Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• ± 20 nm) for various periods of time up to 72 h. The growth mechanism was investigated through ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy analyses, confirming the gradual transformation of spherical seeds into

• nm. Samples were diluted tenfold with deionized water prior to measurement. To determine the morphology, particle size of the synthesized nanostructures, the samples were analyzed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, Hitachi S-4800, Japan) and transmission electron microscopy

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• , enhanced diffusion, surface adsorption, and cation–π electron interactions were observed at 550 °C in Polygonum amphibium L. biochar. However, pyrolysis temperatures above 550 °C led to reduced stability [42]. Similarly, pyrolysis at 700 °C can increase SSA but may degrade oxygen-containing functional

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• , which can manifest as a metallic sheen when they are present on a substrate [47]. Surface alterations of the membranes are documented using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Figure 4). The CTA membrane’s surface appears smooth and uniform, devoid of visible defects (Figure 4a). Cross-sectional SEM

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• light scattering (DLS) is commonly used to determine liposome size and size distribution. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) can be used to image liposome morphology and determine lamellarity. Zeta potential measurements assess the surface charge of liposomes, which

• ]. Different techniques are used to evaluate the characteristics of liposomes [122][123][124]. In the case of average particle size, DLS and microscopy techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), TEM, cryogenic TEM, and AFM are used to determine the size of liposomes [122]. The size of liposomes is

Deep-learning recognition and tracking of individual nanotubes in low-contrast microscopy videos

• Vladimir Pimonov,
• Said Tahir and
• Vincent Jourdain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1316–1324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.96

• , finding numerous applications in scientific research. Deep learning models have been used to identify two-dimensional materials in microscopic images [6], characterize mineral composition in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) samples [7], and determine nanotube chirality from transmission electron

• situ imaging platforms for nanomaterials, such as environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) of CNTs [31][33] and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) of graphene growth and etching processes [34]. Snapshots from (a) the raw video of carbon nanotube (CNT) synthesis on a stable

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• observed. By employing cross-sectional electron microscopy, we scrutinize the penetration depth of laser radiation or laser-affected zone, in the LIPSS-formed SS sheets, revealing a parallel trend with LSFL and HSFL spatial periodicity. Specifically, the penetration depth increases with wavelength up to

• [46][47][48]. LSFL formation is often attributed to the interference between incoming electromagnetic radiation and surface electromagnetic waves and involves surface polaritons and surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). These SPPs propagate along the interface of the two media in which the electron

• conducted to examine the surface morphology of the samples and precisely measure the depth to which the laser heat affected or penetrated the zone. Imaging was performed using an FEI NOVA NANO SEM 450 scanning electron microscope. External etching was executed using a DC power supply machine, applying a

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• limited by material challenges, including insufficient light absorption, high electron–hole recombination rates, and poor stability under operating conditions [5][6]. Among various semiconductor materials, bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) has attracted considerable interest due to its strong visible light

• ) was employed to determine the chemical states of each photoanode. All photoanode morphologies were examined using field-emission transmission electron microscopy (FESEM, Hitachi SU8010). Photoelectrochemical measurements PEC experiments were performed in a conventional three-electrode cell using an

• sizes, indicating an improved crystalline quality. BiVO4(326) exhibited the largest average crystallite size (≈40 nm), consistent with the enhanced PEC performance and reduced lattice strain observed in the Raman analysis. Morphological characterization (FESEM) Field-emission scanning electron

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• stability, making PE-CEO-infused films promising candidates for biopackaging applications requiring controlled moisture permeability. The surface morphology of the biopackaging materials was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Figure 3). As shown in our previous research, nanocellulose in

• materials (BP, rBP, and rCBP) was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), model Primas E (US). The samples were coated with Pt for 30 s prior to measurement. Bioactive properties UV absorption. Transparency and UV absorption of the films were determined using UV–vis spectroscopy in the

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• using a previously validated method, yielding a correlation coefficient R = 0.9973 [20][21]. Transmission electron microscopy Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis was carried out using a JEM-1400 microscope (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) with an accelerating voltage of 100 kV. The samples were diluted

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• (control = empty particles; rot = rotenoid-loaded particles). B) Controlled ionic gelation of CS with TPP-β-CD inclusion complex (control and rot). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of chitosan nanocomposites. A) Conventional ionic gelation of CS/TPP. B) Conventional ionic gelation of CS/TPP

Electronic and optical properties of chloropicrin adsorbed ZnS nanotubes: first principle analysis

• Prakash Yadav,
• Boddepalli SanthiBhushan and
• Anurag Srivastava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1184–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.87

• analyses were conducted using the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) DFT approach, as implemented in the Synopsys-QuantumATK software [49]. Electron exchange/correlation interaction energies were calculated using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) with the revised Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof

• orbitals of Zn and the p orbitals of S. Based on Koopman’s theorem [59][60] the highest-occupied molecular orbital energy (HOMO) of the target molecule was employed to estimate the ionization potential (IP). In contrast, the lowest-unoccupied molecular orbital energy (LUMO) correlates with electron

• affinity (EA). According to the Mulliken's definition [60], the average of these two energies yields electronegativity (χ), as shown in Equation 5. Ionization potential is the energy required to remove an electron from the molecule, whereas electron affinity refers to the energy released when an electron

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• in AFM measurements when compared to other experimental techniques such as optical microscopy or electron microscopy. This is due to the fact that the finite size of the tip apex introduces an overestimation in the lateral dimensions of the imaged object but not of its height, where AFM excels in

• rigidity is tested beyond the thickness of the bacterial outer cell wall, which, according to cryo-electron tomography, is about 25–30 nm [50]. In Table 1, the mean value obtained for the stiffness and Young’s modulus from the distributions are given and compared with mean values of kPA and YPA

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• in organic solvents (acetone, ethanol, acetonitrile). In a systematic experimental series using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, selected-area electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, electron energy

• heterogeneous catalysts or magnets. In that context, the outstanding temperature stability up to 375 °C (differential scanning calorimetry) or 500 °C (transmission electron microscopy) may motivate future application-relevant work. Keywords: amorphous; cantor alloy; compositionally complex alloy; complex solid

• solution; EELS; electron energy loss spectroscopy; laser processing in liquids; multicomponent alloy; STEM-EDX; selected area electron diffraction; X-ray diffraction; Introduction High-entropy alloys (HEAs), also referred to as compositionally complex solid solutions (CCSS) [1], are of great interest in

Deep learning for enhancement of low-resolution and noisy scanning probe microscopy images

• Samuel Gelman,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Nir Kampf,
• Marek Patočka,
• Maricarmen Rios,
• Marcos Penedo,
• Georg Fantner,
• Amir Beker,
• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Ido Azuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.83

• beneficial to authenticate results using other microscopies such as electron microscopy, or spectroscopic techniques, where relevant. Importantly, computationally, PSNR average values are very close to 30 for the Celgard® 2400 membrane surface and above 32 for the titanium film, putting them within the

Towards a quantitative theory for transmission X-ray microscopy

• James G. McNally,
• Christoph Pratsch,
• Stephan Werner,
• Stefan Rehbein,
• Andrew Gibbs,
• Jihao Wang,
• Thomas Lunkenbein,
• Peter Guttmann and
• Gerd Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.82

• . Not all the assumptions of the inc-BL model match the TXM we have used in this study at the electron storage ring BESSY II in the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin. Specifically, the sample illumination is not incoherent, but rather partially coherent because the sample is illuminated over a narrow angular

• 60 nm gold nanospheres at different amounts of defocus to generate a 3D dataset. Thus z values correspond to the shift of the microscope stage from its true focus location. We used the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin TXM operating at 510 eV at the electron storage ring BESSY II. To assess the

• (Supporting Information File 1, Section S12) and the non-tilted condenser model was much easier to compute. To enable a more precise quantitative analysis, we first extensively characterized the gold nanospheres by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, Supporting Information File 1

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• ) coatings deposited using electron beam evaporation (EBE) and ion beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) are presented. Post-process annealing at 800 °C was also conducted to examine its impact on the properties of the prepared coatings. After annealing at 800 °C, a transition from amorphous to the anatase phase

• , adhesive, and durable TiO2 coatings with improved optical and mechanical properties, suitable for applications requiring enhanced wear resistance. Keywords: electron beam evaporation; ion beam-assisted deposition; mechanical properties; nanocrystalline anatase; optical properties; TiO2 coatings

• ; Introduction One of the commonly used methods for the deposition of various materials for thin film optical coatings, is electron beam evaporation (EBE) [1][2][3][4][5]. Today, in many applications, including medicine, telecommunications, optoelectronics, photovoltaics, the requirements for optical coatings

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• adsorption, the CsCl solution was removed with a water rinse for 5 min. Characterization The electronic structure of Cs-adsorbed SLGO was investigated by NEXAFS. The C and O K-edge NEXAFS measurements were carried out at the BL-8 station in the Ritsumeikan Synchrotron Radiation Center. The partial electron

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• SiC surface and stored at room temperature. The synthesized hBN and commercial BaTiO3 nanoparticles (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) were characterized using several analytical techniques. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEOL ARM 200 CF, 200 keV) was employed to examine morphology and particle size by

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• performance may be attained by means of improvements in electron transport properties and optimization of the loading of the MOF within the LbL nanostructures. The creation of well-defined soft multilayer structures comprising a variety of components represents a crucial strategy in the field of soft

• aforementioned example. It is also anticipated that soft materials nanoarchitectonics using polymers will be applied in other fields, including the control of the functions of polymer semiconductors. The process of chemical doping of molecular semiconductors is based on electron transfer reactions between the

• semiconductors and the dopant molecules. The redox potential of the dopant is a critical factor in regulating the Fermi level of the semiconductor. The research group led by Ishii and Yamashita utilizes proton coupling electron transfer reactions, which are extensively employed in biochemical processes [278

Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes

• Volodymyr Krasinskyi,
• Krzysztof Bajer,
• Ludmila Dulebova,
• Nickolas Polychronopoulos,
• Oksana Krasinska and
• Daniel Kaczor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1014–1024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.76

• film sample made of original PBS (denoted PBS) was also prepared. A schematic diagram of the two-stage process for obtaining the nanocomposite and the film based on it is shown in Figure 8. Characterizations A scanning electron microscope (SEM), Hitachi SU8010 (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan), was used to

• examine the microstructure of the samples and the distribution of the dispersed phase. The microstructure of original CNTs and pellets of PBS and PBS/CNTs nanocomposites was analyzed using the secondary electron (SE) detector at an accelerating voltage of 10 kV. Cross-sectional samples for SEM analysis

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• activatable with blue light, and encouraging the NO release with the more biocompatible green light probably by an intra-cage photoinduced electron transfer. Keywords: calixarenes; cell targeting; fluorescence; light; nitric oxide; Introduction Calix[n]arenes are a family of polyphenolic macrocycles

• electron transfer. Either reductive or oxidative pathways usually lead to NO loss and the concomitant formation of an anlinyl radical intermediate, which evolves to the stable photoproduct 2b after H transfer. In our case, such a process involves mainly the lowest singlet state of ABF. This hypothesis is

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• . Ultrafast time-resolved probing approaches are key to revealing the transient states and pathways that govern material transformation in LSPC. Keywords: electron diffraction; laser processing in liquids; optical imaging; optical spectroscopy; pump–probe; single objects; time-resolved probing; X-ray

• consequences, such as providing timescales for lattice heating or explaining nonlinearities in excitation through electron heat capacity [23]. One notable exception from the universality of the TTM that limits its generalization to more degrees of freedom is the impact of non-thermalized electrons on structure

• , where excessive electron emission leads to material decomposition via charge forces [51][52] (Figure 1D–G). Discriminating between these mechanisms in experiments is challenging and requires carefully designed approaches that resolve the processes spatially, temporally, and energetically. This review

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• –sample interaction, often leading to an underestimation of mitochondrial apparent height due to applied cantilever pressure [22][25]. Similarly, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) offers high-resolution imaging but requires mitochondria to be chemically fixed, stained, and sectioned, which precludes the

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• reduction of Ag+ to Ag(0) via oxygen-containing functionalities on their surfaces. The electrostatic attraction between the oxygen-containing functionalities on the surface of CDs binds with the positively charged Ag+ ions, which were then reduced by electron transfer from PG-CDs to the Ag+ ions [27]. The

• in Figure 4e. The narrowness of the average particle size distribution plot was well supported by the uniform particle size distribution shown in TEM images. Figure 4f is the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern of PG-CDs-AgNPs, exhibiting a ring-like diffraction pattern indicating