Optical techniques for cervical neoplasia detection

• Tatiana Novikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1844–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.186

Nanotribological behavior of deep cryogenically treated martensitic stainless steel

• Germán Prieto,
• Konstantinos D. Bakoglidis,
• Walter R. Tuckart and
• Esteban Broitman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1760–1768, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.177

• radius of ca. 100 nm. Penetration depths of 50, 100, and 200 nm were set. A 3 × 4 array of indentations was performed in the specimens at each penetration depth, spaced at 20 μm from each other. The significance of the obtained results was determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA), using the statistical

• area A of the tip as a function of the penetration depth (h): A = (2Rh − h2), where R is the tip radius. The volume of the displaced material during each cycle is calculated as the sum of areas at the different penetration depths of the track. Additionally, the evolution of the average trench roughness

• amount of elastic recovery during unloading also depicted by the higher values of the hr/ht ratios. The ANOVA test indicated that these differences were statistically significant. Furthermore, the ANOVA analysis of the maximum applied load (Pmax) for each penetration depth has shown no statistically

Near-infrared-responsive, superparamagnetic Au@Co nanochains

• Varadee Vittur,
• Arati G. Kolhatkar,
• Shreya Shah,
• Irene Rusakova,
• Dmitri Litvinov and
• T. Randall Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1680–1687, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.168

• to Au 4f electrons, as well as peaks at 780.2 and 795.3 eV, which can be attributed to Co 2p electrons. The minor broadened peaks that were observed at binding energies of ca. 790 eV and just above 800 eV can be attributed to cobalt oxide [37]. Since XPS is a surface technique, the penetration depth

Air–water interface of submerged superhydrophobic surfaces imaged by atomic force microscopy

• Markus Moosmann,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Wilhelm Barthlott and
• Matthias Mail

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1671–1679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.167

• were thus able to determine the penetration depth of the water into the hydrophobic pillar structure. The depth is linearly dependent on the force applied in accordance to Hooke’s law. We measured the depth by applying zero resulting force to the interface. This value was confirmed by linear regression

Vapor-phase-synthesized fluoroacrylate polymer thin films: thermal stability and structural properties

• Paul Christian and
• Anna Maria Coclite

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 933–942, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.95

• S1 for larger scales). The line profiles of these cracks reveal a penetration depth of approximately 20 nm, which means that they are limited to the interfacial area (the film thickness is approximately 350 nm). For cross-linked films, the temperature treatment results in no observable changes

Bio-inspired micro-to-nanoporous polymers with tunable stiffness

• Julia Syurik,
• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Prerna Sudera,
• Stephan Weyand,
• Siegbert Johnsen,
• Gabriele Wiegand and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 906–914, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.92

• . [26]. Briefly, a flat diamond punch of 20 μm diameter was brought into contact with the material and loaded to reach a penetration depth of 3 μm. After a stabilisation period, the punch then oscillated at different frequencies between 1 and 45 Hz while maintaining the depth of 3 μm. The frequency

Relationships between chemical structure, mechanical properties and materials processing in nanopatterned organosilicate fins

• Gheorghe Stan,
• Richard S. Gates,
• Qichi Hu,
• Kevin Kjoller,
• Craig Prater,
• Kanwal Jit Singh,
• Ebony Mays and
• Sean W. King

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 863–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.88

• attributed to the limited penetration depth and diffusion length for ions, radicals and other chemically active species present during plasma etching and ashing, and wet cleans through the overlying hard mask and the interconnected porosity in the organosilicate. More specifically, as the fin dimensions

• decrease, the penetration depth and diffusion length start to represent an increasingly larger percentage of the fin width. The nearly complete disappearance of the SiC–H3 deformation band for the 20 and 90 nm wide fins suggests that the penetration depth and diffusion lengths in this case are of the order

Anodization-based process for the fabrication of all niobium nitride Josephson junction structures

• Massimiliano Lucci,
• Ivano Ottaviani,
• Matteo Cirillo,
• Fabio De Matteis,
• Roberto Francini,
• Vittorio Merlo and
• Ivan Davoli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 539–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.58

• the London penetration depth of our NbN films of 500 ± 30 nm. This result is in good agreement with previous results obtained through NbN deposition on non-heated substrates [18][19]. The pattern shows a somewhat non-uniform Josephson current distribution [20], which we speculate to be due to a

Diffusion of dilute gas in arrays of randomly distributed, vertically aligned, high-aspect-ratio cylinders

• Wojciech Szmyt,
• Carlos Guerra and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 64–73, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.7

• nanocylinders the diffusion occurs in a molecular regime. The system of nanocylinders is of high aspect ratio, which from the point of view of diffusion means a large ratio of cylinder length to mean horizontal penetration depth. The system exhibits a continuous translational symmetry in transverse direction

Annealing-induced recovery of indents in thin Au(Fe) bilayer films

• Anna Kosinova,
• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Leonid Klinger and
• Eugen Rabkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2088–2099, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.199

• × 100 nanoimprints, so that the distance between the imprints was 1 µm. For both loading conditions, the penetration depth was significantly lower than the film thickness. The indented samples were annealed in a quartz tube resistance furnace under forming gas flow (Ar + 10% H2, 99.999% pure) at a

Ferromagnetic behaviour of ZnO: the role of grain boundaries

• Boris B. Straumal,
• Svetlana G. Protasova,
• Andrei A. Mazilkin,
• Eberhard Goering,
• Gisela Schütz,
• Petr B. Straumal and
• Brigitte Baretzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1936–1947, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.185

• (10 to 75 nm). No dependence on temperature or penetration depth was observed. Therefore, the µSR spectra were obtained by averaging the data obtained at different temperatures and different sample penetration depths in order to improve the signal to noise ratio. Three different samples were

Surface-enhanced infrared absorption studies towards a new optical biosensor

• Lothar Leidner,
• Julia Stäb,
• Jennifer T. Adam and
• Günter Gauglitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1736–1742, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.166

• ”), larger sensing volume (for evanescent field sensors due to the enhanced penetration depth), and the possibility to extract additional information by chemometric methods. An additional advantage is the increasing manufacturing tolerance compared to the visible region. This leads to the proposal to combine

• evanescent field of a guided wave (as is the above-mentioned MZI sensor), will show only a moderate absorption spectra, as the sensing volume is limited by the penetration depth of the evanescent field. This fact is both an advantage and a disadvantage. Biosensors often operate in aqueous solution, which

• strongly absorbs in the MIR. The small penetration depth ensures that the analyte spectrum is not obscured by the water bands. For the same reason, the analyte spectrum is poor. A solution to the problem of weak signal could be the implementation of surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA), which has

Graphene-enhanced plasmonic nanohole arrays for environmental sensing in aqueous samples

• Christa Genslein,
• Peter Hausler,
• Eva-Maria Kirchner,
• Rudolf Bierl,
• Antje J. Baeumner and
• Thomas Hirsch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1564–1573, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.150

• analytical application were studied, as the optimal plasmonic properties, e.g., penetration depth of the plasmonic field and sensitivity depend on the excitation method [41]. In order to vary the D/P (Figure 3) of the nanostructured substrate, the spheres were changed in size without altering their position

Localized surface plasmons in structures with linear Au nanoantennas on a SiO₂/Si surface

• Ilya A. Milekhin,
• Sergei A. Kuznetsov,
• Ekaterina E. Rodyakina,
• Alexander G. Milekhin,
• Alexander V. Latyshev and
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1519–1526, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.145

• surface with underlying SiO2 layers of various thicknesses allowed the penetration depth of localized surface plasmons into SiO2 to be determined. The value of the penetration depth derived experimentally (20 ± 10 nm) corresponds to that obtained from electromagnetic simulations (12.9–30.0 nm). Coupling

• amplification distribution. Similarly, Figure 5c represents the simulated E-field distribution referred to the middle vertical plane (XY) and shows that the field penetrates to the SiO2 layer at a relatively small distance. Quantitatively, the LSPR penetration depth δLSPR in Si and SiO2 can be derived from

• effective refractive index neff = [(ε1 + ε2)/2]1/2: νε1,ε2 = ν1,1/neff [12]. This allows one to conclude that when the nanoantennas are backed by a SiO2 layer the thickness of which is noticeably larger than the LSPR penetration depth δLSPR, the following relation between the LSPR frequencies νSi and νSiO2

Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents

• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Mateusz M. Tomczyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1086–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.102

• over other tomographic methods due to its non-invasive character, the high spatial and temporal resolution and the possibility of analyzing soft tissues. The substitution of X-rays (as used in computer tomography) by a magnetic field that causes no side effects and has no limit to penetration depth

The role of morphology and coupling of gold nanoparticles in optical breakdown during picosecond pulse exposures

• Yevgeniy R. Davletshin and
• J. Carl Kumaradas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 869–880, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.79

• resonance peaks of gold nanospheres towards the near infrared region. (This is useful in biological applications, where light has a good penetration depth) [5][16]. The use of plasmonic nanoparticles and the associated near-field enhancement has been used in applications based on the laser-induced breakdown

Hemolysin coregulated protein 1 as a molecular gluing unit for the assembly of nanoparticle hybrid structures

• Tuan Anh Pham,
• Andreas Schreiber,
• Elena V. Sturm (née Rosseeva),
• Stefan Schiller and
• Helmut Cölfen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 351–363, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.32

• Information File 1 and by calculation following Equation S1, Supporting Information File 1, reveals a value of 1.5 ± 0.5 nm and 3.32 nm. The reason for the large discrepancy compared to the calculated value can be caused by the smaller size of the Fe3O4 NPs, leading to higher penetration depth into the

• high indulgence of the Hcp1 ring structure. This results in a greater penetration depth of the NP into the protein cavity, leading to a smaller interparticle distance. Conclusion In this study, we used the toroidal protein Hcp1_cys3 as a protein adaptor to glue NPs in a “Lego-like” manner into linear

Impact of ultrasonic dispersion on the photocatalytic activity of titania aggregates

• Hoai Nga Le,
• Frank Babick,
• Klaus Kühn,
• Minh Tan Nguyen,
• Michael Stintz and
• Gianaurelio Cuniberti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2423–2430, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.250

• absorbance increases with further dispersion. Obviously, the maximum reaction rate is already achieved after short ultrasonication time, which disperses the large micrometer-sized agglomerates into submicron aggregates. This outcome is explained by the limited UV penetration depth into the concentrated

Two step formation of metal aggregates by surface X-ray radiolysis under Langmuir monolayers: 2D followed by 3D growth

• Smita Mukherjee,
• Marie-Claude Fauré,
• Michel Goldmann and
• Philippe Fontaine

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2406–2411, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.247

• layer, the X-ray beam induces the radiolytic synthesis of a nanostructured metal–organic layer whose ultrathin thickness is defined by the vertical X-ray penetration depth. We have shown that increasing the X-ray flux on the surface, which considerably enhances the kinetics of the silver layer formation

• thickness of the formed layer (here, 4.5 nm thick) created with this process is determined by the penetration depth of the X-ray evanescent wave [4]. Hence, we termed this method surface X-ray radiolysis. Based on the analysis of the intensity and the shape of the diffraction peaks that emerge in the

• shows strong fluctuations. The first regime associated with the fluorescence intensity increase can be associated with an increase of the amount of silver atoms in the irradiated volume, defined by the X-ray footprint (1 × 50 mm2) and the penetration depth (4.6 nm) of X-rays. Comparing this curve to the

Fabrication of hybrid nanocomposite scaffolds by incorporating ligand-free hydroxyapatite nanoparticles into biodegradable polymer scaffolds and release studies

• Balazs Farkas,
• Marina Rodio,
• Ilaria Romano,
• Alberto Diaspro,
• Romuald Intartaglia and
• Szabolcs Beke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2217–2223, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.227

• , and FTIR measurements similar to a previous work performed on Au NPs embedded in the same polymer matrix [19]. Shortly, 2D samples were made to measure the changes of penetration depth (and thus, the layer thickness), while five layer, non-porous circular scaffolds with 2 mm diameter were prepared for

• achieve direct compatibility between the particles and the PPF resin. As seen in Figure 2a, the added nanoparticles only barely affected the penetration depth of the light from the XeCl excimer laser (308 nm) even with the highest particle concentration. On the other hand, TGA (Figure 2a inset) and

Development of a novel nanoindentation technique by utilizing a dual-probe AFM system

• Eyup Cinar,
• Ferat Sahin and
• Dalia Yablon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2015–2027, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.205

• surface and accordingly guarantee the angle of the tip relative to the fork and the angle of the fork relative to the mount. Penetration depth is measured by the second tower with a specifically fabricated cantilevered AFM glass probe tips coated with Cr. These probes have a cantilever length of 300 μm

The role of low-energy electrons in focused electron beam induced deposition: four case studies of representative precursors

• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Ragesh Kumar T. P.,
• D. Howard Fairbrother and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1904–1926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.194

• represents the distributions of SE energies while the latter means the total SE yield as function of PE energy. The principal variable determining the influence of the PE energy on the SE yield at the surface is their penetration depth. This, in turn, depends mainly on the Z-value of the substrate. In

Lower nanometer-scale size limit for the deformation of a metallic glass by shear transformations revealed by quantitative AFM indentation

• Arnaud Caron and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1721–1732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.176

• suitable alternative to determine the hardness of a material, even when the remaining indent is too small to be accurately imaged. The projected area is then determined from the penetration depth with the help of an indenter-area function [2]. Meanwhile the Berkovich indenter with a half-opening angle α

• compliant sample surface, an extension of the z-scanner also leads to a penetration of the AFM tip into the sample surface by the penetration depth δ = Z − D. While the cantilever deflection D is calibrated independently, the height value Z is subject to drift or creep effects of the piezoelectric scanner

• according to ΔZdrift = Δδ + ΔD = vdrift × t, where Δδ and ΔD are the differences in penetration depth and deflection with regard to the fastest measurement, vdrift is the drift velocity and t is the time. Subsequently, the penetration depth was re-evaluated according to δ = Z + ΔZdrift − D under the

Scanning reflection ion microscopy in a helium ion microscope

• Yuri V. Petrov and
• Oleg F. Vyvenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1125–1137, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.114

• asterisk is used to emphasize that the reflection coefficient near the step edge differs from the reflection coefficient of the bulk sample surface when the distance to the step edge is comparable with the ion penetration depth. Near the step edge some part of the incident beam penetrates through it with

Fabrication of high-resolution nanostructures of complex geometry by the single-spot nanolithography method

• Alexander Samardak,
• Margarita Anisimova,
• Aleksei Samardak and
• Alexey Ognev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 976–986, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.101

• determines the energy of the electron beam, and hence the penetration depth into the resist and substrate. The exposure dose refers to the number of inserted electrons in the primary electron beam. In the beginning, it was empirically found that at single spot doses less than 0.2 pC, the PMMA resist behaves

• that the electron backscattering coefficient for bulk Au is about three times larger than for bulk Si at an acceleration voltage of 10 kV [18]. The electron beam energy plays a very important role in the fabrication process because of its strong effect on the electron penetration depth and the number

• of inelastic collisions occurring in the resist. On the one hand, with an increase of the electron energy, the penetration depth increases, giving a narrow energy density distribution of primary electrons in the resist. On the other hand, at higher voltages, the number of polymer chain scissions per