Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials

• Huan Ren,
• Lifang Wu,
• Lina Tan,
• Yanni Bao,
• Yuchen Ma,
• Yong Jin and
• Qianli Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1140–1150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.85

• assemblies at the nanoscale. This component exhibits regular aggregate properties through hydrogen bonding and ion interaction, which are highly similar to those of amyloid components, suggesting that it may be associated with the etiology of amyloid-related diseases. Besides, the resulting structure is as

pH-driven enhancement of anti-tubercular drug loading on iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery in macrophages

• Karishma Berta Cotta,
• Sarika Mehra and
• Rajdip Bandyopadhyaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1127–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.84

• distribution of these particles was also high, i.e., FWHM of 670.94 nm, resulting from the variation in particle aggregate sizes. The XRD pattern obtained for the synthesized particles were in accordance with the pattern observed in the XRD database for iron oxide (COD: 9013529) [32] (Figure 2c). The zeta

• individual nanoparticles (Figure 3b), clearly indicating a reduced aggregate size in comparison to the UIONPs which was also indicated by the reduced FWHM, i.e., 40.72 nm. The XRD pattern confirmed the presence of iron oxide nanoparticles (Figure 3c). The FTIR spectrum of NOR@IONPpH5 indicated the presence

• also observed to be 46.97 nm exhibiting a narrower size distribution in comparison to UIONPs but a slightly broader in comparison to NOR@IONPpH10. Thus, coating at pH 10 also promoted a reduction in the nanoparticle aggregate size. A slight shoulder in the hydrodynamic size distribution at 32–40 nm is

Revealing the formation mechanism and band gap tuning of Sb₂S₃ nanoparticles

• Maximilian Joschko,
• Franck Yvan Fotue Wafo,
• Christina Malsi,
• Danilo Kisić,
• Ivana Validžić and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1021–1033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.76

• nm in diameter, which began to aggregate again into spherical structures of about 200 nm in size. At this point, the chemical composition of the particles complied with Sb2S3. The color became darker and started to turn red (≈20 min) since the aggregates merged into type II particles, which seemed to

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• and could be applied to MNRs. MaBiDZ is mainly composed of three parts, that is, the DZb strand, MaB1, and MaB2. MaB1 is conjugated with DZa, and MaB2 is conjugated with a DNA hook strand complementary to F-sub. An external magnetic field will make MAb1 and MAb2 aggregate, so that the activated BiDz

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• drug abuse [21]. Animal experiments demonstrated Ag accumulation in the liver, kidneys, brain, and testis after oral exposure to AgNPs; however, the chemical form of Ag remained undefined in these cases [22]. In media of high ionic strength and low pH the AgNPs aggregate and/or dissolve [23]. Under

• AgNPs enter the body where they gain a protein corona, aggregate, and dissolve to Ag+. Ionic silver may precipitate in the anion-rich environment of different tissues, where Ag binds to S, resulting in nanocrystals. Aggregation and corona–NP destabilisation can also lead to precipitation. Whole blood

Boosting of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution via chlorine doping of polymeric carbon nitride

• Malgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Michalina Kijaczko,
• Wojciech Kukulka,
• Daria Baranowska,
• Martyna Baca,
• Beata Zielinska and
• Ewa Mijowska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 473–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.38

• the morphology of the prepared materials, presented in Figure 1, was performed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The images of pristine PCN demonstrate the layered structure with a tendency to fold and aggregate. They also show several stacking layers, indicating the planar graphitic-like

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• particles aggregate and the conducting electrons closer to each particle surface are relocated and shared between neighboring particles. This causes a change in surface plasmon resonance which can be observed from the absorption spectrum. It is also conceivable to evaluate a possible dissolution of AgNPs

• scattering spectra by UV–vis (extinction spectrum = absorption + scattering) for AgNPs in water, calculated by using the Mie scattering theory [63]. UV–vis spectroscopy is a simple and safe method to monitor the stability of AgNPs. When particles aggregate, dissociate, or change shape, the original

Colloidal particle aggregation: mechanism of assembly studied via constructal theory modeling

• Scott C. Bukosky,
• Sukrith Dev,
• Monica S. Allen and
• Jeffery W. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 413–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.33

• neighboring particles aggregate about a shared, central particle (blue arrows in Figure 4a). A new uniform hexagonal lattice is formed with clusters of seven particles separated by a triangular spacing of (Figure 4b), while the total force of the system increases by a factor of 49 (F = 49F4()). Alternatively

• of a transient system – not the final state of the system –, which will continue to evolve and form new aggregates until equilibrium is reached. The approaches outlined above are recursive and can continue to be carried out as the particle spacing and aggregate size changes. Results and Discussion

• a uniform square lattice undergo non-uniform aggregation when four neighboring particles aggregate about a center particle (green arrows). (d) The resulting non-uniform aggregation from (c) leads to a new lattice of five-particle clusters surrounded by singlets. A single particle at the origin feels

High-responsivity hybrid α-Ag₂S/Si photodetector prepared by pulsed laser ablation in liquid

• Raid A. Ismail,
• Hanan A. Rawdhan and
• Duha S. Ahmed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1596–1607, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.142

• show a strong tendency to agglomerate and aggregate and consequently form large particles. In this context, extensive studies have been conducted to obtain monodisperse and single-morphology Ag2S NPs. Dong et al. prepared faceted and cubic Ag2S nanocrystals using a cost-effective cetyltrimethylammonium

• mixture of Tu and CTAB were monodisperse NPs with purely spherical shapes, and the average particle size was approximately 30 ± 5 nm. Figure 6b shows monodisperse NPs, which did not agglomerate or aggregate after the CTAB surfactant was added. These observations confirmed the effective capping of CTAB on

Magnetic-field-assisted synthesis of anisotropic iron oxide particles: Effect of pH

• Andrey V. Shibaev,
• Petr V. Shvets,
• Darya E. Kessel,
• Roman A. Kamyshinsky,
• Anton S. Orekhov,
• Sergey S. Abramchuk,
• Alexei R. Khokhlov and
• Olga E. Philippova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1230–1241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.107

• bind to each other and position themselves in a column-like orientation, which gives a rod-like shape to the aggregate. Further recrystallization of the aggregates leads to the formation of single-crystal nanorods (Figure 7). The formation of single-crystal nanorods may be facilitated by the hexagonal

Influence of the magnetic nanoparticle coating on the magnetic relaxation time

• Mihaela Osaci and
• Matteo Cacciola

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1207–1216, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.105

• values are given in Table 1. The external magnetic field intensity was set along the z-axis. A random nanoparticle arrangement in a face-centred-cubic grid was initially considered. By using the Langevin dynamics stochastic method, an aggregate structure was obtained. After obtaining the aggregate

• influences how the nanoparticles aggregate. To study how the thickness of the nanoparticle coating layer and the polymer surface density influence the magnetic behaviour of the nanoparticles, for different values of the polymer surface density, the thickness of the nanoparticle coating layer was varied from

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• downside of cubic nanoparticles is that they have a higher tendency to aggregate at high concentrations than spherical SPIONs, which eventually affects the hyperthermia efficacy. Despite this, cubic SPIONs are more effective in hyperthermia [63]. This was proved in vitro [144] reaching local temperatures

Simulations of the 2D self-assembly of tripod-shaped building blocks

• Łukasz Baran,
• Wojciech Rżysko and
• Edyta Słyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 884–890, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.73

• networks, we observe small defects, which are artifacts of the cooling process. These can also be observed very often in experiments. For model WT111 (Figure 2c) the formation of a different structure occurs. Also, there is only one aggregate built of almost all molecules in the system. It is surprising

Identification of physicochemical properties that modulate nanoparticle aggregation in blood

• Ludovica Soddu,
• Duong N. Trinh,
• Eimear Dunne,
• Dermot Kenny,
• Giorgia Bernardini,
• Ida Kokalari,
• Arianna Marucco,
• Marco P. Monopoli and
• Ivana Fenoglio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 550–567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.44

• haemostatic platelets to aggregate and thrombus formation [38]. Fibrinogen plays a key role in platelet aggregation, forming bridges between platelets and acting as an aggregation glue. On the other hand, fibrinogen also has a key role in NP aggregation. Fibrinogen has a high affinity for surfaces [39], and

Luminescent gold nanoclusters for bioimaging applications

• Nonappa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 533–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.42

•  6D–F). Interestingly, the NC frameworks led to a higher cell viability compared to [Au25(SG)18]. This is attributed to the fact that smaller nanoparticles produce reactive oxygen species and possibly aggregate in the cellular medium. The superstructures were also found to show excellent

Using gold nanoparticles to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms: toward liquid biopsy

• María Sanromán Iglesias and
• Marek Grzelczak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 263–284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.20

• gradual aggregation. This method allows for a sensitivity of 500 nM in the discrimination of single-base mutation. Rothberg and Li proposed the use of citrate-stabilized gold nanoparticles instead of DNA-coated nanoparticles, which are prone to aggregate at a high salt concentration [63]. The working

• colorimetric assay for the detection of EGFR mutants in long DNA sequences. The presence of a target releases the catalyst oligonucleotide initiating CHA, which in turn progressively aggregate gold nanoparticles. Reprinted with permission from [81], copyright 2018 John Wiley and Sons. The combination of

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

• use of irradiation to promote drug delivery (photochemical internalization). Block copolymers used for vectorization of photosensitizers Most of the used photosensitizers are highly hydrophobic and have the tendency to aggregate in aqueous environments, which is detrimental for their effectiveness in

Size effects of graphene nanoplatelets on the properties of high-density polyethylene nanocomposites: morphological, thermal, electrical, and mechanical characterization

• Tuba Evgin,
• Alpaslan Turgut,
• Georges Hamaoui,
• Zdenko Spitalsky,
• Nicolas Horny,
• Matej Micusik,
• Mihai Chirtoc,
• Mehmet Sarikanat and
• Maria Omastova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 167–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.14

• displays that the thermal conductivity of HDPE/G3 nanocomposites slightly decreased up to 1.84 vol % GnPs loading. The explanation is that G3 tended to aggregate, resulting in a decreased contact area between HDPE and G3, as mentioned by Huang and co-workers [5]. Subsequently, the enhancement of the

The different ways to chitosan/hyaluronic acid nanoparticles: templated vs direct complexation. Influence of particle preparation on morphology, cell uptake and silencing efficiency

• Arianna Gennari,
• Julio M. Rios de la Rosa,
• Erwin Hohn,
• Maria Pelliccia,
• Enrique Lallana,
• Roberto Donno,
• Annalisa Tirella and
• Nicola Tirelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2594–2608, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.250

• colloidal suspensions typically produces objects for which the mass can be expressed as fractal power of the size (mass fractals [25][26]), i.e., where Dm (≤3) is the so-called mass fractal dimension of the particle aggregate system [27]. For instance, this parameter takes values greater than 2.5 for

Microbubbles decorated with dendronized magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical imaging: effective stabilization via fluorous interactions

• Da Shi,
• Justine Wallyn,
• Dinh-Vu Nguyen,
• Francis Perton,
• Delphine Felder-Flesch,
• Sylvie Bégin-Colin,
• Mounir Maaloum and
• Marie Pierre Krafft

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2103–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.205

• , due to the dampening effect of the polymer shell or oil contained in the phospholipid coating [24][25]. One important difficulty encountered in the preparation of such magnetic MBs is that IONPs rapidly aggregate in aqueous media [25]. Commercially available 50 nm magnetic IONPs coated with

• aggregate. The profile (Figure 11Ac) measured on the magnified image (Figure 11Ab) clearly shows that the fluorinated IONPs are incorporated into the 1.5 nm thick DPPC monolayer. A different morphology is observed for the mixed film of DPPC and IONPs grafted with the hydrogenated dendron C2H5OEG8Den. In

Growth dynamics and light scattering of gold nanoparticles in situ synthesized at high concentration in thin polymer films

• Corentin Guyot,
• Philippe Vandestrick,
• Ingrid Marenne,
• Olivier Deparis and
• Michel Voué

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1768–1777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.172

• to aggregate yielding nanoparticles. These steps are enhanced by annealing the films at a temperature higher than the glass transition temperature of the polymer. In practice, the in situ synthesis allowed us to obtain relatively thin films (300–500 nm) with an absorbance equivalent to that measured

Direct observation of oxygen-vacancy formation and structural changes in Bi₂WO₆ nanoflakes induced by electron irradiation

• Hong-long Shi,
• Bin Zou,
• Zi-an Li,
• Min-ting Luo and
• Wen-zhong Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1434–1442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.141

• that the released atoms tend to aggregate on the surface of the flakes, and then recrystallize into new crystallites. Moreover, larger lattice spacings (d ≈ 3.768 Å, arrows indicated in Figure 2c) were observed at the edges of the irradiated flake, resulting in stronger electron scattering at the

Multicomponent bionanocomposites based on clay nanoarchitectures for electrochemical devices

• Giulia Lo Dico,
• Bernd Wicklein,
• Lorenzo Lisuzzo,
• Giuseppe Lazzara,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.129

• promotes the homogeneous dispersion of diverse nanoparticulated components. It can be inferred that the disaggregated fibres of sepiolite form an interpenetrated network representing, in the present case, a steric hindrance for GNPs, MWCNTs, and HNTs to aggregate. This avoids phase segregation and particle

Photoactive nanoarchitectures based on clays incorporating TiO₂ and ZnO nanoparticles

• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky,
• Pilar Aranda,
• Marwa Akkari,
• Nithima Khaorapapong and
• Makoto Ogawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1140–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.114

• recovery of the NPs, e.g., through filtration, can be very difficult, which may add substantial costs to industrial processes involving these materials. In addition, the tendency of the particles to aggregate, especially at high concentrations, may cause changes in the transparency and viscosity of the

Enhanced inhibition of influenza virus infection by peptide–noble-metal nanoparticle conjugates

• Zaid K. Alghrair,
• David G. Fernig and
• Bahram Ebrahimi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1038–1047, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.104

• parameter indicates a loss of ligand shell integrity and nanoparticle aggregation, the absolute value of aggregation parameter greater than 1 is not informative, since nanoparticle can aggregate in different ways that affect the UV-vis spectra differently. Thus, the inclusion of 5% (mol/mol) FluPep ligand