N-Heterocyclic carbene-based gold etchants

• Robert B. Chevalier,
• Justin Pantano,
• Matthew K. Kiesewetter and
• Jason R. Dwyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 865–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.71

• a gold-coated token in a solution of 1 in DCM. There is evident loss of optical density accompanied by a transition from a reflective gold surface to one with more transmission, which allows for increased optical access to the underlying chromium adhesion layer. Figure S1 (Supporting Information

• Information File 1. Gold-coated glass slides were purchased from Electron Microscopy Sciences (71892-05, Hatfield, PA, USA). The films were 50 nm of gold deposited by electron beam evaporation onto a 2–7 nm chromium adhesion layer. Slides were cut into ca. 1 × 1 cm2 tokens and immersed in 2 mL of the relevant

• , used as an adhesion layer underneath the original gold film, was present on the surface in (a). UV–vis spectra of 10 µL of 5 mM 1 in THF mixed with 10 mL of AuNPs (left) and 10 μL of 5 mM 2 in THF mixed with 10 mL of AuNPs (right) over 6 h of hourly measurements. The inset shows the peak at approx. 530

Industrial perspectives for personalized microneedles

• Remmi Danae Baker-Sediako,
• Benjamin Richter,
• Matthias Blaicher,
• Michael Thiel and
• Martin Hermatschweiler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 857–864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.70

• microneedles are most often directly printed onto the medical device and aligned to specific features, such as pores, on the device. Direct microneedle printing has its own set of extensive requirements (e.g., biocompatibility of the material, mechanical robustness, and surface adhesion). Also, FDA’s 510(k

Biomimetics on the micro- and nanoscale – The 25th anniversary of the lotus effect

• Matthias Mail,
• Kerstin Koch,
• Thomas Speck,
• William M. Megill and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 850–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.69

• biological processes and surface interactions involved in the bioselective adhesion of mammalian cells. The second topic of the review was on repellence of microbes on protein-based material surfaces, highlighting the importance of materials made of recombinant spider silk proteins. Biomaterials that

• bees to seal their hive and protect the colony against pathogens. Since propolis is quite a sticky substance, the authors analysed whether the mandibles of the bees show specific anti-adhesive properties, enabling them to manipulate the propolis. Adhesion experiments with propolis and bee mandibles

• were performed and the mandibles were analysed using (cryo-) scanning electron microscopy, indicating that a fluid substance covers the medial surface of the mandibles reducing propolis adhesion. Weiser et al. [13] take biomimetics into industrial production with their paper “Roll-to-roll fabrication

Suspension feeding in Copepoda (Crustacea) – a numerical model of setae acting in concert

• Alexander E. Filippov,
• Wencke Krings and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 603–615, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.50

• mechanical property gradients, the mechanical behavior and the adhesion of setae, and the feeding efficiency of the system. In this context, we set-up a simple dynamic numerical model that takes all of these parameters into account and describes the interaction with food particles and their delivery into the

• mouth opening. By altering the parameters, it was unraveled that the system performs best when the long and short setae have different mechanical properties and different degrees of adhesion since the long setae generate the feeding current and the short ones establish the contact with the particle

• field of filtration technologies. Keywords: adhesion; confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM); feeding efficiency; feeding structures; mechanical properties; Introduction Particle capture mechanisms are common in a huge variety of aquatic animals, such as polychaetes, bryozoans, bivalves, sponges

Quercetin- and caffeic acid-functionalized chitosan-capped colloidal silver nanoparticles: one-pot synthesis, characterization, and anticancer and antibacterial activities

• Akif Hakan Kurt,
• Elif Berna Olutas,
• Fatma Avcioglu,
• Hamza Karakuş,
• Mehmet Ali Sungur,
• Cansu Kara Oztabag and
• Muhammet Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 362–376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.31

• biggest problems in the development of new drugs [3]. One of the approaches to overcome these problems is nanoparticle carriers. These carriers are advantageous because their high surface area and good adhesion to biological surfaces increase solubility and dissolution rate [4]. The Gram-positive

Overview of mechanism and consequences of endothelial leakiness caused by metal and polymeric nanoparticles

• Magdalena Lasak and
• Karol Ciepluch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 329–338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.28

• effectiveness of NanoEL closely depends on the physicochemical properties of the NPs such as size, shape, density, and surface charge [12][19][20][21]. Moreover, it is worth to mention that the biological effects of NPs to endothelial cells also depend on the microenvironments. The adhesion of proteins and/or

Recent progress in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications

• Qixiong Lin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Yanyan Wen,
• Xiaoqiong Li,
• Donglian Du,
• Weibin Dai,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 262–279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.24

• mediates solid tumorigenesis and metastatic behavior [31]. The mechanism of homotypic aggregation is the result of multifactorial action and is closely related to tumor-specific antigens (e.g., Thomsen–Friedenreich antigen [29], carcinoembryonic antigen [32], and glycoprotein 100 [33]) and other adhesion

• closely associated with membrane-associated components such as syndecan-1 [50], vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and activated leukocyte cellular adhesion molecule (ALCAM) [51]. In a study on the ability of cancer cell membranes to penetrate the BBB, NPs coated with cell membranes from melanoma

• brain metastasis of some tumors, He et al. tried to apply the 4T1 breast cancer cell membrane to the treatment of ischemic stroke [26]. Expression of syndecan-1 on breast cancer cell membranes promotes migration across the BBB and increases adhesion to perivascular areas of the brain [50]. The

Batch preparation of nanofibers containing nanoparticles by an electrospinning device with multiple air inlets

• Dong Wei,
• Chengwei Ye,
• Adnan Ahmed and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 141–150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.15

• the fibers. When the air flow rate was 100 m3/h (Figure 3b), the adhesion between fibers was weakened, resulting in the decrease of average fiber diameter (719.28 ± 108.43 nm) and a reduction of nanoparticle agglomeration in the fibers. When the air flow rate was 50 m3/h (Figure 3c), there was almost

• no adhesion between fibers. The average diameter of fibers was smaller (596 ± 127.02 nm), and the nanoparticles in the fibers were not agglomerated and evenly distributed. When there was no air flow (Figure 3d), the particles in the fibers were not only very few, but also agglomerated. This might be

Antimicrobial and mechanical properties of functionalized textile by nanoarchitectured photoinduced Ag@polymer coating

• Jessica Plé,
• Marine Dabert,
• Helene Lecoq,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Lydie Ploux and
• Lavinia Balan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 95–109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.11

• adhesion, etc.) [32][33]. The deposition techniques are also costly, time-consuming and restrictive (under vacuum, numerous steps, toxic chemicals, etc.), which limits industrial scale-up options. Nanometal-polymer coatings offer an interesting alternative to the aforementioned metallized textiles. Such

• [41]. The polymer coating adapts to various textile shapes, improves the adhesion between the MNPs and the substrate by compensating internal stresses and maintains the antimicrobial properties of the NPs. As the nanoparticles are embedded inside the polymer matrix, they are protected from external

• and plate diffusion assays) of AgNP@polymer nanocomposites-coated textiles against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) strains. The mechanical properties (flexibility, adhesion, abrasion) were also studied using a Mini-Martindale device, a standard scratch test kit, scanning

Combining physical vapor deposition structuration with dealloying for the creation of a highly efficient SERS platform

• Adrien Chauvin,
• Walter Puglisi,
• Damien Thiry,
• Cristina Satriano,
• Rony Snyders and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 83–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.10

• Discussion Morphology of Ag–Al alloy thin films The deposition of silver–aluminum thin films on silicon was accomplished by magnetron co-sputtering using a silver target and an aluminum target. To allow for a good adhesion between silicon and the alloy thin film, a silver adhesion layer was deposited prior

• 100 mm and the angle between the magnetron source axis and the normal to the substrate was 30°. The substrate was silicon. Prior to each deposition, a 50 nm Ag adhesion layer was grown by magnetron sputtering. While the power on the aluminum target was fixed to 150 W, the power on the silver target

Gap-directed chemical lift-off lithographic nanoarchitectonics for arbitrary sub-micrometer patterning

• Chang-Ming Wang,
• Hong-Sheng Chan,
• Chia-Li Liao,
• Che-Wei Chang and
• Wei-Ssu Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 34–44, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.4

• nanoscale surface patterns, whereas conventional photolithography methods are limited by diffraction during the illumination step and under/overetching during the development process [17]. In soft lithography, the deformation and collapsing of rubber stamp structures occur due to the adhesion between the

Single-step extraction of small-diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes in the presence of riboflavin

• Polina M. Kalachikova,
• Anastasia E. Goldt,
• Eldar M. Khabushev,
• Timofei V. Eremin,
• Timofei S. Zatsepin,
• Elena D. Obraztsova,
• Konstantin V. Larionov,
• Liubov Yu. Antipina,
• Pavel B. Sorokin and
• Albert G. Nasibulin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1564–1571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.130

• individualized nanotubes. Selective extraction of small-diameter semiconducting SWCNTs Riboflavin demonstrates high adhesion to the SWCNT surface; thus, it can be utilized as both surfactant and eluent to individualize SWCNTs and precisely extract those that feature a denser riboflavin coating from samples with

Induced electric conductivity in organic polymers

• Konstantin Y. Arutyunov,
• Anatoli S. Gurski,
• Vladimir V. Artemov,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Azat R. Yusupov,
• Danfis D. Karamov and
• Alexei N. Lachinov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1551–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.128

• , associates of macromolecules are formed in the solution, and the influence of adhesion processes decreases, but the cohesive forces increase. In the entire thickness range from 3 nm to 1 µm, the films are solid, without significant defects and/or pin holes. The polymer films were studied by atomic force

Dry under water: air retaining properties of large-scale elastomer foils covered with mushroom-shaped surface microstructures

• Matthias Mail,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Wilhelm Barthlott,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Lars Heepe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1370–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.113

• effective large scale production. Meanwhile, a novel biomimetic surface is commercially available and produced on a large scale: an adhesive elastomeric film with mushroom-shaped surface microstructures that mimic the adhesion system of animals. In this study, we show that these films, which have been

• adhesion systems. They are inspired by the feet of beetles, flies, spiders and geckos and have been shown to strongly enhance adhesion [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51]. But these surfaces were also shown to be the structure of choice to produce omniphobic surfaces, their wetting

Straight roads into nowhere – obvious and not-so-obvious biological models for ferrophobic surfaces

• Wilfried Konrad,
• Christoph Neinhuis and
• Anita Roth-Nebelsick

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1345–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.111

• projects. The actual project, whose history will be reconstructed in this contribution and in which two co-authors participated (C. N. and W. K.), dealt with a technical problem encountered during steel production. The aim was to find a (biomimetic) way to prevent the adhesion of liquid iron at 1500 °C to

Bending and punching characteristics of aluminum sheets using the quasi-continuum method

• Man-Ping Chang,
• Shang-Jui Lin and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.108

• , we will focus on characteristics and mechanisms that may influence the nano-punching process. Because of the size effect and atomic adhesion between the punch and the workpiece, the nano-punching process may present different behaviors in comparison to the conventional punching process. Besides

• simulation model. Besides, there is a clearance between the punch and the substrate during the nano-punching process, as shown in Figure 1b. The initial distance between the punch and the workpiece was set to 10 Å, in order to prevent internal adhesion of atoms in the equilibrium stage which may lead to

• the adhesion force increases with an increase of the contact area between the punch and the workpiece. However, when the debris crumple, the slip phenomenon appears [61]. Besides, comparing the three crystal orientation curves, O1 shows a more stable curve during the loading process, while the O2 and

Growing up in a rough world: scaling of frictional adhesion and morphology of the Tokay gecko (Gekko gecko)

• Anthony J. Cobos and
• Timothy E. Higham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1292–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.107

• Animals attach to surfaces in numerous ways, including claws, suction, and both wet and dry adhesion. In fact, some animals can utilize multiple attachment mechanisms [1][2], leading to multifunctionality across surfaces of varying roughness. Dry adhesion is found in many invertebrates and squamate

• reptiles, and has been a focus of both engineering and biological studies [3]. Models are frequently used to describe adhesion, such as the Johnson–Kendall–Roberts (JKR) model [4]. In this case, the force required to pull an elastic sphere from a flat surface is determined using the radius of the sphere

• and the adhesion energy between a sphere and the surface. More recent studies use the JKR model to determine the role of setal density in adhesion from insects to geckos [5]. Despite many advancements in our understanding of adhesion across organisms, few studies have incorporated ecologically

Laser-processed antiadhesive bionic combs for handling nanofibers inspired by nanostructures on the legs of cribellate spiders

• Sebastian Lifka,
• Kristóf Harsányi,
• Erich Baumgartner,
• Lukas Pichler,
• Dariya Baiko,
• Karsten Wasmuth,
• Johannes Heitz,
• Marco Meyer,
• Anna-Christin Joel,
• Jörn Bonse and
• Werner Baumgartner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1268–1283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.105

• ). Subsequently, by means of a newly established peel-off test, the adhesion of an electrospun polyamide fiber-based nonwoven was quantified on such LIPSS-covered aluminium alloy, steel, and titanium alloy samples, as well as on polished (flat) control samples as reference and, additionally, on samples with

• randomly rough surfaces. The latter revealed that the adhesion of electrospun nanofiber nonwoven is significantly lowered on the nanostructured surfaces compared with the polished surfaces. Keywords: biomimetics; electrospinning; laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS); nanofibers

• nanostructure on the calamistrum in fact reduces adhesion of native spider silk and that this reduced adhesion can be mimicked by artificially structured polymer foils [14]. In order to technically integrate these antiadhesive structures, the structures have to be adapted as typical technical nanofibers differ

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• target nanotubes to Si tips under scanning electron microscopy; and attaching nanotubes to Si tips by carbon deposition. The strong adhesion of carbon deposition produces nanotube tips capable of surviving multiple surface collisions. The ability to image the fine structure of double-stranded DNA

• electric field. The nanotube tips produced by this method have strong adhesion and mechanical stability. Since the above methods require scanning electron microscopy (SEM) monitoring throughout the transfer process, the process is relatively time-consuming. Hafner et al. [40] proposed a new method to

• and are of suitable length. This controllable method has great adhesion for CNT probes. The growth of individual CNTs at the tip was achieved when the trigger threshold was controlled in the range of 0.25–0.50 V. The properties and functionality of such tips were verified using samples with high

Roll-to-roll fabrication of superhydrophobic pads covered with nanofur for the efficient clean-up of oil spills

• Patrick Weiser,
• Robin Kietz,
• Marc Schneider,
• Matthias Worgull and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1228–1239, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.102

• a significant increase of the contact angle of water droplets. The fractal structure minimizes contact area as well as adhesion forces between surface and water droplet, thereby equipping the surface with self-cleaning properties equivalent to the lotus effect [24]. Additionally, the high increase

Biomimetic chitosan with biocomposite nanomaterials for bone tissue repair and regeneration

• Se-Kwon Kim,
• Sesha Subramanian Murugan,
• Pandurang Appana Dalavi,
• Sebanti Gupta,
• Sukumaran Anil,
• Gi Hun Seong and
• Jayachandran Venkatesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1051–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.92

• oxide, zinc oxide, carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, and biosilica was developed to improve bone scaffolds for better bone tissue repair and regeneration [11]. In tissue engineering applications, nanoscale topological characteristics influence cell adhesion, survival, proliferation, and differentiation

• . The rough surface of the materials at the nanoscale helps cellular peptide adhesion for better stem cell growth and differentiation [12][13]. Nanomaterials have several advantages such as high surface area, increased mechanical strength, and induction of several important genes for bone tissue repair

• mechanical strength and cell adhesion. Importantly, the developed biocomposites have excellent antimicrobial activity [111]. AgNP-loaded fibrillar collagen–chitosan matrix was used for further biomineralisation using a simulated body fluid (SBF) solution. The developed composites show better mineralisation

Effects of focused electron beam irradiation parameters on direct nanostructure formation on Ag surfaces

• Jānis Sniķeris,
• Vjačeslavs Gerbreders,
• Andrejs Bulanovs and
• Ēriks Sļedevskis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1004–1010, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.87

• to different adhesion coefficients between the surface and hydrocarbons. Results from EDX measurements strongly suggest that metal atoms or ions are capable of moving within carbon–metal nanowires under the influence of EB. High Ag ion mobility under electric fields or EB has also been reported in

Interaction between honeybee mandibles and propolis

• Leonie Saccardi,
• Franz Brümmer,
• Jonas Schiebl,
• Oliver Schwarz,
• Alexander Kovalev and
• Stanislav Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 958–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.84

• colony against pathogens. In spite of its stickiness, honeybees are able to handle and manipulate propolis with their mandibles. We wanted to know if beneficial anti-adhesive properties of bee mandibles reduce propolis adhesion. The anatomy of bee mandibles was studied in a (cryo-)scanning electron

• microscope. Adhesion experiments were performed with propolis on bee mandibles to find out if bee mandibles have anti-adhesive properties that enable bees to handle the sticky material. A scale-like pattern was found on the inside of the mandible. Fresh mandibles were covered with a seemingly fluid substance

• that was at least partially removed during the washing process. Propolis adhesion on bee mandibles was measured to be 1 J/m2 and was indeed significantly lower compared to five technical materials. Propolis adhesion was higher on mandibles that were washed compared to fresh, unwashed mandibles. Results

Design of a biomimetic, small-scale artificial leaf surface for the study of environmental interactions

• Miriam Anna Huth,
• Axel Huth,
• Lukas Schreiber and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 944–957, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.83

• phenomena of plant surfaces such as the splash behavior of liquids or the adhesion of insects under laboratory conditions [38][39]. In the past, long-chain hydrocarbons as well as native wax extract were recrytallized to mimic the native leaf structures and their associated properties [21][39][40][41][42

• ranged from 10.8° ± 7.3° to 31.3° ± 21.3° (Table 1). Wheat leaves are not vertically oriented to the plant axis. TAs provide information on droplet adhesion on such inclined surfaces. For wheat leaves, we could not find any comparative values for TAs in the literature. In the context of active ingredient

Bioselectivity of silk protein-based materials and their bio-inspired applications

• Hendrik Bargel,
• Vanessa T. Trossmann,
• Christoph Sommer and
• Thomas Scheibel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 902–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.81

• , Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.13.81 Abstract Adhesion to material surfaces is crucial for almost all organisms regarding subsequent biological responses. Mammalian cell attachment to a surrounding biological matrix is essential for maintaining their survival and function concerning

• tissue formation. Conversely, the adhesion and presence of microbes interferes with important multicellular processes of tissue development. Therefore, tailoring bioselective, biologically active, and multifunctional materials for biomedical applications is a modern focus of biomaterial research

• on biological processes and surface interactions involved in the bioselective adhesion of mammalian cells and repellence of microbes on protein-based material surfaces. In addition, it highlights the importance of materials made of recombinant spider silk proteins, focussing on the progress regarding