Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• . This unknown quantity of core–shell nanoparticles is encapsulated within a Ca alginate coating. SEM and TEM studies were conducted to compare the postulated structure of the microcapsule with its actual image. Figure 2 shows representative SEM micrographs of the FS0 sample. The observed grains exhibit

• probably representing cellulose (b). Figure 3b,e show that the core–sucrose shell structure of the nanoparticles in FS0 is clearly visible. Moreover, the dark-field image proved the presence of crystalline metallic cores (Figure 3d). It can be distinguished nanoparticles of larger, ≈18 nm, and smaller, <5

• nm, cores, while the thickness of the shell seems constant ≈10 nm. The sucrose shell is homogenous; thus the individual cores appear to be well separated from each other. In Figure 3c, the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) image presents a single crystalline nanoparticle. The

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• optical microscope. Therefore, we opted for an alternative substrate, indium tin oxide (ITO), to conduct the SPEM measurements on thinner layers. Figure 1 gives a direct comparison of AFM images and O.C. on the 1 nm SiO2/Si substrate. Optical contrast, AFM image, and a complete series of profiles showing

• very fade contrast in the optical image in Figure 1a. In contrast, in Figure 2a, clear microscopy images of a few layers of flakes are shown. Based on the optical contrast value, L and T denote lean and thick steps, respectively, and the thickness variation has been confirmed through AFM images in

• through a 48-channel delay line detector. To analyze the photoelectron intensity of an individual atomic element on the captured SPEM maps, the image underwent background correction by eliminating the topographic features. We also applied the (3 × 3) filter to reduce the noise before extracting the

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• efficiency of the synthesis. (a‒c) FE-SEM images of commercial CMC, (d‒f) FE-SEM images of PGC, and (g) FTIR spectra of commercial CMC and PGC. (a, b) EDX spectra and elemental compositions of commercial CMC and PGC, respectively; (c) morphology image of CMC; (d–f) elemental mapping images of commercial CMC

• ; (g) morphology image of PGC; and (h–l) elemental mapping images of PGC. (a) Effect of adsorption time and initial concentration on the adsorption capacity of PGC. (b) Effect of adsorbent dosage on the adsorption capacity and adsorption efficiency of PGC. (c) Effect of pH on the adsorption capacity of

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• crystal, regions displaying differential contrast in the Se 3d line were observed (Figure 1a–c). In the regions of image a) delineated by the red rectangle, the shape and binding energy of the Se 3d line approximated those observed in TiSe2 (Figure 1b). In the region defined by the blue rectangle, values

• suitable substrates for characterization by scanning probe microscopy and SPEM. An atomic force microscopy (AFM) image of a typical InP p–n junction nanowire is shown in Figure 2a, confirming a homogeneous shape with a nanowire length of about 2.5 µm and a diameter of about 200 nm, fluctuating only by a

• samples including marker structures were used to directly navigate to suitable nanowires in the SPEM measurements. Figure 2b shows elemental-sensitive In 4d and P 2p SPEM images, highlighting the nanowire shape and position, which can even be noticed as a shadow in the Au 4f image, where the signal from

High-temperature epitaxial growth of tantalum nitride thin films on MgO: structural evolution and potential for SQUID applications

• Michelle Cedillo Rosillo,
• Oscar Contreras López,
• Jesús Antonio Díaz,
• Agustín Conde Gallardo and
• Harvi A. Castillo Cuero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 690–699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.53

• makes this film an excellent candidate for superconducting applications, particularly in devices such as superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). Figure 7 presents an AFM image revealing the low surface roughness (2.2 nm) of even the film deposited at an elevated growth temperature of 850

• mTorr as a function of the deposition temperature: (a) 650 °C, (b) 700 °C, (c) 750 °C, and (d) 850 °C. (a) SEM image of the cross section of a TaN thin film prepared with FIB. (b) TEM analysis of the lateral region of the TaN film deposited at T = 750 °C and pN2 = 90 mTorr. (c) TEM image at the

• interface between MgO substrate and TaN thin film. (d) Transversal section showing the interplanar spacing of TaN. (e) Indexed electron diffraction pattern of the TaN thin film. AFM image of the TaN film deposited at pN2 = 90 mTorr and T = 850 °C. Atomic composition of TaN thin films as function of pN2

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• exfoliation of graphite assisted by TA (B,C). Image (C) originates from the marked box in image (B). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs of exfoliated FLG–TA (D,E). Size distribution and average lateral size of FLG sheets (F). Raman spectra (A) and survey XPS spectra (B) of FLG–TA and initial

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• increase of sample permittivity [95][96]. We measured a CPD difference between Si and F14H20 of −0.72 ± 0.08 V (see Figure S15, Supporting Information File 1), which is close to the literature value of −0.8 V [97]. Interestingly, the image of the C′ signal (Figure 7c,e) showed a more blurry structure

• as normalized data over a wider frequency range, can be viewed in Figures S3–S6 and S9–S12, Supporting Information File 1. MFH-EFM images taken on F14H20. (a) Topography image. (b) C′ image detected at ωm,2 under excitation at 235.579 kHz. (c) Electric phase φel of the C′ signal detected at ωm,2

• under excitation at 235.579 kHz. (d) C″ image detected at ωm,2 under excitation at frequencies of 1.59 and 1.98 MHz. (e) Electric phase φel of the C″ signal detected at ωm,2 under excitation at frequencies of 1.59 and 1.98 MHz. (f) Profiles of the phase images shown in (c) and (e) with 128 pixels width

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• aluminum foil covered drum was placed 18 cm from the needle to collect the nanofibers. The flow rate of the solution was 0.5 mL/h. The as-prepared nanofibers underwent thermal treatments, and it was found that the nanofibers exhibited optimal properties after treatment at 850 °C. The SEM and TEM image

• temperature distribution at the center of the flame. Figure 2 shows a line-of-sight image of the stable diffusion flame, burning at lean combustion with Φ = 0.77, where the equivalence ratio was calculated based on the inlet conditions. The diffusion flame has a bright yellow color, due to soot formation, and

• additional oxygen that mixes with the excess fuel. This process allows for continuous combustion further from the source, producing a secondary diffusion flame as shown in the image in Figure 4a. The flame height based on the tip of the secondary diffusion flame is about 25 mm. A diffusion flame forms at the

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• )palladium(II) precursor. The atom color labeling is white: H, grey: C, red: O, and bluish green: Pd [42]. Characteristics of FEB nanoprinted square deposits with [Pd(tbaoac)2]. (a) Secondary electron SEM image of the FEB deposit on a native-oxide Si substrate with indicated AFM scan lines. (b) AFM thickness

• profiles along vertical and horizontal directions. (c) STEM image of the FEB deposit on a carbon membrane. (d) High-resolution STEM image from the center of the deposit. (e) High-resolution STEM image from the edge of the deposit. (f) SAED pattern from the edge of the deposit. Enlarged version of the

• images in panels (e) and (f) can be found in Supporting Information File 1, section S1 along with an additional STEM image. (a) EDX spectrum taken at the center of the deposit (red area) shown in inset. The BSE exit area is indicated with a yellow border. (b) Composition of the pristine [Pd(tbaoac)2

Zeolite materials with Ni and Co: synthesis and catalytic potential in the selective hydrogenation of citral

• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Yailen Costa Marrero,
• Tania Farias Piñeira,
• Céline Fontaine,
• Lexane Paget,
• Beatriz Concepción Rosabal,
• Arbelio Penton Madrigal,
• Vitalii Petranovskii and
• Gwendoline Lafaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 520–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.40

• -type zeolites through their main diffraction peaks indicated on the ZSA graph. Other minor phases such as quartz are also present. The SEM image shows a variety of crisscross crystals, which have the morphology expected for the zeolite types evidenced by XRD [16][17]. Very elongated crystals with

• acicular to fibrous characteristics, associated with mordenite, can be observed. Additionally, clinoptilolite–heulandite crystals with slats and tabular morphology are present. The amounts of clinoptilolite–heulandite and mordenite crystals displayed in the SEM image correspond to the intensity order of

• SEM image (Figure 2). To remove excess solution, water washes are typically applied. The materials obtained via IE underwent extensive washing with distilled water, while those obtained via Imp were only lightly washed, leading to the observed differences in chloride content. According to this, there

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• increases with bombardment time. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) images of the nanopatterned surface are inset in the lower right corner of each image. In the present case, the fluence is represented by irradiation time. The quality and the growth of the nanostructures are quantitatively discussed in Figure 6

• , where variations of ripple wavelength, rms roughness, and power spectral density are discussed. Figure 5g shows the cross-sectional TEM image after 450 eV Ar-ion bombardment of the Si surface at an angle of 60° for a time of 3 h. The presence of Ar-ion-induced surface corrugation in terms of ripple-like

• nanostructures is evidenced in Figure 5g. Although the amplitude of the ripples is not large, the observed ripple wavelength of around 31 nm from the TEM image is consistent with that of AFM data (Figure 6e). However, in addition to the ripple-like nanostructures, an ultrathin amorphous layer is formed because

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• ) images of the samples extracted from solutions with and without and IPA after 10 and 30 min of laser irradiation. In the case of the sample without IPA, in the TEM image of the sample after 10 min of laser irradiation, which is the initial stage of laser fragmentation, in addition to spherical particles

• % IPA, even in the TEM image of the sample after 10 min of laser irradiation, nanoparticles with a narrow particle size distribution of less than 10 nm in diameter were observed. This suggests that the nanoparticle synthesis reaction finished after 10 min of irradiation. This is due to the fact that the

• Au–Pt alloy (atomic ratio, Au/Pt = 1:1) that has an immiscible gap in the binary phase diagram and is difficult to form a solid–solution alloy in a bulk form. Figure 6 shows a a) TEM image and b) STEM-EDS mappings of the particles produced after laser irradiation. The TEM results (Figure 6a

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• electron microscopy (FESEM) image of the as-obtained nanomaterials. The produced nanomaterials had rod-shaped morphologies and were grown at extremely high densities, as seen by the SEM image. Figure 2b represents the average diameter of Ag@ZnO NRs which was calculated using the Image J software. The

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• -shaped beam, w = 0.34, than for the Gaussian beam, w = 0.53. Furthermore, PLAL with donut-shaped pulses improves the shape of Y2O3 NPs, which are more regular (Figure 3a) than the rather elongated and aggregated NPs produced with the Gaussian pulses (Figure 3b). Figure 4c shows an SEM image and the size

• with Gaussian and donut-shaped laser beams at a pulse energy of 100 µJ. (a, b) SEM micrographs of NPs obtained with the Gaussian beam at fluences of 6 and 2 J·cm−2, respectively. (c) SEM image of NPs obtained with the donut-shaped beam at a fluence of 2 J·cm−2. (d) NP size distributions showing the

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• these techniques are photon-based [4][5][6][7][8][9]. Even though they provide valuable insights, the development of surface-sensitive techniques that can image the catalyst at the atomic scale under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions remains crucial. In attempting to close the pressure gap

• detection method with a laser diode, which is not compatible with the design limitations of a reactor volume of 95 μL. Figure 3a shows a zoomed-in image of a third-generation M5B qPlus sensor (purchased from Nanosurf). The sensor has four gold electrodes of which three are used for AFM drive and readout

• tunneling current simultaneously (Figure 5c,d). Consequently, the tip–sample distance will be maintained throughout the image while the current signal will be a direct indication of the conductivity of the surface. The Pd(100) surface has been prepared using the standard recipe of repeated cycles of Ar-ion

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• was characterized by STEM, where transmitted electrons are used to create the image [30]. In STEM micrographs, alginate nanoparticles appeared with sharp edges; however, the edges of the EudAlg nanoparticles revealed secondary projections (Figure 1C,D). Similar micrographs in which the edge of the

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• and an image analysis system (Andor Technology, Belfast, UK) and a software (KOMET 5.0, Kinetic Imaging, UK) at 400× magnification. Three independent experiments were performed for each group. The mean value of three Comet parameters, tail DNA (%), tail length (μm), and Olive tail moment (OTM) were

• fluorescent microscope equipped with a Nikon Digital slight Ds-Ri1 CCD camera and a NIS element BR imaging software (Nikon, Minato Tokyo, Japan). Three independent experiments were performed for each group and a representative image is shown in the results. Transfection of the GFP-LC3 plasmid The GFP-LC3

• S1d, the FESEM image reveals a well-defined interlocked 3D network of GO nanosheets, with the transparency observed attributed to the formation of single or few layered GO nanosheets [25][50]. In Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1e, the HRTEM micrograph reveals highly transparent GO nanosheets

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• [48][49][50][51][52][53]. Morphology In the SEM images of the MWCNTs-COOH (presented in our previous study [43]), a dense structure of randomly aggregated, convoluted, and highly tangled tubes was observed. The image of MWCNTs-G shows a hybrid structure of multiwalled nanotubes dispersed within the

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• the synthesized nHA is given in Figure 2. Figure 2 shows that the XRD pattern of nHA aligns with the ICSD #157481 standard (Figure 1) and the P63/m space group. This alignment confirms the successful synthesis of hydroxyapatite. Notably, the image highlights the characteristic (211) peak of HA at 2θ

• results reveal an average particle size of 68.08 nm, as displayed in Figure 3b. Moreover, a more comprehensive examination of the SEM image using OriginLab software yields a sample porosity of 54.78%, as illustrated in Figure 3d. In this representation, the blue regions correspond to the solid volume of

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• penetration depth is only a few millimeters, which does not provide clear imaging of deeper ocular structures [177][178]. Fluorescence imaging is hindered by contrast agent photobleaching and phototoxicity, resulting in low image quality and biological side effects [179][180]. Photoacoustic imaging has deep

• [189][192]. Photothermal nanomaterials with high extinction coefficients that enhance photothermal-acoustic conversion are particularly suitable for PAI, helping to improve image resolution, enhance signal strength, and increase contrast [193][194]. AuNPs with excellent photostabilization are common

Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

• Josiane A. D. Batista,
• Rayane M. de Oliveira,
• Carlos H. M. Lima,
• Milton L. Lana Júnior,
• Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
• Maria J. V. Bell and
• Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

• agreement with the OT results since the concentration used in the sample to obtain this image was 1 μM of neodymium. Finally, for erbium (Figure 3c) the complexes also appears compacted/condensed for 1 μM of the rare earth, also in agreement with the OT results. We stress that the intent of the AFM

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• studied composites. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the initial lamellar mordenite sample MOR-L is also shown for comparison. As can be seen, MOR-L exhibits elongated plates up to 1 μm long and 0.1 μm wide, combined into stacks. After introduction of TEOT followed by hydrolysis and

• associated with extra-framework Al species, which according to 27Al NMR amount to a total of about 20% (Figure 2). For Ti-E24h-C, a low intensity peak appears at 72.7 eV. This peak can be related to framework Al in the 3D mordenite fibers, which are clearly seen in the SEM image (Figure 3). It should be

• extra-framework Al species Ief is shown in the legend. SEM images of the parent lamellar mordenite MOR-L (bottom left) and TiO2-loaded samples. The bottom-right image shows the formation of mordenite crystals in the Ti-E24h-C sample. (a) Al 2p, (b) Ti 2p, and (c) decomposed O 1s XPS spectra of the Ti

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• produce hydroxyl radicals (•OH−). These radicals degrade the dye molecules into harmless substances; the degradation is shown in Figure 2d. TEM analysis The size of the ZnO NPs, which was determined from TEM using Image J software, varied from 7 to 98 nm, with an average size of 10 nm. The SAED pattern of

• ZnO NPs confirms the XRD results, that is, the hexagonal wurtzite structure (Figure 3). SEM and EDX analysis SEM was used to analyze the surface morphology of a modified nanocomposite film, and the image displays a consistent coverage of a web-like structure. Close-up views revealed a crumpled and