Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• , instance, material, medium, property, and supplementary; a property can describe either a medium (e.g., environmental, biological, or experimental) or material, a supplementary provides a way to include visual information about a property (e.g., image or diagram), and the instance itself is the point in

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques V

• Philipp Rahe,
• Ilko Bald,
• Nadine Hauptmann,
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel,
• Harry Mönig and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 54–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.6

• precision of scanning probe microscopy experiments by introducing a software for lateral drift correction [1]. Post-data acquisition drift correction for longer series of consecutively recorded image sets can be cumbersome and extremely time consuming. Here, the authors develop an easy-to-use and robust

Bioinspired nanofilament coatings for scale reduction on steel

• Siad Dahir Ali,
• Mette Heidemann Rasmussen,
• Jacopo Catalano,
• Christian Husum Frederiksen and
• Tobias Weidner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 25–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.3

• shear stress at the plate is reported in Figure 2D for different angular velocities and corresponding volumetric flow rates. Super-hydrophobicity of SNF coatings on steel Figure 3A shows a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of a stainless-steel surface coated with SNFs. The wire-type structures

• – we can conclude that nanofilaments can be deposited on steel surfaces and that the grown structures render the steel surface super-hydrophobic [24]. The morphology and function of the SNF steel coatings remain intact during the shear stress test. The SEM image of the SNF coating after shear exposure

• plate for different rotational speeds and respective values of volumetric flows for a 4-inch pipe. The circled area represents the region of constant-sheer stress. (A) SEM image of the coated surface. A network of SNFs with different width and diameters is visible. (B,C) Water contact angle measurements

Orientation-dependent photonic bandgaps in gold-dust weevil scales and their titania bioreplicates

• Norma Salvadores Farran,
• Limin Wang,
• Primoz Pirih and
• Bodo D. Wilts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.1

• visible hexagons (Figure 3b I,III,VIII). The domains close to the {100} orientation exhibited a square-shaped blue zone in the center of the reciprocal space image, corresponding to the X-symmetry point (Figure 3b V). Overall, the domains in the scales seem to be oriented randomly. Additional measurements

• spectrum measured in the image center, close to the X-symmetry point, has a peak around 440 nm, whereas the spectra measured at the diagonals close to the rim, approaching L-symmetry points, have peaks around 500 nm (Figure 3e). The reflectance peak from the L-symmetry point, measured from a {111}-oriented

• higher refractive index contrast, or (iii) materials with non-linear optical properties [48][49][50] would be an interesting future research direction. Experimental Light microscopy The image of the whole animal was taken with a stereomicroscope (Stereo Discovery V20, Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). For

Attempts to preserve and visualize protein corona on the surface of biological nanoparticles in blood serum using photomodification

• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Anastasiya V. Tupitsyna,
• Alina E. Grigor’eva,
• Ilya S. Dovydenko and
• Elena I. Ryabchikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1654–1666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.130

• somewhat less definite. These changes were not measurable, but they were visually noticeable (compare Figures 3–5), especially when directly viewing the samples in TEM. The bio-NPs exhibited less features, and many of the smallest dots that form the three-dimensional image had disappeared. We were unable

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• Horiba LabRAM HR Evolution (Excitation: 325 nm, Lens: 40×, spot size: 1 μm) was used. Image J software was used to extract spatial periodicities and to generate 2D fast Fourier transform images (2D FFT) of the Hf surface structures. Results and Discussion Nanoparticles Figure 3 shows TEM images, the

• corresponding particle size distributions, and the SAED patterns of NPs obtained in DW (Figure 3a–c), toluene (Figure 3d–f), and anisole (Figure 3g–i). The TEM image corresponding to HfNPs in DW shows the formation of nanofibres of diameters ranging from 5 to 65 nm along with spherical NPs (marked with red

• , and (c) anisole. Schematic of the NS fabrication by raster scanning the sample, resulting in LSFL and HSFL formation. FESEM image and inverse FFTs of LSFL with spatial periodicity on laser-ablated NSs in (a, b) DW, (c, d) toluene, and (e, f) anisole. FESEM image and HSFL size distribution of NSs laser

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

• complete expansion of the envelope, the mucilaginous polysaccharides (pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose fibrils) form a netlike 3D structure. (h) High-magnification image showing cellulose fibril bundles (cfb), which form the main (unbranched) skeleton, while pectins and hemicelluloses (csp – cross

• . Delicate cellulose fibrils, stretching from the seed surface, are imbedded in the mass of pectins. (e) Lepidium sativum – polarisation microscopy image of cellulose fibrils demonstrating the presence of crystalline cellulose shining white. (f) Ocimum basilicum – fluorescence microscopy image of the

Ultrablack color in velvet ant cuticle

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Wencke Krings,
• Juliana Reis Machado,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1554–1565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.122

• butterfly was obtained from [12]. The spectra of T. bifurca are derived from our study. The illustrations of velvet ant and bird-of-paradise were created using Adobe Photoshop. Butterfly image is from Insectpedia - stock.adobe.com. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. The image of the peacock spider

• female Traumatomutilla bifurca (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae). (A) Visible spectrum image, (B) thermal image of the animal before heating, (C) thermal image after 1 min of heating, and (D) thermal image after 2 min of heating. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 28: Spectrum obtained from

The round-robin approach applied to nanoinformatics: consensus prediction of nanomaterials zeta potential

• Dimitra-Danai Varsou,
• Arkaprava Banerjee,
• Joyita Roy,
• Kunal Roy,
• Giannis Savvas,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Ewelina Wyrzykowska,
• Mateusz Balicki,
• Tomasz Puzyn,
• Georgia Melagraki,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1536–1553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.121

• neighbours (kNN) model developed by Varsou et al. [33] to predict the ZP of 37 metal and metal oxide NPs based on their core type and the NPs main elongation (image descriptor derived from microscopy images). Papadiamantis et al. [34] developed a kNN/read-across model for the estimation of the ZP of 69

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

•  2e), the binding energy peak of Cu 2p3/2 (934.9 eV) can be attributed to Cu2+. Characterization of (Cu)(Fe)BTC@CPE Morphology The TEM image of the (Cu)(Fe)BTC sample shows unevenly distributed particles with different particle sizes fluctuating in the range of 40 to 100 nm (Figure 3). After mixing

• room temperature (25 ± 1 °C). (a) XRD pattern and (b) N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms of the (Cu)(Fe)BTC sample. Full-scan (a) and high-resolution C 1s (b), O 1s (c), Fe 2p (d), and Cu 2p (e) XPS spectra of the (Cu)(Fe)BTC sample. TEM image of (Cu)(Fe)BTC sample. SEM images of (Cu)(Fe)BTC@CPE (a

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

A biomimetic approach towards a universal slippery liquid infused surface coating

• Ryan A. Faase,
• Madeleine H. Hummel,
• AnneMarie V. Hasbrook,
• Andrew P. Carpenter and
• Joe E. Baio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1376–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.111

• measurements were conducted with the sessile drop method. Droplets of 5 µL were pipetted onto the surface, and an image was captured. Eight images from two duplicates of each sample type were acquired on a smartphone device and processed in ImageJ (NIH). Atomic force microscopy AFM was conducted on a Veeco di

• Microscopy Sciences). Samples were sputter-coated with gold/palladium (Cressington 108A) and imaged on a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (FEI Quanta 600F). ImageJ was used to measure fiber diameter and clot density. Clot density was determined by drawing a line through the image and counting the number of

Green synthesis of carbon dot structures from Rheum Ribes and Schottky diode fabrication

• Muhammed Taha Durmus and
• Ebru Bozkurt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1369–1375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.110

• the Schottky diode based on CDs. (a) TEM image, (b) size distribution, (c) XRD pattern, (d) FTIR spectrum, (e) XPS spectrum, and (f) Raman spectrum of the CDs. UV–vis absorption and fluorescence spectra of the CDs (λexc = 320 nm). (a) Fluorescence and (b) normalized fluorescence spectra of the CDs at

• various excitation wavelengths in the range from 300 to 400 nm. SEM image of Si/CDs/Au-based Schottky diode. (a) UV–vis absorption spectra and (b) bandgap of the CDs layer. I–V characteristics of the Si/CDs/Au-based Schottky diode. Acknowledgements We thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kübra Çınar Demir and Lecturer

Out-of-plane polarization induces a picosecond photoresponse in rhombohedral stacked bilayer WSe₂

• Guixian Liu,
• Yufan Wang,
• Zhoujuan Xu,
• Zhouxiaosong Zeng,
• Lanyu Huang,
• Cuihuan Ge and
• Xiao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1362–1368, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.109

• , respectively, represent W and Se atoms. The black arrow represents the direction of interlayer polarization. (b) Optical image of the graphene/3R WSe2/graphene heterojunction device. The yellow and orange dashed lines represent two monolayers of WSe2. The white dashed lines represent the top and bottom

• probe power. (d) Photoresponse intensity of heterojunction (red dots) and graphene region (black dots) as a function of probe power. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 20: Characterization of structure, SHG image, SEM and EDS images, Raman and PL spectrum of WSe2 and raw TRPC curves for

Investigation of Hf/Ti bilayers for the development of transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters

• Victoria Y. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1353–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.108

• . Finally, we performed a lift-off process using N-methylpyrrolidone followed by a rinse in isopropyl alcohol. The edges of the structures after the lift-off process appeared to be vertical well-defined walls without upward bends, as shown in the SEM image in Figure 2. A thin layer of titanium on top of

• from single quantum vaporized helium atoms, as well as for dark matter search. Photographs of structures taken with an optical microscope. (a) Chip with samples A1–A4 and (b) sample B1. SEM image of the edge of the Hf/Ti bridge structure made with the lift-off process. The dependence of resistance

Hymenoptera and biomimetic surfaces: insights and innovations

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Carlo Polidori and
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1333–1352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.107

• ://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. The body parts of Hymenoptera that can serve as sources for bioinspired and biomimetic materials and technologies. The image was adapted

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• and TA interaction system. AFM images of (a) GO and (b) GO incubated with TA (10 mg·L−1). The height profile plots on the right present the topology of the marked regions of each sample image. Characterization of GO and TA system. a) FTIR showing absorption signals related to –OH strength band, GO’s

New design of operational MEMS bridges for measurements of properties of FEBID-based nanostructures

• Bartosz Pruchnik,
• Krzysztof Kwoka,
• Ewelina Gacka,
• Dominik Badura,
• Piotr Kunicki,
• Andrzej Sierakowski,
• Paweł Janus,
• Tomasz Piasecki and
• Teodor Gotszalk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1273–1282, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.103

• multipoint measurements of nanomaterials in search of their electrical or mechanical properties. Visualisation of the halo effect under a freestanding nanostructure on a solid and 3D substrate. MEMS bridge shown (a) schematically with RoI formed (left) and RoI distance geometry (right), (b) on a SEM image as

• a whole with schematic electrical connections, and (c) on a SEM image focused on the RoI, with path descriptions and ion beam milling lines marked. Influence of DRIE-milled openings on current leakage across the slit edge. (a) Conducting paths are electrically shorted by leakage along the edge of

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• NPs with kinetic stabilizer and tumor driver. SiO2NPs: NPs without functionalization; SiO2NPs-ZW: NPs with zwitterionic; SiO2NPs-ZW-NH2: NPs with zwitterionic + APTES and SiO2NPs-ZW-FO: NPs with zwitterionic + APTES + folate. b,c) SEM image and size distribution for SiO2NPs and SiO2NPs-ZW-FO (n ≈ 1000

A low-kiloelectronvolt focused ion beam strategy for processing low-thermal-conductance materials with nanoampere currents

• Annalena Wolff,
• Nico Klingner,
• William Thompson,
• Yinghong Zhou,
• Jinying Lin and
• Yin Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1197–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.97

• , finite element simulations, and numerical modelling results and compared to experiments. The results indicate that with lower accelerator voltages, higher ion beam currents in the nanoampere range can be used to pattern or image soft material and non-resin-embedded biological samples with increased

• when using nanoampere beam currents. The unnaturally smooth surface areas, visible in the cross sections in the SEM image in Figure 4A, indicate that heat damage occurs when using higher ion energies and nanoampere currents for collagen, even when blurring the beam and reducing the overlap. This result

Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of doxorubicin-loaded dual stimuli-responsive smart nanopolymers

• Ömür Acet,
• Pavel Kirsanov,
• Burcu Önal Acet,
• Inessa Halets-Bui,
• Dzmitry Shcharbin,
• Şeyda Ceylan Cömert and
• Mehmet Odabaşı

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1189–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.96

• . The data shows that smart nanopolymers can be used to create new types of doxorubicin-based drugs. Solutions utilized during polymerization. FTIR spectra of SNPs and DOX-SNPs. SEM image of SNPs. (A) Loading capacity of DOX at different initial concentrations. (B) Time-dependent release of DOX under

Local work function on graphene nanoribbons

• Daniel Rothhardt,
• Amina Kimouche,
• Tillmann Klamroth and
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1125–1131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.91

• KPFM, a voltage is applied to the tip in order to compensate electrostatic forces occurring between tip and sample. Such electrostatic forces arise from the different positions of the Fermi level in tip and sample, which give rise to charge transfer. In KPFM, the forces are measured by SFM during image

• acquisition [21][22]. In this way, an image of the local contact potential difference between tip and sample is obtained. This has been shown not only for general surfaces, for example, insulating surfaces, but also for molecules and molecular layers [18][23][24][25]. Here, we study the local work function

• and Discussion A topographic image of GNRs on the Au surface is shown in Figure 1a. While most GNRs are attached to gold step edges or to other ribbons, we additionally observe isolated individual ribbons. When the tip and the GNR are brought close together, electrostatic forces between tip and sample

Direct electron beam writing of silver using a β-diketonate precursor: first insights

• Katja Höflich,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Chinmai S. Jureddy,
• Aleksei Tsarapkin and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1117–1124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.90

• microstructure of the deposits was investigated using a ThermoFischer Themis 200 G3 aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope (TEM) operating at 200 kV. Cross-sectional TEM lamellas were prepared by a standard sample preparation protocol using a Tescan Lyra3 FIB-SEM system. The TEM overview image was

• ligands instead of their further dissociation and co-deposition into the deposit. To further investigate the microstructure of the deposit, a thin lamella along the dashed white line in Figure 1a was prepared and studied by TEM. The TEM overview image is depicted in Figure 1c, its alignment and

• magnification were adapted to match the high-resolution SEM (HRSEM) image above. The deposit structure turned out to be extremely non-uniform with a continuous layer of elemental silver at the interface between deposit and silicon substrate (cf. Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4, for more details on the

Signal generation in dynamic interferometric displacement detection

• Knarik Khachatryan,
• Simon Anter,
• Michael Reichling and
• Alexander von Schmidsfeld

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1070–1076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.87

• in Figure 1. This error is estimated by visual inspection of a CCD camera image of the fiber–cantilever gap, and we find . To estimate the wavelength error δλ, we performed a careful measurement of the laser diode light wavelength λ with a spectrograph (Acton series SP-2500i-2556, Princeton

Effect of wavelength and liquid on formation of Ag, Au, Ag/Au nanoparticles via picosecond laser ablation and SERS-based detection of DMMP

• Sree Satya Bharati Moram,
• Chandu Byram and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1054–1069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.86

• confirms the occurrence of Ag, Au, Na, Cl, C, and O elements on the FP-AgAuN3 substrate, provided in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4. To confirm the presence of Ag and Au in alloy NPs, an EDX mapping investigation was conducted on AgAuD3 NPs coated on a Si substrate. The color map image of a

• wavelengths, which is also evident from TEM image analysis, as discussed above. A similar trend was noticed in the case of Au NP distribution on FP, as detailed in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S6. SERS measurements from filter paper-loaded nanoparticles Initially, a portable Raman spectrometer with a