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Search for "stiffness" in Full Text gives 268 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.

Integration of sharp silicon nitride tips into high-speed SU8 cantilevers in a batch fabrication process

  • Nahid Hosseini,
  • Matthias Neuenschwander,
  • Oliver Peric,
  • Santiago H. Andany,
  • Jonathan D. Adams and
  • Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2357–2363, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.226

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  • a high imaging speed due to the high material bandwidth product, which mainly results from the high intrinsic damping properties of the polymer. Such cantilevers have high resonance frequencies and low Q-factors for a given size and stiffness [23]. However, SU8 tips wear down quickly and become
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Published 29 Nov 2019

Atomic force acoustic microscopy reveals the influence of substrate stiffness and topography on cell behavior

  • Yan Liu,
  • Li Li,
  • Xing Chen,
  • Ying Wang,
  • Meng-Nan Liu,
  • Jin Yan,
  • Liang Cao,
  • Lu Wang and
  • Zuo-Bin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2329–2337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.223

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  • Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China Computer Department, Changchun Medical College, Changchun 130031, China JR3CN & IRAC, University of Bedfordshire, Luton LU1 3JU, UK 10.3762/bjnano.10.223 Abstract The stiffness and the topography of the substrate at
  • the cell–substrate interface are two key properties influencing cell behavior. In this paper, atomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM) is used to investigate the influence of substrate stiffness and substrate topography on the responses of L929 fibroblasts. This combined nondestructive technique is
  • able to characterize materials at high lateral resolution. To produce substrates of tunable stiffness and topography, we imprint nanostripe patterns on undeveloped and developed SU-8 photoresist films using electron-beam lithography (EBL). Elastic deformations of the substrate surfaces and the cells
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Published 26 Nov 2019

Ion mobility and material transport on KBr in air as a function of the relative humidity

  • Dominik J. Kirpal,
  • Korbinian Pürckhauer,
  • Alfred J. Weymouth and
  • Franz J. Giessibl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2084–2093, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.203

Graphical Abstract
  • that a qPlus AFM is capable of observing material dissolution [7][15]. These studies show that the high stiffness is beneficial and allows one to use larger tips built from any appropriate tip material and to operate the AFM at small amplitudes without risking jump to contact [7][16][17][18][19]. A
  • per hour. The humidity was continuously measured and, if needed, adjusted during the measurement process. All AFM experiments were performed in the frequency-modulation mode with a qPlus sensor with a resonance frequency of 29 to 33 kHz and a stiffness of k = 1.8 kN/m. Typical image parameters were an
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Published 30 Oct 2019

Subsurface imaging of flexible circuits via contact resonance atomic force microscopy

  • Wenting Wang,
  • Chengfu Ma,
  • Yuhang Chen,
  • Lei Zheng,
  • Huarong Liu and
  • Jiaru Chu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1636–1647, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.159

Graphical Abstract
  • embedded metal layer leads to an obvious CR-AFM frequency shift and therefore its unambiguous differentiation from the polymer matrix. The contact stiffness contrast, determined from the tracked frequency images, was employed for quantitative evaluation. The influence of various parameter settings and
  • force microscopy (AFM); contact resonance atomic force microscopy (CR-AFM); contact stiffness; defect detection; flexible circuits; subsurface imaging; Introduction With the rapid shrinkage of microelectronic devices, flexible circuits are intensively used while being functionalized as supercapacitors
  • heterogeneous structures in the contact volume will alter the local contact stiffness and then the contact resonance of the cantilever. Its usage in detecting buried structures such as defects [21][22][23][24][25] and nanofillers [26][27][28] has thus gained much attention. Although a few investigations have
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Published 07 Aug 2019

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

  • Katsuhiko Ariga,
  • Michio Matsumoto,
  • Taizo Mori and
  • Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

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Published 30 Jul 2019

Development of a new hybrid approach combining AFM and SEM for the nanoparticle dimensional metrology

  • Loïc Crouzier,
  • Alexandra Delvallée,
  • Sébastien Ducourtieux,
  • Laurent Devoille,
  • Guillaume Noircler,
  • Christian Ulysse,
  • Olivier Taché,
  • Elodie Barruet,
  • Christophe Tromas and
  • Nicolas Feltin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1523–1536, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.150

Graphical Abstract
  • resonance frequency is 300 kHz and the nominal radius of curvature of the tip is roughly 7 nm. The nominal stiffness of the cantilever is 42 N/m. For all measurements, the tip oscillation amplitude was about 40 nm. The amplitude setpoint was fixed very high and near the free amplitude (80%) value to prevent
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Published 26 Jul 2019

Kelvin probe force microscopy of the nanoscale electrical surface potential barrier of metal/semiconductor interfaces in ambient atmosphere

  • Petr Knotek,
  • Tomáš Plecháček,
  • Jan Smolík,
  • Petr Kutálek,
  • Filip Dvořák,
  • Milan Vlček,
  • Jiří Navrátil and
  • Čestmír Drašar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1401–1411, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.138

Graphical Abstract
  • tunneling microscopy (STM) [27][28] or by using AFM in the semicontact mode. The latter enables a describtion not only of the topography (size and shape) but also a detection of the changes in density, stiffness and adhesion of NPs [20][21][24][29][30]. In the present study we demonstrate that the Schottky
  • material because of its well-defined layered structure with sub-nanometer roughness similar to mica or highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). The electrical conductivity and mechanical stiffness of Bi2Se3 allow for the measurement with high-intensity electrical fields (10 V/30 nm) without damaging the
  •  1B) due to local changes in adhesion, density, and stiffness [30]. This fact demonstrates the difference between the NPs and the substrate, regardless of any artifacts of the sample preparation/measurement. KPFM is a double-pass measurement technique, where the lift height between the first
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Published 15 Jul 2019

Nanoscale spatial mapping of mechanical properties through dynamic atomic force microscopy

  • Zahra Abooalizadeh,
  • Leszek Josef Sudak and
  • Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1332–1347, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.132

Graphical Abstract
  • the force sensor were determined under ultrahigh vacuum using the beam-geometry method, involving the measurement of the frequency of the first normal oscillation mode to determine the thickness of the cantilever [26]. The normal stiffness of the cantilevers was determined to be in the range of 0.25
  • –0.45 N/m and the lateral stiffness was between 80–140 N/m. The optical sensitivity of the quadrant detector was assumed to be the same in both the lateral and normal direction and was determined by measuring the slope of the cantilever normal bending signal versus sample displacement in the z-direction
  • standard silicon chip. The obtained amplitude response on a silicon surface, ASilicon can be used to calculate the drive force exerted on the tip as: where Fdr is the drive force, kn is the normal stiffness of the cantilever obtained from geometric methods [26], and ASilicon is the cantilever oscillation
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Published 03 Jul 2019

Multicomponent bionanocomposites based on clay nanoarchitectures for electrochemical devices

  • Giulia Lo Dico,
  • Bernd Wicklein,
  • Lorenzo Lisuzzo,
  • Giuseppe Lazzara,
  • Pilar Aranda and
  • Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.129

Graphical Abstract
  • , MWCNTs and poly(vinyl alcohol) [25], sepiolite, graphene nanoplatelets, and biopolymers (e.g., alginate, gelatine) [26] and cellulose or foams of microfibrillated cellulose and starch [47], which exhibit Young’s moduli in the range from 0.1 to 9 GPa. The high stiffness of these materials has been
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Published 25 Jun 2019

On the relaxation time of interacting superparamagnetic nanoparticles and implications for magnetic fluid hyperthermia

  • Andrei Kuncser,
  • Nicusor Iacob and
  • Victor E. Kuncser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1280–1289, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.127

Graphical Abstract
  • of thirteen magnetic nanoparticles (each of size 4.4 × 4 × 4 nm in order to assure the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy) with no magneto-crystalline anisotropy, a stiffness constant (A) of 1.3 × 10−11 J/m3 and a spontaneous magnetization (Ms) of 8.5 × 105 A/m have been arranged in a bidimensional
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Published 24 Jun 2019

Comparing a porphyrin- and a coumarin-based dye adsorbed on NiO(001)

  • Sara Freund,
  • Antoine Hinaut,
  • Nathalie Marinakis,
  • Edwin C. Constable,
  • Ernst Meyer,
  • Catherine E. Housecroft and
  • Thilo Glatzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 874–881, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.88

Graphical Abstract
  • at 80 °C. Scanning probe microscopy All measurements were carried out in dark using a custom-built atomic force microscope operating under UHV at RT. All AFM images were recorded in the non-contact mode, using silicon cantilevers (Nanosensors PPP-NCL, stiffness k = 20–30 N/m, resonance frequency f1
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Published 15 Apr 2019

Review of time-resolved non-contact electrostatic force microscopy techniques with applications to ionic transport measurements

  • Aaron Mascaro,
  • Yoichi Miyahara,
  • Tyler Enright,
  • Omur E. Dagdeviren and
  • Peter Grütter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 617–633, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.62

Graphical Abstract
  • (interferometry, for example [53]) and cleaner excitation schemes such as photothermal excitation [54]. Using probes of higher stiffness, however, is not expected to be advantageous due to the inverse relationship between the measured phase shift and cantilever spring constant. Validation measurement To
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Published 01 Mar 2019

Mechanical and thermodynamic properties of Aβ42, Aβ40, and α-synuclein fibrils: a coarse-grained method to complement experimental studies

  • Adolfo B. Poma,
  • Horacio V. Guzman,
  • Mai Suan Li and
  • Panagiotis E. Theodorakis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 500–513, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.51

Graphical Abstract
  • range of applications of AFM technique span from biomolecules to single cells [31][56][57]. The AFM nanoindentation force–distance curves typically depend on the correct determination of the cantilever stiffness and only measurements of biological fibrils located at the centre of the fibril are
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Published 19 Feb 2019

Nitrous oxide as an effective AFM tip functionalization: a comparative study

  • Taras Chutora,
  • Bruno de la Torre,
  • Pingo Mutombo,
  • Jack Hellerstedt,
  • Jaromír Kopeček,
  • Pavel Jelínek and
  • Martin Švec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 315–321, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.30

Graphical Abstract
  • and the simulated AFM images. The lateral stiffness was set to k = 0.25 N/m. The correlation of the experimental evidence and theory permit us to understand the nature and origin of the chemical contrast. Adsorption of N2O molecules on the Au(111) substrate. (a) Overview STM image (100 mV, 10 pA, 50
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Published 30 Jan 2019

Pull-off and friction forces of micropatterned elastomers on soft substrates: the effects of pattern length scale and stiffness

  • Peter van Assenbergh,
  • Marike Fokker,
  • Julian Langowski,
  • Jan van Esch,
  • Marleen Kamperman and
  • Dimitra Dodou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 79–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.8

Graphical Abstract
  • adhesiveness of biological micropatterned adhesives primarily relies on their geometry (e.g., feature size, architecture) and material properties (e.g., stiffness). Over the last few decades, researchers have been mimicking the geometry and material properties of biological micropatterned adhesives. The
  • performance of these biomimetic micropatterned adhesives is usually tested on hard substrates. Much less is known about the effect of geometry, feature size, and material properties on the performance of micropatterned adhesives when the substrate is deformable. Here, micropatterned adhesives of two stiffness
  • degrees (Young’s moduli of 280 and 580 kPa) were fabricated from poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and tested on soft poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) substrates of two stiffness degrees (12 and 18 kPa), and on hard glass substrates as a reference. An out-of-the-cleanroom colloidal lithographic approach was
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Published 08 Jan 2019

A comparison of tarsal morphology and traction force in the two burying beetles Nicrophorus nepalensis and Nicrophorus vespilloides (Coleoptera, Silphidae)

  • Liesa Schnee,
  • Benjamin Sampalla,
  • Josef K. Müller and
  • Oliver Betz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 47–61, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.5

Graphical Abstract
  • morphology of the hair types (cf. Figure 2) in the two species, possible differences in the shape and the stiffness of the adhesive tips have not been investigated in this study and may play an important role [10][42]. Previous studies have suggested a decreased fluidity in the tarsal adhesion-mediating
  • (CSM Instruments, Peseux, Switzerland) equipped with a dual-beam cantilever STH-001 as previously described [19]. This cantilever features a highly sensitive dual-beam spring able to measure forces in the x-direction (Ft, stiffness = 4.8139 mN/µm) and z-direction (Fn, stiffness = 0.5122 mN/µm) with a
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Published 04 Jan 2019

Bidirectional biomimetic flow sensing with antiparallel and curved artificial hair sensors

  • Claudio Abels,
  • Antonio Qualtieri,
  • Toni Lober,
  • Alessandro Mariotti,
  • Lily D. Chambers,
  • Massimo De Vittorio,
  • William M. Megill and
  • Francesco Rizzi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 32–46, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.4

Graphical Abstract
  • 2 μm encapsulation layer to all sides of the cantilever beams as well as the flow sensor substrate (including circuitry). This process tunes the mechanical properties (flexural stiffness) of the artificial hair sensor, as described in [46]. Experimental methodology Three different experiments were
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Published 03 Jan 2019

Contact splitting in dry adhesion and friction: reducing the influence of roughness

  • Jae-Kang Kim and
  • Michael Varenberg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1–8, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.1

Graphical Abstract
  • point as the point at which the adhesive flap bending needed for adaptation to surface irregularities becomes too energy consuming. To this end, the bending stiffness of the adhesive flaps is the decisive property and, hence, the flap thickness is the most important characteristic size (it is raised to
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Published 02 Jan 2019

Investigation of CVD graphene as-grown on Cu foil using simultaneous scanning tunneling/atomic force microscopy

  • Majid Fazeli Jadidi,
  • Umut Kamber,
  • Oğuzhan Gürlü and
  • H. Özgür Özer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2953–2959, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.274

Graphical Abstract
  • nanostructures. With the use of sub-angstrom oscillation amplitudes, far from resonance, the tip–sample force corrugation in the images obtained at very close separations, can be calculated using F = klever·(A0 – A), where klever is the lever stiffness, A0 the free oscillation amplitude, i.e., far from the
  • taken on several samples showed the presence of dominantly single-layer graphene [36]. Results and Discussion We used a custom-made tungsten tip–cantilever probe [32] the stiffness of which was estimated from thermal oscillations to be about 53 N/m. The simultaneously acquired STM topography and force
  • (forward scan); (c) force in constant-height mode (backward scan). Scale bar values are in units of Å in STM and nN in force images. Obtained with a W tip and cantilever of stiffness k = 53 N/m and a resonance frequency f0 = 31.5 kHz; drive frequency f = 15 kHz. The image size is 11 × 11 Å2, Vsample = −0.5
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Published 28 Nov 2018

Layered calcium phenylphosphonate: a hybrid material for a new generation of nanofillers

  • Kateřina Kopecká,
  • Ludvík Beneš,
  • Klára Melánová,
  • Vítězslav Zima,
  • Petr Knotek and
  • Kateřina Zetková

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2906–2915, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.269

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  • to improve their stiffness, melt behavior, mechanical characteristic, durability and other properties of polymer products is a well-known process and has been studied for decades. Platelets of clay minerals are suitable and widespread fillers. In addition, some clays can be exfoliated thanks to their
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Published 20 Nov 2018

The effect of flexible joint-like elements on the adhesive performance of nature-inspired bent mushroom-like fibers

  • Elliot Geikowsky,
  • Serdar Gorumlu and
  • Burak Aksak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2893–2905, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.268

Graphical Abstract
  • testing different scenarios, LDP results have shown the significant influence of the stiffness gradient in the robustness of the adhesion and the adaptability of the contact. Parness et al. [23] fabricated one of the first synthetic structures which performed similar to a gecko. While their adhesion was
  • compliance and facilitates the use of such a stiff polymer. The joint stiffness was controlled using three polyurethane materials of elastic moduli Ej = 0.45, 8.89 and 126 MPa as the joint material. The final array of the composite fibers consisted of a stiff stalk and tip linked by a soft joint as shown in
  • . Let us model the flexible joint as a torsional spring of stiffness added to the end of the fiber, where Ej is the elastic modulus of the joint material and f is the thickness of the joint in terms of overall effective length L of the fiber, and I is the area moment of inertia of the fiber assuming
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Published 19 Nov 2018

Effective sensor properties and sensitivity considerations of a dynamic co-resonantly coupled cantilever sensor

  • Julia Körner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2546–2560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.237

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  • maintaining the ease of detection. Experimentally, a low-stiffness nanocantilever is coupled to an easy to read out microcantilever and the eigenfrequencies of both beams are brought close to one another. This results in a strong interplay between both beams and, hence, any interaction applied at the
  • cantilever mass. Another approach of reaching femtonewton force sensitivity has been demonstrated for optomechanical cantilever sensors by optimizing cantilever design for high quality factors (in the order of 106). Consequently, cantilevers with rather high stiffness (kN/m) can be used, avoiding the snap-to
  • stiffness of the nanocantilever and room temperature were assumed. A decrease in stiffness, especially of the nanocantilever, and low temperatures will lead to much more gain in sensitivity. With the derived expressions within this work, a fast and easy way to estimate the potential sensitivity is given
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Published 25 Sep 2018

Evidence of friction reduction in laterally graded materials

  • Roberto Guarino,
  • Gianluca Costagliola,
  • Federico Bosia and
  • Nicola Maria Pugno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2443–2456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.229

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  • graded materials; numerical simulations; Introduction Materials with a gradient in their physical or elastic properties are widely found in nature. Several known biological systems have developed specialized functionalities due to stiffness, density or composition gradients. Beetles, for instance
  • , display setae with a graded stiffness that optimises the adhesive performance on rough surfaces [1]. Hardness and stiffness gradients are of fundamental importance in the biomechanics of contacts, since they allow increased resistance against wear, impact, penetration and crack propagation [2][3][4][5][6
  • stiffness of the springs along the axis is set to Kint = 3/4 Elz, and of the diagonal springs to Kint/2 [37]. Thus, the internal elastic force exerted on the generic block i by its neighbour j is Fint(ij) = kij (rij − lji) (rj − ri) /rij, where ri and rj are the position vectors of blocks i and j
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Published 13 Sep 2018

Magnetism and magnetoresistance of single Ni–Cu alloy nanowires

  • Andreea Costas,
  • Camelia Florica,
  • Elena Matei,
  • Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares,
  • Ionel Stavarache,
  • Andrei Kuncser,
  • Victor Kuncser and
  • Ionut Enculescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2345–2355, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.219

Graphical Abstract
  • also related to an exchange length parameter, λex = π√(A/K), where A is the exchange stiffness and K is the anisotropy constant, respectively. Even for single-component metallic nanowires (e.g., Ni) of high aspect ratio, different magnetization reversal mechanisms might be in work (from the simplest
  • gradient method were performed for all points obtained on the hysteresis plot. In addition to the abovementioned geometrical aspects, the simulations require also two additional magnetic parameters: (i) the spontaneous magnetization (well approximated by the saturation magnetization) and (ii) the stiffness
  • [27]. However, the above estimations allowed us to perform micromagnetic simulations on similar cylindrical magnetic structures of high aspect ratio with saturation magnetizations of about 105 A·m−1 and stiffness constants of about 10−22 J·m−1 (as specific to Ni and Ni alloys) [31][32]. The
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Published 30 Aug 2018

Fabrication of photothermally active poly(vinyl alcohol) films with gold nanostars for antibacterial applications

  • Mykola Borzenkov,
  • Maria Moros,
  • Claudia Tortiglione,
  • Serena Bertoldi,
  • Nicola Contessi,
  • Silvia Faré,
  • Angelo Taglietti,
  • Agnese D’Agostino,
  • Piersandro Pallavicini,
  • Maddalena Collini and
  • Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2040–2048, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.193

Graphical Abstract
  • stress–strain curves of the three types of films followed the same trend, however being characterized by different elastic modulus, maximum stress and maximum strain values. In particular, PVA films without GNSs showed the lowest stiffness value in comparison with both types of PVA-GNS films (p < 0.05
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Published 23 Jul 2018
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