Revealing local structural properties of an atomically thin MoSe₂ surface using optical microscopy

• Lin Pan,
• Peng Miao,
• Anke Horneber,
• Alfred J. Meixner,
• Pierre-Michel Adam and
• Dai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 572–581, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.49

• molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) flake as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) platform, we demonstrate the dependency of the Raman enhancement on laser beam polarization and local structure using copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) as probe. Second harmonic generation (SHG) and photoluminescence spectroscopy

• investigated using custom-built confocal optical microscopy assisted by a parabolic mirror. Both azimuthally and radially polarized doughnut beams are used for evaluating the polarization-dependent Raman enhancement at the MoSe2 surface. With the combination of SHG and photoluminescence microscopy, structural

• properties of MoSe2 flakes, such as the structural irregularities, thickness, and crystal stacking, are revealed. The dependencies of Raman and photoluminescence signals of the MoSe2 flake on polarization and local structure are compared and discussed. These results contribute to understand the impact of

Electrostatic pull-in application in flexible devices: A review

• Teng Cai,
• Yuming Fang,
• Yingli Fang,
• Ruozhou Li,
• Ying Yu and
• Mingyang Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 390–403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.32

• are transferred via a switch rectifier to a capacitor to load it. Pyroelectric power generation: Pyroelectric crystals can generate electricity with a change in temperature owing to the net change in polarization of the crystal units [100]. Therefore, it can be an ideal high-voltage source for MEMS

Relationship between corrosion and nanoscale friction on a metallic glass

• Haoran Ma and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 236–244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.18

• corrosion conditions. Recently, we investigated nanoscale friction on a Zr63Ni22Ti15 (ZrNiTi) MG in phosphate buffer after electrochemical polarization [21]. Our results demonstrated a new method to investigate in situ the structure of surface oxide films grown upon polarization in aqueous solutions using

• polarization curves of ZrNiTi MGs in NaCl solution and phosphate buffer recorded in an electrochemical AFM cell. In NaCl solution, no passivity is observed during anodic polarization. The current density increases rapidly even at a low applied potential (approx. 0 V). In contrast, the ZrNiTi MG in phosphate

• buffer is passivated spontaneously with a wide passivation region (−0.05 to 1.2 V). These results indicate a significantly higher corrosion resistance of the MG in phosphate buffer compared to NaCl solution. After potentiodynamic polarization, the corroded surfaces of ZrNiTi MGs were investigated by

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

• occur for a variety of reasons. More water molecules are trapped between the needle and the collector when the water partial pressure is higher. Due to molecular polarization, the presence of these water molecules reduces the quantity of surplus charges in the electrospinning jet [45]. As a result, the

Theranostic potential of self-luminescent branched polyethyleneimine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Rouhollah Khodadust,
• Ozlem Unal and
• Havva Yagci Acar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 82–95, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.6

• MCF7 and HCT116 than to HeLa cells at the tested dose of 19.2 µg/mL. Such cell line-based differences are normal since the mechanism of nanoparticle internalization may vary depending on the cell type, cell cycle stage, and cell polarization state [62]. Free Erb did not cause any significant

Influence of magnetic domain walls on all-optical magnetic toggle switching in a ferrimagnetic GdFe film

• Rahil Hosseinifar,
• Evangelos Golias,
• Ivar Kumberg,
• Quentin Guillet,
• Karl Frischmuth,
• Sangeeta Thakur,
• Mario Fix,
• Manfred Albrecht,
• Florian Kronast and
• Wolfgang Kuch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 74–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.5

• polarization [4]. This all-optical toggle switching is explained by the different speeds of demagnetization of Gd and the 3d metal in the ferrimagnetic alloy or in bilayers upon exposure to the laser pulse, together with the conservation of angular momentum during the laser-induced demagnetization [16][17][18

Measurement of polarization effects in dual-phase ceria-based oxygen permeation membranes using Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Kerstin Neuhaus,
• Christina Schmidt,
• Liudmila Fischer,
• Wilhelm Albert Meulenberg,
• Ke Ran,
• Joachim Mayer and
• Stefan Baumann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.102

• was used as a model to demonstrate that a combination of polarization relaxation measurements and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM)-based mapping of the Volta potential before and after the end of polarization can be used to determine the chemical diffusion coefficient of the ceria component of the

• temperatures above 400 °C. However, the implications of local oxidation and reduction for charge carrier mobility at lower temperatures are by far less well studied. Therefore, a combined polarization-KPFM experiment was performed on a dual-phase material consisting of 60 vol % Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 and 40 vol

• nanoscale electrode, a constant voltage pulse was applied to the sample in order to achieve a local polarization with distinctly changed redox state and defect concentrations. In a subsequent mapping experiment, the AFM tip was used as Kelvin probe to scan the locally changed surface potential distribution

Enhancement of the piezoelectric coefficient in PVDF-TrFe/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposites through DC magnetic poling

• Marco Fortunato,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Maria Paola Bracciale,
• Maria Laura Santarelli and
• Maria Sabrina Sarto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1262–1270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.93

• piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties, high chemical resistance, high thermal stability, large polarization, short switching time, and mechanical flexibility. All these combined characteristics make it suitable for a wide range of advanced applications, from sensing to energy harvesting [8][9][10][11]. It

• shows the strongest ferro-, piezo-, and pyroelectric behavior [13], due to the largest spontaneous polarization (7 × 10−30 C·m) [14]. In order to obtain a high content of the β phase, PVDF is generally polymerized with trifluoroethylene (TrFe), producing a copolymer of PVDF, namely poly(vinylidene

Electrical, electrochemical and structural studies of a chlorine-derived ionic liquid-based polymer gel electrolyte

• Ashish Gupta,
• Amrita Jain,
• Manju Kumari and
• Santosh K. Tripathi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1252–1261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.92

• dielectric constant with increasing frequency is the most expected phenomenon of dielectric materials which mostly arises due to the dielectric relaxation that causes an anomalous dispersion. The orientational polarization, which depends on the molecular arrangement of dielectric materials, is the major

• due to the dissociation of salts and ion aggregates at higher temperatures. The analysis of the modulus is very useful in distinguishing between electrode polarization with that of other interfacial effects. Figure 7a and Figure 7b show the real part Mr and the imaginary part Mi of the electrical

• observed that the height of the peak decreases by increasing the temperature, which suggests a plurality of relaxation mechanisms. At low frequencies, the values of both real and imaginary moduli decrease to almost zero, indicating a negligible contribution of the electrode polarization phenomenon. The

First-principles study of the structural, optoelectronic and thermophysical properties of the π-SnSe for thermoelectric applications

• Muhammad Atif Sattar,
• Najwa Al Bouzieh,
• Maamar Benkraouda and
• Noureddine Amrane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1101–1114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.82

• from the dielectric function by using the following expressions [72]: The real part ε1(ω) of the dielectric tensor describes the polarization and the induced scattering of the incident light photons, while ε2(ω) refers to the magnitude of absorption of the incident radiations. The real part ε1(ω) of

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• ]. What is common to all these approaches is that finely dispersed Na, even in its metallic Na form, suppresses dendrite formation to a significant extent. The generally reported reason for this observation is the more even distribution of Na nuclei, the greatly reduced concentration polarization, and a

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• inertness is due to metallic gold formed upon reduction of Au3+ during nanoparticle formation. However, there is also the possibility of Au0 oxidation that is influenced by size, shape, and stabilizing/capping agents. For instance, commonly used citrate and thiolate ligands result in a partial polarization

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• quantities, that is, frequency (giving the stiffness), amplitude (giving the piezoresponse), Q (dissipation), and phase (directionality of polarization). PFM can map piezoelectric domains and the inverse piezoresponse of a sample, but signals are notoriously low. In this work, two arrays (real and imaginary

Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• –polypyrrole) oscillates, and then, due to the piezoelectric effect, the ferroelectric tail bends and the electric polarization changes. Experimental analysis shows that changing the magnitude and frequency of the magnetic field can transform the motion of the nanoeel from surface walking to three-dimensional

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• high levels of disorder in the crystal. Up to this critical dose, it was shown that the valley polarization properties of the material were preserved (indicating that the electronic band structure of the semiconductor was largely unaffected). Only for high levels of disorder introduced into the system

Nanoporous and nonporous conjugated donor–acceptor polymer semiconductors for photocatalytic hydrogen production

• Zhao-Qi Sheng,
• Yu-Qin Xing,
• Yan Chen,
• Guang Zhang,
• Shi-Yong Liu and
• Long Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 607–623, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.50

• with oligophenylene moieties, which is due to the favorable internal polarization and coordinating sites rendered by nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Among them, the DTBDT–pyrazine-based P29 achieved the best HER of 106.9 μmol·h−1 (12 mg) due to the suitable N substitution. Pyrene as a well-known

• -dicarboxylic acid. It was revealed that the longer alkyl chain was harmful to the D–A interactions in CPs. Thus, nitrogen-containing aromatic segments can effectively mediate the internal polarization of the polymeric framework and thus enhance the PHP performance. Benzothiadiazole-based conjugated polymers

Stability and activity of platinum nanoparticles in the oxygen electroreduction reaction: is size or uniformity of primary importance?

• Kirill O. Paperzh,
• Anastasia A. Alekseenko,
• Vadim A. Volochaev,
• Ilya V. Pankov,
• Olga A. Safronenko and
• Vladimir E. Guterman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 593–606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.49

• behavior in the ORR, since it is at the cathode that strong polarization and pronounced degradation of the catalyst take place. Such а degradation occurs as a result of both the operation at high anodic potentials and the effect of aggressive oxygen-containing intermediates, which are formed during the

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of water in aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles

• Paulina Filipczak,
• Krzysztof Hałagan,
• Jacek Ulański and
• Marcin Kozanecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 497–506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.40

• . Additionally, the differential spectra obtained by subtracting the water spectrum from the spectra of AgNPs dispersions are shown. The enhancement of the low wavenumber component in the spectrum acquired in the parallel polarization configuration (polarized OH stretching mode), located at 3200 cm−1, is visible

Spontaneous shape transition of Mn_xGe_1−x islands to long nanowires

• S. Javad Rezvani,
• Luc Favre,
• Gabriele Giuli,
• Yiming Wubulikasimu,
• Isabelle Berbezier,
• Augusto Marcelli,
• Luca Boarino and
• Nicola Pinto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 366–374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.30

• silicides as an indispensable part of microelectronics [14][15]. In particular, the manganese germanide phase Mn5Ge3 is a semimetallic compound that has attracted attention due to its giant magnetoresistance and large spin polarization, which make it a proper candidate for spintronics applications [16][17

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

•  7a–c, respectively. The extinction was measured for plane wave incident light of linear polarization. The polarization was chosen along the x axis as depicted in Figure 7e. This configuration and any other in-plane polarization excite the optically active Eu mode of the tetramer [59]. The plasmonic

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• polarization direction, TENGs can have four working modes [87], including vertical contact–separation (CS) mode, in-plane lateral-sliding (LS) mode, single-electrode (SE) mode, and freestanding triboelectric-layer (FT) mode, as shown in Figure 2a. In the vertical CS mode, a stack of two dielectric films is

Fusion of purple membranes triggered by immobilization on carbon nanomembranes

• René Riedel,
• Natalie Frese,
• Fang Yang,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Raphael Dalpke,
• Daniel Rhinow,
• Norbert Hampp and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 93–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.8

• polarization modulator unit. Further SEM images were recorded using a Vega W-REM from Tescan. UV–vis data was further processed and evaluated using NanoScope Analysis 1.90 (Build R1.135067, Bruker Corporation, ibid.), ImageJ 1.51j8 (National Institutes of Health, USA) and Gwyddion 2.47. Graphs were plotted

Atomic layer deposited films of Al₂O₃ on fluorine-doped tin oxide electrodes: stability and barrier properties

• Hana Krýsová,
• Michael Neumann-Spallart,
• Hana Tarábková,
• Pavel Janda,
• Ladislav Kavan and
• Josef Krýsa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 24–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.2

• exploring the electrochemical reduction of the FTO film itself resulting in metallic tin, as evidenced by the dark coloration of the samples after a prolonged polarization at −1.2 V, according to Equation 1: The AFM phase images of glass/FTO before and after electrochemical treatment (−1.2 V, 5 h, phosphate

• polarization at −1.2 V vs Ag/AgCl, the reduction of FTO to tin took place (Equation 1). No Sn was found when the FTO layers were protected by alumina films (Figure 9). Conclusion ALD Al2O3 films, already at a thickness of 5 nm, exhibited very good blocking of the electron transport from solid electrodes (FTO

• bare FTO substrates and of Al2O3 layers on FTO substrates after polarization at −1.2 V vs Ag/AgCl, in buffer (pH 7.2) at different time intervals.a Supporting Information Supporting Information File 28: Additional figures. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Tim Verhagen for ellipsometry

Kondo effects in small-bandgap carbon nanotube quantum dots

• Patryk Florków,
• Damian Krychowski and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1873–1890, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.169

• . In the 1e region there are a spin Kondo effect with the fluctuating states |0↓⟩ and |0↑⟩ exhibiting orbital polarization, a valley Kondo effect with the |0↓⟩ and |↓0⟩ states exhibiting spin polarization, and a spin–valley Kondo effect with fluctuations of |↓0⟩ and |0↑⟩, in which both spin and orbital

• the SU(4) point in the 1e valley and the SU(3) point in the 3e valley. As already mentioned, the examples presented above do not exhaust all possible locations of high-symmetry points. Figure 3a presents an example of spin polarization of conductance corresponding to the conduction map in Figure 2c

• plotted ground-state diagrams of (a) CNTQD(24,21), (b) CNTQD(39,24), (c) CNTQD(15,12), and d) CNTQD(48,18) (U = 6 meV, Γ = 0.03 meV, δ = 1 meV·nm, β = 37 meV·nm2). (a, b) Spin polarization (SPC) and orbital polarization (OPC) maps of CNTQD(15,12). (c, d) Spin (MZ) and orbital pseudospin (TZ) magnetization

Piezotronic effect in AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterojunction nanowires used as a flexible strain sensor

• Jianqi Dong,
• Liang Chen,
• Yuqing Yang and
• Xingfu Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1847–1853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.166

• effect; strain sensors; strain tests; top-down method; Introduction Due to the non-centrosymmetric structure of the group-III nitride semiconductor materials (e.g., GaN, AlN, and AlGaN), spontaneous polarization (Psp) and piezoelectric polarization induced by lattice mismatch (Plm) are inevitably

• introduced during the epitaxial growth process [1][2][3]. Furthermore, the analysis of the internal polarization of the AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterojunction showed the existence of a 2D electron gas (2DEG), which effectively suppresses the degradation of the carrier mobility caused by the scattering at charge

• polarization distribution inside the heterojunction [7][8]. The piezotronic effect, described first by Zhong Lin Wang in 2007, is a combination of the piezoelectric effect and the properties of non-centrosymmetric semiconductor materials [9]. 1D semiconductor nanowires (NWs) are more suitable candidates for