High-bandwidth multimode self-sensing in bimodal atomic force microscopy

• Michael G. Ruppert and
• S. O. Reza Moheimani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 284–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.26

• to strain sensitivity. The applicability of the multimodal self-sensing principle is verified by bimodal AFM experiments to obtain qualitative phase contrast on the higher eigenmode when imaging a soft polymer blend. Modeling Piezoelectric constitutive laws By sputtering a piezoelectric layer to the

3D solid supported inter-polyelectrolyte complexes obtained by the alternate deposition of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)

• Eduardo Guzmán,
• Armando Maestro,
• Sara Llamas,
• Jesús Álvarez-Rodríguez,
• Francisco Ortega,
• Ángel Maroto-Valiente and
• Ramón G. Rubio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 197–208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.18

• layers obtained by the layer-by-layer method. A multimodal characterization showed the absence of stratification of the films formed by the alternate deposition of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate). Indeed the final organization might be regarded as three

A simple and efficient quasi 3-dimensional viscoelastic model and software for simulation of tapping-mode atomic force microscopy

• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2233–2241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.229

• modified to implement other controls schemes in order to aid in the interpretation of AFM experiments. Keywords: atomic force microscopy (AFM); modeling; multifrequency; multimodal; polymers; simulation; spectroscopy; standard linear solid; tapping-mode AFM; viscoelasticity; Introduction The

High sensitivity and high resolution element 3D analysis by a combined SIMS–SPM instrument

• Yves Fleming and
• Tom Wirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1091–1099, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.110

• of the TiCN cermet. Keywords: alloy; atomic force microscopy (AFM); correlative microscopy; differential sputtering; in situ; multimodal imaging; nano-cluster; polymer blend; secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS); scanning probe microscopy (SPM); SIMS artefacts; sputter-induced effects; sputter

• rate; Introduction With the progress of miniaturisation, driven by future needs in various fields in materials and life sciences, the 3D analysis of devices and material structures becomes increasingly challenging. As a consequence, the interest for performing bimodal or even multimodal nano-analysis

Silica micro/nanospheres for theranostics: from bimodal MRI and fluorescent imaging probes to cancer therapy

• Shanka Walia and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 546–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.57

• applications for diagnosis and therapy of disease sites. Through smart and careful chemical modifications of the nanoparticle surface, these can be converted to multifunctional tiny objects which in turn can be used as vehicle for delivering multimodal imaging agents and therapeutic material to specific target

• sites in vivo. In this sense, bimodal imaging probes that simultaneously enable magnetic resonance imaging and fluorescence imaging have gained tremendous attention because disease sites can be characterized quick and precisely through synergistic multimodal imaging. But such hybrid nanocomposite

• stages of growth and, thus, plays an integral part in medical diagnosis. All the currently available diagnostic imaging methods have their intrinsic advantages and disadvantages. The combination of multimodal imaging and theranostics will lead to cutting-edge technologies in which the potential of the

Comparative evaluation of the impact on endothelial cells induced by different nanoparticle structures and functionalization

• Lisa Landgraf,
• Ines Müller,
• Peter Ernst,
• Miriam Schäfer,
• Christina Rosman,
• Isabel Schick,
• Oskar Köhler,
• Hartmut Oehring,
• Vladimir V. Breus,
• Thomas Basché,
• Carsten Sönnichsen,
• Wolfgang Tremel and
• Ingrid Hilger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 300–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.28

• form double-sided asymmetric shapes right up to nanoflowers offers the possibility for multimodal imaging and multiple drug loading without steric hindrance [28][29][30][31]. These nanoparticles are very new in the field of nanomedicine and poorly investigated despite their interesting features

High-frequency multimodal atomic force microscopy

• Adrian P. Nievergelt,
• Jonathan D. Adams,
• Pascal D. Odermatt and
• Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2459–2467, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.255

Inorganic Janus particles for biomedical applications

• Isabel Schick,
• Steffen Lorenz,
• Dominik Gehrig,
• Stefan Tenzer,
• Wiebke Storck,
• Karl Fischer,
• Dennis Strand,
• Frédéric Laquai and
• Wolfgang Tremel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2346–2362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.244

• precursors were mixed simultaneously. Janus particles as multimodal contrast agents Recent developments in the field of nanoparticles for biomedical applications have increased the interest in multifunctional nanoparticles for theranostics, a combination of therapy and diagnostics, which was realized with

• Fe3O4, MnFe2O4, as well as MnO [7][85][86][87]. Inspired by the progress for single component nanoparticles in the field of bioimaging, hetero-structured nanoparticles, such as Au@Fe3O4, moved into focus for future use as multimodal contrast agents [88][89]. For instance, PEG-functionalized Au@MnO

Influence of stabilising agents and pH on the size of SnO₂ nanoparticles

• Olga Rac,
• Patrycja Suchorska-Woźniak,
• Marta Fiedot and
• Helena Teterycz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2192–2201, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.228

• scattering (DLS) results revealed that in the solution of standard composition, nanoparticles of average diameter of approximately 8 nm are formed (Figure 2). For statistical analysis, a proprietary, high resolution, multimodal deconvolution analysis for proper measurement of the nanoparticle diameter was

Dynamic calibration of higher eigenmode parameters of a cantilever in atomic force microscopy by using tip–surface interactions

• Stanislav S. Borysov,
• Daniel Forchheimer and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1899–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.200

• force reconstruction technique and does not require any prior knowledge of the eigenmode shape or the particular form of the tip–surface interaction. The calibration method proposed requires a single-point force measurement by using a multimodal drive and its accuracy is independent of the unknown

• physical amplitude of a higher eigenmode. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; calibration; multimodal AFM; multifrequency AFM; Introduction Atomic force microscopy [1] (AFM) is one of the primary methods of surface analysis with resolution at the nanometer scale. In a conventional AFM an object is scanned

• , knowledge of the geometry of cantilever is not required to reconstruct the tip–surface force. The framework proposed harnesses a force reconstruction technique inspired by the Intermodulation AFM [27] (ImAFM), which was recently generalized to the multimodal case [28]. It is worth noting that the proposed

The surface properties of nanoparticles determine the agglomeration state and the size of the particles under physiological conditions

• Christoph Bantz,
• Olga Koshkina,
• Thomas Lang,
• Hans-Joachim Galla,
• C. James Kirkpatrick,
• Roland H. Stauber and
• Michael Maskos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1774–1786, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.188

• particle size (I ~ R6), the detection of smaller particles is hampered in the presence of larger particles. This necessitates the removal of dust particles (if the data are not post-processed) and makes the separation of fractions of multimodal samples (e.g., agglomerates alongside with non-agglomerated

Probing viscoelastic surfaces with bimodal tapping-mode atomic force microscopy: Underlying physics and observables for a standard linear solid model

• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1649–1663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.176

• – multimodal operation Multi-frequency AFM [13] is a family of techniques in which the cantilever probe is driven simultaneously at more than one frequency with the purpose of expanding the amount and type of information that can be acquired during each scan. Most commonly this is accomplished by driving

• simultaneously more than one cantilever eigenmode (multimodal characterization), such that the contrast signals from each eigenmode serve different purposes. For example, within the first multi-frequency technique, proposed by Rodriguez and Garcia in 2004 [11][12], the fundamental cantilever eigenmode is driven

Multi-frequency tapping-mode atomic force microscopy beyond three eigenmodes in ambient air

• Santiago D. Solares,
• Sangmin An and
• Christian J. Long

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1637–1648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.175

• multimodal tapping-mode atomic force microscopy driving more than three cantilever eigenmodes. We present tetramodal (4-eigenmode) imaging experiments conducted on a thin polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film and computational simulations of pentamodal (5-eigenmode) cantilever dynamics and spectroscopy

• future research opportunities. Keywords: amplitude-modulation; bimodal; frequency-modulation; multi-frequency atomic force microscopy; multimodal; open loop; trimodal; Introduction Multi-frequency atomic force microscopy (AFM) refers to a family of techniques in which the microcantilever probe is

• ], it is important to explore the feasibility of imaging with multimodal drives since the rapid growth of multi-frequency methods suggests they will soon be of interest [1] (in this paper we use the term multimodal to designate imaging schemes involving more than three eigenmodes). In general

Extracellular biosynthesis of gadolinium oxide (Gd₂O₃) nanoparticles, their biodistribution and bioconjugation with the chemically modified anticancer drug taxol

• Shadab Ali Khan,
• Sanjay Gambhir and
• Absar Ahmad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 249–257, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.27

• relaxation, and can be useful as a multimodal contrast agent for in vivo imaging [5]. It can also be easily doped with other lanthanides and exploited as a fluorescent tag, thus replacing other fluorescent organic molecules. Gadolinium oxide nanoparticles are also employed in site-specific drug delivery

Towards multiple readout application of plasmonic arrays

• Dana Cialla,
• Karina Weber,
• René Böhme,
• Uwe Hübner,
• Henrik Schneidewind,
• Matthias Zeisberger,
• Roland Mattheis,
• Robert Möller and
• Jürgen Popp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 501–508, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.54

• active particle [27][28], an array of periodically patterned gold nanostructures mounted on a quartz wafer was preferred for these multimodal readout applications, due to the feasibility of binding molecules to the quartz layer, resulting in different distances to the metallic surface. In studying the

Platinum nanoparticles from size adjusted functional colloidal particles generated by a seeded emulsion polymerization process

• Nicolas Vogel,
• Ulrich Ziener,
• Achim Manzke,
• Alfred Plettl,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Johannes Biskupek,
• Clemens K. Weiss and
• Katharina Landfester

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 459–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.50

• leading to a reduction in size of the primary, seeded particles. Even higher monomer amounts (≥50-fold excess) lead to multimodal size distributions indicating uncontrolled reactions with secondary nucleation as the primary reaction pathway [30]. SEM images of the differently produced particles are shown

• that concentration necessary to yield a stable emulsion. Figure 3 and Table 3 present the experimental data for reactions performed with varying surfactant type and concentrations. As a test system, the reaction with a styrene excess of 100 was chosen as this led to multimodal size distributions in