A review on the biological effects of nanomaterials on silkworm (Bombyx mori)

• Sandra Senyo Fometu,
• Guohua Wu,
• Lin Ma and
• Joan Shine Davids

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 190–202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.15

• ), sensitivity, and moderate body size make Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode) [45] an ideal model organism to study environmental nanotoxicity at the nanoscale level. C. elegans was used as a model organism to evaluate the impact of an exposure to a 50–100 mg/L dose of graphite, graphite oxide nanoplatelets, and

The role of gold atom concentration in the formation of Cu–Au nanoparticles from the gas phase

• Yuri Ya. Gafner,
• Svetlana L. Gafner,
• Darya A. Ryzkova and
• Andrey V. Nomoev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 72–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.6

• the case of physical methods for producing Cu–Au nanoparticles, it seems possible to create particles with the desired chemical composition. In [3], the Cu–Au nanoparticles obtained by laser deposition on a graphite substrate were analyzed via transmission electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray

Free and partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles in multiwall carbon nanotubes

• Saja Al-Khabouri,
• Salim Al-Harthi,
• Toru Maekawa,
• Mohamed E. Elzain,
• Ashraf Al-Hinai,
• Ahmed D. Al-Rawas,
• Abbsher M. Gismelseed,
• Ali A. Yousif and
• Myo Tay Zar Myint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1891–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.170

• graphite and it is explained by the destabilization of π electrons due to the curvature of the graphene sheets [35]. As observed from Figure 1e and Figure 6, there are large spectral differences between free MnFe2O4, MnFe2O4/MWCNTs, and pristine MWCNTs. Considering that the probing depth of UPS is only at

Self-standing heterostructured NiC_x-NiFe-NC/biochar as a highly efficient cathode for lithium–oxygen batteries

• Shengyu Jing,
• Xu Gong,
• Shan Ji,
• Linhui Jia,
• Bruno G. Pollet,
• Sheng Yan and
• Huagen Liang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1809–1821, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.163

• calcined at 700 °C, NiFe-PBA/PP-900 had a grape-like morphology (Figure 2c). The crystal structure of NiFe-PBA/PP-T samples was obtained from XRD (Figure 2d). A characteristic peak at approx. 2θ = 26.4° was observed in the XRD patterns of both samples, and was attributed to the (002) plane of graphite

• particle shown in Figure 3c was tightly surrounded by lattice fringes, and the measured d-spacing of these lattices was approx. 0.30 and 0.34 nm, which corresponded to the (111) plane of NiCx and to the (002) plane of graphite, respectively. The element mappings (Figure 3d and Figure 3e) show that C and N

Nanomechanics of few-layer materials: do individual layers slide upon folding?

• Ronaldo J. C. Batista,
• Rafael F. Dias,
• Ana P. M. Barboza,
• Alan B. de Oliveira,
• Taise M. Manhabosco,
• Thiago R. Gomes-Silva,
• Matheus J. S. Matos,
• Andreij C. Gadelha,
• Cassiano Rabelo,
• Luiz G. L. Cançado,
• Ado Jorio,
• Hélio Chacham and
• Bernardo R. A. Neves

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1801–1808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.162

• methods; atomic force microscopy (AFM); molecular dynamics (MD); Raman spectroscopy; nanostructured materials; Introduction Layered materials such as graphite, talc, and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), held together by strong covalent bonds within layers and relatively weak van der Waals

• several substrates is far from complete. Besides, uncertainties in the measured values of α can be large. For instance, experimental values of α for graphite ranging from 0.12 up to 0.72 N/m have been reported [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. Regarding the bending stiffness κ, experimental values have

• ][26][27][28][29][30][31]). It is worth mentioning that our result (α = 0.25 N/m) compares well with other direct experimental determinations of α (0.27 N/m [28] and 0.37 N/m [30]), in which layers of graphene in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite were mechanically manipulated using a probe. Besides

Adsorption and self-assembly of porphyrins on ultrathin CoO films on Ir(100)

• Feifei Xiang,
• Tobias Schmitt,
• Marco Raschmann and
• M. Alexander Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1516–1524, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.134

• % purity, Figure 1a) and 2H-TCNPP (2, Porphyrin Systems, 97% purity, Figure 1b) were evaporated from a graphite crucible effusion cell. Co-DPP was evaporated at a measured cell temperature of 540 K and 2H-TCNPP at 640 K, which resulted in a molecular deposition rate of 0.04 and 0.06 nm−2·min−1. Both

Wafer-level integration of self-aligned high aspect ratio silicon 3D structures using the MACE method with Au, Pd, Pt, Cu, and Ir

• Mathias Franz,
• Romy Junghans,
• Paul Schmitt,
• Adriana Szeghalmi and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.128

• transport and improve the efficiency of the thermoelectric generator [7]. Silicon nanowire arrays are also an emerging anode material for integrated lithium-ion batteries. They have a ten times higher theoretical capacity than graphite and can be used for cells with high energy density. However, these

Impact of fluorination on interface energetics and growth of pentacene on Ag(111)

• Qi Wang,
• Meng-Ting Chen,
• Antoni Franco-Cañellas,
• Bin Shen,
• Thomas Geiger,
• Holger F. Bettinger,
• Frank Schreiber,
• Ingo Salzmann,
• Alexander Gerlach and
• Steffen Duhm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1361–1370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.120

• or PFP with a flat-lying (long and short molecular axes parallel to the substrate) orientation, which have IEs (in monolayers on graphite) of 5.65 eV and 6.20 eV, respectively [25][26]. The decrease in the IE is due to solid state polarization, which is a general phenomenon for molecular thin films

• contrast to the monolayers of PEN and PFP on graphite, with a likewise lying-down orientation and large differences in the HOMO positions [11][25][26]. In general, for a strong interfacial coupling and charge transfer, the resonance structure of the adsorbate in the monolayer can be notably different from

Growth of a self-assembled monolayer decoupled from the substrate: nucleation on-command using buffer layers

• Robby Reynaerts,
• Kunal S. Mali and
• Steven De Feyter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1291–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.113

• typical building block, namely 4-tetradecyloxybenzoic acid at the 1-phenyloctane–graphite interface in the presence and in the absence of a buffer layer formed by a long chain alkane, namely n-pentacontane. Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), three different structural polymorphs were identified

• for 4-tetradecyloxybenzoic acid at the 1-phenyloctane–graphite interface. Surprisingly, the same three structures were formed on top of the buffer layer, albeit at different concentrations. Systematic variation of experimental parameters did not lead to any new network in the presence of the buffer

• formed at the solution–solid interface, is a more of routine occurrence than an exception. Such structurally diverse monolayers are typically formed on solid substrates such as highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), graphene, and metals such as Cu, Ag and Au and have been characterized using scanning

Structure and electrochemical performance of electrospun-ordered porous carbon/graphene composite nanofibers

• Yi Wang,
• Yanhua Song,
• Chengwei Ye and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1280–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.112

• standard three-electrode cell at room temperature. A graphite rod was used as the counter electrode, Hg/HgO was used as the reference electrode, and a 6.0 M KOH aqueous solution was used as the electrolyte solution. The electrochemical performance of the CCGNFs was investigated using an electrochemical

• the (200) PAN crystal plane [30]. The peaks at approximately 26.5°, 44.5°, and 54.5° in the XRD spectra were typical peaks of either graphite or graphene [36][37]. These peaks were related to the (002) diffraction plane of hexagonal graphite structures in carbon materials. The XRD patterns of PAN

• ° disappeared after carbonization due to the decomposition of PAN during the process. Moreover, the diffraction peak intensity of the (002) crystal plane of the carbonized graphite structure was significantly enhanced, indicating that the carbonization process enhanced the crystallinity of the graphite

Gas sorption porosimetry for the evaluation of hard carbons as anodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries

• Yuko Matsukawa,
• Fabian Linsenmann,
• Maximilian A. Plass,
• George Hasegawa,
• Katsuro Hayashi and
• Tim-Patrick Fellinger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1217–1229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.106

• carried out to understand the storage mechanisms of both lithium and sodium ions inside many different carbons. Due to the progress in LIB research and the implementation of stoichiometric and highly reversible graphite anodes (forming LiC6), disordered carbons were considered less. Although the volume

• expansion of HCs during lithium intercalation is lower than that of graphite, implying longer lifetimes, the relatively lower volumetric energy density due to their lower density and lower energy efficiency were detrimental for their commercial usage in the uprising market of portable devices. In 1997, the

• market share of HC and graphite was still 52% and 43%, respectively, and today graphite is almost exclusively used as negative electrode material in commercial LIBs [11]. Graphite with an interlayer distance of 0.335 nm cannot be intercalated by sodium without solvent co-intercalation [9][12][13

Hybridization vs decoupling: influence of an h-BN interlayer on the physical properties of a lander-type molecule on Ni(111)

• Maximilian Schaal,
• Takumi Aihara,
• Marco Gruenewald,
• Felix Otto,
• Jari Domke,
• Roman Forker,
• Hiroyuki Yoshida and
• Torsten Fritz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1168–1177, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.101

• rubrene on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) [29]. Our interpretation of the optical spectra is further supported by LT-STM measurements (see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2) which show a completely filled monolayer as well as molecular clusters on top of the first layer. Lateral

Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy of rubrene on clean and graphene-covered metal surfaces

• Karl Rothe,
• Alexander Mehler,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1157–1167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.100

• this peak to the LUMO or LUMO+1. Much wider unoccupied molecular resonances have been observed, too, in pump–probe photoemission experiments on thin C42H28 films adsorbed on highly oriented pyrolithic graphite and traced to the elevated molecule–substrate hybridization with a concomitant reduced

A few-layer graphene/chlorin e6 hybrid nanomaterial and its application in photodynamic therapy against Candida albicans

• Selene Acosta,
• Carlos Moreno-Aguilar,
• Dania Hernández-Sánchez,
• Beatriz Morales-Cruzado,
• Erick Sarmiento-Gomez,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Luis Octavio Sánchez-Vargas and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1054–1061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.90

• Discussion The liquid phase exfoliation of graphite was first carried out in toxic, non-biocompatible solvents due to the match in the surface energy of graphene and the solvents [33]. However, the interest in using graphene for biological applications has led to the development of new synthetic techniques

• synthesis of FLG by the exfoliation of graphite in water and phosphate buffer saline (PBS) using Ce6 as the stabilizing molecule. The π–π stacking interactions between FLG and Ce6 allows the stabilization of FLG in biocompatible media. Following this methodology, a FLG-Ce6 hybrid nanomaterial was prepared

• by the exfoliation of graphite in sterile deionized water using Ce6 as the stabilizing molecule. To do this, graphite was sterilized by exposure to ultraviolet light for 45 min, and a methanol solution of Ce6 was filtered using a 0.2 μm pore size filter to ensure the sterility of the sample. The

Microwave-induced electric discharges on metal particles for the synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials under solvent-free conditions

• Vijay Tripathi,
• Harit Kumar,
• Anubhav Agarwal and
• Leela S. Panchakarla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1019–1025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.86

• copper. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) or graphite powder (commercially available) are used as carbon source. g-C3N4 is synthesized and characterized according to [18]. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirms the formation of g-C3N4 (Figure S1 in Supporting

• Information File 1). The reactions were carried out in quartz or Teflon beakers. A Teflon beaker also served as a carbon and fluorine source for the experiments. Typically, 100 mg of acid-treated metal powder mixed either with graphite powder or g-C3N4 (50 mg) were placed inside a domestic kitchen microwave

• growth promoter. Typically, a mixture of activated metal (100 mg), sulfur powder (25 mg) and g-C3N4 (50 mg) were added to a Teflon beaker and irradiated with microwaves. It is important to note that in the absence of carbon (graphite/g-C3N4), the arc synthesis yielded a mixture of metal and metal oxide

Atomic layer deposition for efficient oxygen evolution reaction at Pt/Ir catalyst layers

• Stefanie Schlicht,
• Korcan Percin,
• Stefanie Kriescher,
• André Hofer,
• Claudia Weidlich,
• Matthias Wessling and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 952–959, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.79

• at +40 V for two hours using two graphite plate counter electrodes. Subsequently, they were rinsed with water and ethanol several times. Catalyst coating was performed by atomic layer deposition in a commercial Gemstar 6 reactor from Arradiance. Platinum and iridium were deposited using

Measurement of electrostatic tip–sample interactions by time-domain Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Christian Ritz,
• Tino Wagner and
• Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 911–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.76

• exfoliation from bulk graphite [32][33] and deposited on a piece of Si/SiO2. Measurements were carried out using an Asylum Research Cypher AFM connected to a Zurich Instruments HF2 lock-in amplifier. Figure 3 shows the results of the open-loop controller. During the FM-AFM measurement the tip voltage was

Transition from freestanding SnO₂ nanowires to laterally aligned nanowires with a simulation-based experimental design

• Jasmin-Clara Bürger,
• Sebastian Gutsch and
• Margit Zacharias

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 843–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.69

• downstream temperature zone. An alumina boat with 0.3 g of a 1:1 w/w% mixture of pulverized SnO2:graphite was placed in the upstream temperature zone. After closing the system, the pressure was pumped down to a vacuum level below 4.6 × 10−5 mbar by means of a turbo molecular pump. This step was performed to

• sites are changed. Furthermore, it should be considered that the gaseous Sn atoms might already partially react with oxygen in the gas phase and that parts of the graphite, which are not used in the reaction with the SnO2 powder, might react with a fraction of the gaseous oxygen. An effect of these

Templating effect of single-layer graphene supported by an insulating substrate on the molecular orientation of lead phthalocyanine

• K. Priya Madhuri,
• Abhay A. Sagade,
• Pralay K. Santra and
• Neena S. John

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 814–820, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.66

• oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) or SiO2, it has been reported that CuPc attains different orientations resulting in substantial differences in donor–acceptor energy level alignment at the interface. Thus, ordering and orientation of these molecules significantly affect charge carrier injection and

• transparency disappears with an increasing number of graphene layers, and the wettability approaches that of graphite. The underlying support substrate is reported to even influence the chemical reactivity of a monolayer of graphene [15]. Most of the orientation studies of MPc on graphene deal with planar MPc

• tunneling [9]. Graphene has similar properties as graphite and is expected to exhibit similar templating effects as observed earlier on graphite due to its sp2-hybridized structure. The vertically stacked monoclinic domains on the graphene surface provide an uninterrupted path for electrical transport and

Nickel nanoparticles supported on a covalent triazine framework as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reactions

• Secil Öztürk,
• Yu-Xuan Xiao,
• Dennis Dietrich,
• Beatriz Giesen,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jie Ying,
• Xiao-Yu Yang and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 770–781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.62

• material Ni(OH)2/graphene oxide has an onset potential of −0.17 V vs Ag/AgCl for ORR, which is 80 to 100 mV more positive than the corresponding onset potentials of unsupported Ni(OH)2 (−0.25 V vs Ag/AgCl) and exfoliated graphite oxide sheets (−0.27 V vs Ag/AgCl) [64]. In another study, Ni-N/C (nickel

Quantitative determination of the interaction potential between two surfaces using frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy

• Nicholas Chan,
• Carrie Lin,
• Tevis Jacobs,
• Robert W. Carpick and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 729–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.60

• pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) or a KBr crystal to negate the effects of varying scales of roughness, which [12] suggests should be a contributing factor. Qualitatively, there is a general mismatch in behavior when comparing the majority of experimental results with the LJ F(z) curves. In particular, the LJ F(z

Stochastic excitation for high-resolution atomic force acoustic microscopy imaging: a system theory approach

• Edgar Cruz Valeriano,
• José Juan Gervacio Arciniega,
• Christian Iván Enriquez Flores,
• Susana Meraz Dávila,
• Joel Moreno Palmerin,
• Martín Adelaido Hernández Landaverde,
• Yuri Lizbeth Chipatecua Godoy,
• Aime Margarita Gutiérrez Peralta,
• Rafael Ramírez Bon and
• José Martín Yañez Limón

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 703–716, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.58

• properties of a material. S-AFAM is implemented and compared with a conventional technique (resonance tracking-atomic force acoustic microscopy, RT-AFAM). A sample of a graphite film on a glass substrate is analyzed. S-AFAM can be implemented in any AFM system due to its reduced instrumentation requirements

• (Figure 2). To show the capabilities of this technique, a graphite film was sputtered on a glass substrate and characterized by the proposed S-AFAM technique and by conventional RT-AFAM [7]. Mathematical Model Dynamic model In order to extract the resonance frequencies of a free cantilever and a

• reliable method. A conventional AFM mapping of a graphite film on a glass substrate was carried out using a white-noise signal as excitation of the tip–sample interaction. A FFT was computed for each pixel and stored on a hard disk drive. Figure 4c shows that the contact stiffness can be obtained from

Soybean-derived blue photoluminescent carbon dots

• Shanshan Wang,
• Wei Sun,
• Dong-sheng Yang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 606–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.48

• synthesized from glassy carbon [16], graphite [26], polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) [27], and a graphite–cement mixture [6] via LAL in various liquids. In general, there are three major mechanisms contributing to the photoluminescence (PL) of CDs: 1) size-dependent bandgap (quantum confinement), 2) surface

Comparison of fresh and aged lithium iron phosphate cathodes using a tailored electrochemical strain microscopy technique

• Matthias Simolka,
• Hanno Kaess and
• Kaspar Andreas Friedrich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 583–596, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.46

• solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on graphite anodes and HOPG [14][15][16], Li metal [17] and on cathode materials [18][19] as well as the changes in particle size during ageing [19][20]. Other AFM modes used for the analysis of ageing are, for example, Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and

• conductive AFM (CAFM). Luchkin et al. used KPFM to analyse the Li-ion distribution in graphite anodes and found a core–shell structure in aged graphite particles [21]. Wu et al. used KPFM to track the changes in the surface potential of LiCoO2 cathodes during ageing and found a decrease of the surface

• amplitude represents the electromechanical activity [62][63][64]. Similar to the ESM and PFM signal, digital volume correlation (DVC) in combination with in situ X-ray tomography microscopy (XTM) was used by Pietsch et al. [47] for graphite and silicon anodes and by Finegan et al. [48] for a LiMnO2 cathode

Electrochemically derived functionalized graphene for bulk production of hydrogen peroxide

• Munaiah Yeddala,
• Pallavi Thakur,
• Anugraha A and
• Tharangattu N. Narayanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 432–442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.34

• the role of C=O groups in graphene towards sustainable peroxide formation. We demonstrate a versatile single-step electrochemical exfoliation of graphite to graphene with a controllable degree of oxygen functionalities and thickness, leading to the formation of large quantities of functionalized

• also influence the catalytic property of the materials since these EEG samples are derived from bulk graphite using a single-step exfoliation in different electrolytes. The BET isotherms of the EEG samples are shown in Figure 1b. The shape of the nitrogen adsorption and desorption curves displays a

• typical type III behavior, which corresponds to that of a layered material [42][51]. The surface area varies from 46 ± 2 m2/g (G-M1) to 11 ± 2 m2/g (G-M4). The change in the surface area can be attributed to the rate of exfoliation of the graphite rod which in turn depends upon the availability of