipsometry; Introduction Molybdenum thin films have garnered significant attention in diverse

• thicknesses were implanted with 1 × 1017 N2+·cm−2 at 30 keV using a current density of 4 µA·cm−2. The structural properties of the deposited Mo thin films were investigated using a GXRD Bruker AXS GmbH D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer in grazing incidence geometry, employing Cu Kα radiation with a wavelength

• of 1.5405 Å. Measurements were conducted with a fixed incident angle of 0.5°, and the X-ray tube was operated at 40 kV and 40 mA. The surface morphology was analyzed using a Bruker Multimode-8 atomic force microscopy (AFM). The optical characteristics of the molybdenum thin films were analyzed using

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• sensitivity among all. Results and Discussion X-ray diffraction of as-synthesized Ag@ZnO nanorods The Ag@ZnO NRs were analyzed for their crystal phases by evaluating the X-ray diffraction pattern. Figure 1a displays the diffraction pattern of the Ag@ZnO NRs that were formed. It was observed that this pattern

• expressed as is 0.001275. The total broadening of the peak (βT) caused by the crystalline size and strain in the lattice is given by: where βD is broadening of the peak due to crystal size and βε is broadening due to lattice strain. For analyzing stress and strain resulting from X-ray diffraction

• with XRD results of secondary phase formations [22][23][24]. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of Ag@ZnO nanorods The physical state and chemical compositions of Ag@ZnO NRs were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Figure 7a represents the scan results of the binding energy. The

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• crystal structure of the HEA NPs was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a Smartlab diffractometer (Rigaku, Japan). SEM was used to characterize the nanoparticle size distribution and to determine the beam shape influence while maintaining comparable PLAL parameters for both beams to minimize the

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• size. The imaging was performed using TEM at 120 kV (Jeol JEM1400, Germany). The surface elements and their composition in the nanoparticle were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (PHI 5000 Versa Probe II, FEI Inc) regarding their binding energy. The fixed transmission mode was utilized

• larger estimate than the dry measurements obtained from TEM and SEM [32]. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, also known as electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), was used to analyze the surface chemistry of the PEG–PCL NPs. XPS is a powerful surface-sensitive technique that provides detailed

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• scattering by the carbon fibers. The pulsed laser-grafted gold nanoparticles exhibited cauliflower morphology with approximately 200 nm diameter and no detectable carbonaceous shells (Figure 2B and cf. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data below). Assembly of gold nanoparticles by nanosecond laser

• gold nanoparticles) spectral signatures were not observable here. Pulsed laser grafting created nonequilibrium gold nanoparticle–carbon fiber paper composites, evident from powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) data (Figure 5A). We normalized the XRD patterns to the (111) peak and found that the (200) or (311

• scanning electron microscope with a Schottky field-emission emitter was operated at 20.00 kV with a working distance of 4.9 mm. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy data were collected using an SEM-integrated EDAX Octane elect plus spectrometer with a with silicon drift detector. Double sided carbon

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• °C, and 600 °C using RF sputtering. The thickness of the films has been found to decrease from 940 nm at room temperature to 200 nm at 600 °C with increasing substrate temperature. The structural investigation using grazing incidence angle X-ray diffraction revealed that films deposited at room

• ± 0.30 nm for the films deposited at room temperature, 300 °C, 400 °C, 500 °C, and 600 °C, respectively. The structural aspects of the ZnTe/Qz films were analysed using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GXRD) on a Bruker AXS D8 Advance with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å) available at Ion Beam Centre

• energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) operated at 10 keV. The current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of the films were measured in the voltage range from −1 V to 1 V using a two-probe Keithley 4200 A-SCS parametric analyser available at Ion Beam Centre, Kurukshetra University. Results and Discussion

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• , the decrease in ID/IG corroborates with the bathochromic shift of the π–π* electronic transition in GO–Chl due to the preservation of a sp2 carbon framework. Furthermore, the chemical states/structures of GO, Chl, and GO–Chl were investigated through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Figure 2a–c

• created by the authors using Avogadro: an open-source molecular builder and visualization tool. Version 1.0.2n http://avogadro.cc/) [40]. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. C 1s core level spectra for GO (a), Chl (b), and GO–Chl (c), respectively. Experimental (black line), fitted data (red line

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• prepared using a wet-milling method with zirconium balls to enhance bioavailability and expand potential applications. The particle size and physicochemical properties of the BerNPs were analyzed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier

• content in the powder material was determined to be 92% by mass. In both raw berberine powder and BerNPs, X-ray diffraction analysis showed strong peaks around 9.5° and weak peaks between 25.5° and 26.5° (Figure 2C). These characteristic diffraction peaks represent the crystalline structure of berberine

• temperature, and analyzed at a voltage of 10 kV [24]. X-ray diffraction analysis was used to evaluate the crystalline structure of berberine and BerNPs. FTIR spectra were analyzed to identify typical functional groups and chemical bonds in raw berberine and BerNPs [28]. Determination of minimum inhibitory

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• contradictory observation, including reduced crystallinity as evidenced by the X-ray diffraction results and the presence of bound solvent detected through differential scanning calorimetry, which acts as plasticizer in the chitosan/PVA membrane and reduces the storage modulus. Viana et al. [138] conducted DMA

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• after exposure to irradiation, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) was used. The stability of TMZ under these conditions was determined unsing attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and UV–vis spectroscopy. Most of the procedures and techniques were used in our previous study [43

• the absence of additional defects on the surface of CNs after TMZ loading. X-ray powder diffraction Several literature data are focused on the changes in structure and size of CNs after their exposure to gamma radiation. In one study [63], upon exposure of MWCNTs to gamma radiation and subsequent

• , while the other at 45° is related to changes in the crystallinity or arrangements in the nanotubes after irradiation. In the X-ray pattern of MWCNTs-G-COOH, the two characteristic peaks at 2θ angles of 26° and 43° were also present; however, the intensity of the peak at 26° decreased in the irradiated

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• gradually through a solvothermal reaction, driven by the chemical transformation represented by the following equation: Nanohydroxyapatite characterization The structural analysis of nHA was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The diffraction pattern of nHA standard is given in Figure 1, while that of

• constant (with a value of 0.89), λ represents the X-ray wavelength in nanometers (0.154 nm), β denotes the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the diffraction peak, and θ is the Bragg angle. The crystal size of the sample was found to be 34.27 nm, with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 0.2384 radians

• Novella and coworkers [26]. Nanohydroxyapatite characterization Structural assessment of the synthesized nHA was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD) with the PANalytical AERIS system and OriginLab 8.5.1 software. Further examination of the sample’s morphology was carried out using a scanning electron

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• , and X-ray diffraction (XRD) provide information about the bulk MOF-based MMM [140][141][142]. FTIR yields information about the functional groups within the sample [140], and will differ between the pristine MOF, polymer membrane, and MOF-based MMM [118][121][122][124][128][131]. In this way, it is

• MOF-based MMM system that perturb the crystallinity in the membrane will be discernable through XRD [121][129]. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are commonly used to supplement the chemical analysis of MOF-based MMMs [113][137][143]. EDX can

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• for their potential as antibacterial hybrid pigments. The bentonite clay modified with niobium was prepared by a solution containing swelling clay mixed with niobium oxide (NbOx) and niobium phosphate (NbPh) in a water solution; after that, the suspension was calcinated. X-ray diffractometry, X-ray

• dye with the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (present in the mitochondria), leading to the formation of a salt called Formazan with a pink-reddish color. Characterization X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements of the powder were conducted using a Rigaku BEartLab SE 3 kW diffractometer equipped with Cu Kα

• mode. Powder and paint-applied samples were analyzed by colorimetry, based on the CIEL*a*b* system, using a portable colorimeter (NR60CP – 3NH). The oxidation state and elemental composition of the samples were evaluated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with a PHI Genesis instrument from

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• -angle and full X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, respectively, for the samples containing hydrolyzed forms of Ti after hydrolysis of TEOT. The full XRD patterns of the hydrolyzed samples after calcination are shown in Figure 1c. For comparison, the corresponding patterns for the parent compound MOR-L

• and TEOT, studied in our previous work [5], for which even after hydrolysis for 12 h in water the long-range order of the lamellae was preserved. The results of the elemental analysis using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the parent lamellar sample and TiO2

• the Research Park of Saint Petersburg State University (Centre for X-ray Diffraction Studies; Interdisciplinary Resource Centre for Nanotechnology; Centre for Physical Methods of Surface Investigation; Centre for Diagnostics of Functional Materials for Medicine, Pharmacology and Nanoelectronics

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• characterization using UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction measurements, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, photocatalytic studies, electrochemical analysis, and determination of antibacterial and anticancer activity. The

• . The average crystallite size of the synthesized ZnO NPs was calculated using the Scherrer equation: where D is the crystallite size, K is the shape factor, λ is the X-ray wavelength (1.54 Å for Cu Kα radiation), β is the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the diffraction peak in radians, and θ is

• . The numbers on the branches represent bootstrap values derived from 1000 replications, showcasing the statistical reliability of each node. The tree was constructed using the maximum likelihood method based on 16S rRNA sequences, with alignment performed against GenBank data. (a) X-ray diffraction