Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications

• August K. Roos,
• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• Erik Holmgren and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 242–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.23

• the nanowire reduces Ic and decreases the maximum nc possible before undesirable nonlinear effects become significant. A nonlinear microwave mode is not part of the standard electromechanical formulation, complicating the analysis in, for example, the phase-sensitive detection scheme. Third in the

Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• ]. Particularly, PLGA is widely used for nanoparticle formulation because it is a versatile material that can serve multiple functions, including transporting of therapeutic drugs and imaging agents [2][3]. In addition, PLGA can be altered in numerous ways to increase the half-life of nanoparticles in the blood

• ], mannose for the mannose receptor on activated macrophages [6][7], and folic acid for the overexpression of the folate receptor on the surface of cancer cells and activated macrophages [8]. Thus, in this study, PLGA was chosen for NP formulation since it is a biocompatible and biodegradable material

• (FTIR) results were displayed in the Supporting Information File 1 (Supplementary data 1) and Figure S1. Formulation of nanoparticles F127-folate@PLGA/IO/CHL/IR780 and others In 2 mL of DCM, 20 mg of PLGA, 40 μg of IO, 2 mg of CHL, and 0.1 mg of IR780 were mixed. The organic solvent was then added to

Development and characterization of potential larvicidal nanoemulsions against Aedes aegypti

• Jonatas L. Duarte,
• Leonardo Delello Di Filippo,
• Anna Eliza Maciel de Faria Mota Oliveira,
• Rafael Miguel Sábio,
• Gabriel Davi Marena,
• Tais Maria Bauab,
• Cristiane Duque,
• Vincent Corbel and
• Marlus Chorilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 104–114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.10

• volatility, make their formulation a true challenge. In this regard, nanoemulsions (NEs), which are dispersions of two immiscible liquids with one of them dispersed as small droplets [11][12], stand out as new delivery vehicles for these bioactive compounds. They are especially important to enhance the water

• HLB, one can obtain the nanoemulsion with the smallest droplet size, leading to more stable formulations [20]. The rHLB is usually determined by preparing NEs with different ratios of surfactant blends and choosing the most stable formulation to determine the rHLB of the oil phase [21

• maturation, a very important mechanism when it comes to the instability of NEs. It is related to the difference between the droplet sizes in the formulation, with the smaller droplets having greater chemical potential and, thus, diffusing to the larger ones [26]. Formulations with HLB values of 14 and 15

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

• bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs [15]. Limoee et al. reported that the release rate of Pramipexole from hybrid cross-linked nanofibers was successfully controlled between 8 and 10 h, which is approximately the same time that the drug formulation travels from the mouth to the small intestine. It is

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• currently used in the treatment of leishmaniasis is liposomal amphotericin-B (IC50: 0.18 μg/mL) [90], this liposomal formulation containing curc should receive greater attention. In addition, more complex efficacy and safety studies (in vivo) must be conducted so that they could be transferred to the market

Nanotechnological approaches in the treatment of schistosomiasis: an overview

• Lucas Carvalho,
• Michelle Sarcinelli and
• Beatriz Patrício

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 13–25, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.2

• ]. Additionally, due to the first passage effect, high doses of PZQ are required, resulting in large tablet sizes, making its administration challenging for children, as no PZQ pediatric formulation is distributed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Consequently, people split adult PZQ tablets to treat

• is just one formulation of PZQ developed for pediatric use which is commercially available: Epiquantel (40 mg/kg), a liquid formulation produced by Eipico, an Egyptian pharmacy industry. However, this medicine is not distributed by WHO and, thus, few works tried to use nanotechnology to change the

• organoleptic properties of PZQ [8][48]. da Fonseca et al. [8] used poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles loaded with PZQ produced by in situ mini emulsion polymerizations to mask the drug taste and develop an oral formulation. Although the taste was masked, the authors reported a gritty tongue sensation

Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95

• drug delivery can be achieved, are mechanical properties of nanoparticles. Even though this is often not even considered during formulation development, and it is not requested for approval, an increasing number of studies show that it is important to have knowledge about these characteristics. In this

• during formulation development. There is a clear trend for biological interactions among particles of the same material. However, different mechanical properties are expected when comparing across these particles. This topic will be discussed in the subsequent section. Nanoparticle elasticity and

• nanoparticulate drug delivery systems are an important characteristic, and more attention should be paid to that during formulation development. Mechanical properties need to be fine-tuned for the intended target and according to therapeutic needs. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that in vitro assays need to

Exploring internal structures and properties of terpolymer fibers via real-space characterizations

• Michael R. Roenbeck and
• Kenneth E. Strawhecker

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1004–1017, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.83

• -effective fiber with (ii) similar mechanical properties to Kevlar® that was (iii) heat-resistant and (iv) soluble in organic solvents [1]. A highly oriented fiber structure exhibiting these characteristics was achieved through a terpolymer chemical formulation, consisting of terephthaloyl chloride (TPA), p

Nanoarchitectonics of photothermal materials to enhance the sensitivity of lateral flow assays

• Elangovan Sarathkumar,
• Rajasekharan S. Anjana and
• Ramapurath S. Jayasree

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 988–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.82

• has advantages such as high NIR absorption, large surface area, and biocompatibility. Also, it is known to enhance the signal intensity in SERS, albeit less efficiently than gold nanoparticles [82][83]. However, graphene can be used for photothermal applications. Using a hybrid formulation of gold and

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• trials. To completely exploit the advantages of ACNPs in both preclinical and clinical studies, it is substantial to analyze the gaps between formulation development, selection of appropriate animal models, and clinical safety in humans. Additionally, early detection is one of the most important issues

N-Heterocyclic carbene-based gold etchants

• Robert B. Chevalier,
• Justin Pantano,
• Matthew K. Kiesewetter and
• Jason R. Dwyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 865–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.71

• toluene, THF, and DCM at three different time points, near the solubility limit of 1 in each solvent, and at a lower concentration of 1 for the most aggressive formulation. In the solution of 1 in toluene (Figure 3a), for example, there is no visible change to the gold film structure compared to the

Industrial perspectives for personalized microneedles

• Remmi Danae Baker-Sediako,
• Benjamin Richter,
• Matthias Blaicher,
• Michael Thiel and
• Martin Hermatschweiler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 857–864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.70

• set (ZEISS 25x NA 0.8 objective). However, IP-S has been extensively used for microneedle molds and direct microneedle fabrication. IP-S is compatible with both Photonic Professional and Quantum X systems. IPX-Q is the newest formulation from the original IP-Q. It is optimized for printing 3D

• structures with the large solution set (ZEISS 10x NA 0.8 objective) on the Quantum X systems. IPX-Q is preferred over IP-S for microneedle applications as IPX-Q, on average, prints faster than IP-S. This is a result of the IPX-Q formulation being optimized for 3D structures. Nanoscribe GmbH & Co is not a

• manufacturer of either medical devices or molds made from polymer masters. Users of the Nanoscribe Photonic Professional systems have extensively used IP-S and IP-Q for direct microneedle fabrication and molding. Given IPX-Q is the newest formulation of IP-Q, we expect similar results to those previously

Nanostructured lipid carriers containing benznidazole: physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and cellular in vitro studies

• Giuliana Muraca,
• María Esperanza Ruiz,
• Rocío C. Gambaro,
• Sebastián Scioli-Montoto,
• María Laura Sbaraglini,
• Gisel Padula,
• José Sebastián Cisneros,
• Cecilia Yamil Chain,
• Vera A. Álvarez,
• Cristián Huck-Iriart,
• Guillermo R. Castro,
• María Belén Piñero,
• Matias Ildebrando Marchetto,
• Catalina Alba Soto,
• Germán A. Islan and
• Alan Talevi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 804–818, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.66

• bioavailability by modifying the absorption, distribution, and elimination of the drug. In this study, BNZ was successfully loaded into nanocarriers composed of myristyl myristate/Crodamol oil/poloxamer 188 prepared by ultrasonication. A stable NLC formulation was obtained, with ≈80% encapsulation efficiency (%EE

• mean size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, and %EE of the formulation remained stable for at least six months. The hemolytic effect of the nanoparticles was insignificant compared to that of the positive lysis control. The nanoparticle formulation exhibited similar performance in vitro against T

• . cruzi compared to free BNZ. No formulation-related cytotoxic effects were observed on either Vero or CHO cells. Moreover, BNZ showed a 50% reduction in CHO cell viability at 125 µg/mL, whereas NLC-BNZ and non-loaded NLC did not exert a significant effect on cell viability at the same concentration

Current-induced mechanical torque in chiral molecular rotors

• Richard Korytár and
• Ferdinand Evers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 711–721, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.57

• case). The projectile also experiences friction. Due to conservation laws, the loss of the angular momentum of the projectile is compensated by an increase of . Therefore, this friction is included in our formulation. Our results are valid when thermal fluctuations are small, that is, kBT ≪ ΔV. To

Transferability of interatomic potentials for silicene

• Marcin Maździarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 574–585, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.48

• all previously optimized structures were computed using the metric tensor formulation of strain in the density functional perturbation theory (DFPT) [23]. The mechanical stability of the analyzed structures was verified by calculating the so-called Kelvin moduli [24][25]. To calculate the phonons, the

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

• transitions as well as the changed linewidth due to surface scattering (as appropriate), is Multiple inferences can be made from this formulation. In addition to linewidth broadening contributions to the dielectric function for smaller nanoparticles, electron orbit contractions (due to the majority of

The steep road to nonviral nanomedicines: Frequent challenges and culprits in designing nanoparticles for gene therapy

• Yao Yao,
• Yeongun Ko,
• Grant Grasman,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 351–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.30

• one formulation or the failure of another [15][17][27][28]. Within this context, an essential question is: “how are NPs internalized by cells?” [29]. Several mechanisms of endocytosis have been identified as listed in Table 2 [1]. Conventionally, the significance of an endocytosis pathway for a

Polymer nanoparticles from low-energy nanoemulsions for biomedical applications

• Santiago Grijalvo and
• Carlos Rodriguez-Abreu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 339–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.29

• Santiago Grijalvo Carlos Rodriguez-Abreu CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, Jordi Girona 18–26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain Instituto de Quimica Avanzada de Cataluña (IQAC), CSIC, Jordi Girona 18–26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain 10.3762/bjnano.14.29 Abstract The formulation of nanoemulsions by low-energy strategies

• , particularly by the phase inversion composition method, and the use of these nanoemulsions as templates for the preparation of polymer nanoparticles for biomedical applications are reviewed. The methods of preparation, nature of the components in the formulation, and their impact on the physicochemical

• the solvent can also be removed by selective diffusion [22]. The emulsion solvent evaporation method enables the use of biocompatible polymers, thermolabile compounds, and low-toxicity surfactants. The nanoparticle size can be tuned by formulation parameters and since the nanoparticles are directly

Recent progress in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications

• Qixiong Lin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Yanyan Wen,
• Xiaoqiong Li,
• Donglian Du,
• Weibin Dai,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 262–279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.24

• targeting function, immune evasion ability, and overcoming various biological barriers) to deliver the formulation to the target site for further treatment. Furthermore, tumor vaccines based on the surface antigens of the cancer cell membrane are expected to be a powerful method against tumors, which can

Antimicrobial and mechanical properties of functionalized textile by nanoarchitectured photoinduced Ag@polymer coating

• Jessica Plé,
• Marine Dabert,
• Helene Lecoq,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Lydie Ploux and
• Lavinia Balan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 95–109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.11

• photoinduced approach was investigated for textile functionalization with a silver@polymer self-assembled nanocomposite. By exposing the photosensitive formulation containing a silver precursor, a photoinitiator, and acrylic monomers to a UV source, highly reflective metallic coatings were obtained directly on

• photosensitive formulation was applied to a cotton textile with an abyko-drive applicator (calibrated bar coater). The resulting smooth sample was then irradiated under UV light (600 mW/cm2) to obtain the final Ag@polymer textile material, with a coating thickness of 100 µm, measured with a Mitutoyo digital

• formulation. The choice of polymer matrix effectively dictates the observed wettability and adhesion to the chosen substrate. The adhesion properties can also be explained by the innovative structure of the depth-wise gradient distribution of AgNPs in the metallic coatings. Indeed, as the AgNPs and the

The influence of structure and local structural defects on the magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms

• Alexander Vakhrushev,
• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Olesya Severyukhina and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 23–33, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.3

• dimensions as the ideal HCP structure in the first numerical experiment. A group of cobalt atoms with structural defects acquired as a result of film sputtering in an enlarged form is shown in Figure 3b. Henceforward, to simplify the formulation, the nanosystem of cobalt atoms from the numerical experiment

Orally administered docetaxel-loaded chitosan-decorated cationic PLGA nanoparticles for intestinal tumors: formulation, comprehensive in vitro characterization, and release kinetics

• Sedat Ünal,
• Osman Doğan and
• Yeşim Aktaş

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1393–1407, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.115

• drug delivery system loaded with docetaxel (DCX) as an anticancer drug, using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) as nanoparticle material, and modified with chitosan (CS) to gain mucoadhesive properties. In this context, an innovative nanoparticle formulation that can protect orally administered DCX

• studies on the Caco-2 cell line, the CS/DCX-PLGA formulation increased permeability by 383% compared to free DCX (p < 0.05). In the light of all results, CS/DCX-PLGA NPs can offer a promising and innovative approach as an oral anticancer drug-loaded nanoformulation for intestinal tumors. Keywords

• find new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The absence of an efficient oral chemotherapy is one of the biggest obstacles in cancer treatment worldwide [6]. Various formulation approaches have been used for many years to provide higher drug concentration in colon and less systemic side effects [7

Laser-processed antiadhesive bionic combs for handling nanofibers inspired by nanostructures on the legs of cribellate spiders

• Sebastian Lifka,
• Kristóf Harsányi,
• Erich Baumgartner,
• Lukas Pichler,
• Dariya Baiko,
• Karsten Wasmuth,
• Johannes Heitz,
• Marco Meyer,
• Anna-Christin Joel,
• Jörn Bonse and
• Werner Baumgartner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1268–1283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.105

• the entire fiber length l, which can depend on the position along the fiber: This formulation could be interpreted in such a way that if the radius of the fiber decreases, the van der Waals force also decreases and can, therefore, be neglected if R is sufficiently small. However, this is not always

Microneedle-based ocular drug delivery systems – recent advances and challenges

• Piotr Gadziński,
• Anna Froelich,
• Monika Wojtyłko,
• Antoni Białek,
• Julia Krysztofiak and
• Tomasz Osmałek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1167–1184, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.98

• composition of the formulation. The most common side effects in this case include local toxicity, tissue damage, eyeball perforation, optic nerve injury, occlusion of central retinal artery or vein, direct retinal toxicity during accidental puncture of the muscles, just to mention the most important [89][90

• through dipping or spraying with the drug solution, which is usually obtained as a water-based formulation containing also surfactants, thickening agents, and stabilizers. These excipients are necessary to provide the desired properties of the coating layer [114]. Hollow microneedles are similar to

• through adjusting the polymer crosslinking ratio [147]. Moreover, the polymers usually employed in this type of formulation are biocompatible, which decreases the toxicity risk [144]. 2.2 Microneedle manufacturing methods The selection of a manufacturing technique should take into account the intended use

Gelatin nanoparticles with tunable mechanical properties: effect of crosslinking time and loading

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss,
• Daniel Schorr,
• Julia K. Metz,
• Metin Yildirim,
• Saeed Ahmad Khan and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 778–787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.68

• optimal treatment. Therefore, the characteristics of nanoparticles regarding mechanical properties, size, surface charge, surface composition, and degradation and drug release mechanisms must be considered during formulation development [1]. Except for the mechanical properties, the research activities do

• evaluated during the formulation development and tuned according to the requirements of the target. Gelatin nanoparticles (GNPs) were introduced as potential biocompatible and biodegradable drug carrier system [10][11]. This hydrogel nanoparticulate carrier system shows great potential for the delivery of

• particles where selected. Each particle represents the mean value of four pixels located in the middle of the particle resulting in at least 120 force–distance-curves per batch. Finally, the mean value of each formulation was determined using OriginPro software. Determination of FITC-dextran loading The