Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• frequency higher than the upper limit of human hearing. The ultrasonic bubble gathering effect generated by external ultrasonic fields or the pressure difference generated by the asymmetric structure of a robot body in an ultrasonic field can enable the robot to move. Wang et al. [34] developed metal rod

• -shaped micro/nanorobots in batches by template electrodeposition. Under the action of the ultrasonic field, the robots could achieve velocities up to 200 μm/s. Research has shown that standing ultrasonic waves in the megahertz frequency range can suspend, advance, rotate, arrange, and assemble metal

• microelectrodes in water and solutions of high ionic strength. When the ultrasonic frequency is tuned to generate a vertical standing wave, the metal rod is suspended in the midpoint plane of a cylindrical cell. A rapid axial movement of 200 μm/s of the metal microprobe at the resonance frequency was observed

High-yield synthesis of silver nanowires for transparent conducting PET films

• Gul Naz,
• Hafsa Asghar,
• Muhammad Ramzan,
• Muhammad Arshad,
• Rashid Ahmed,
• Muhammad Bilal Tahir,
• Bakhtiar Ul Haq,
• Nadeem Baig and
• Junaid Jalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 624–632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.51

• , template reduction (hard and soft templates), and ultrasonic reduction methods [17][18][19][20][21][22]. Lithographic and hard template methods are used to prepare silver nanowires with well-defined dimensions but both methods produce polycrystalline silver nanowires with rough surface, triggering

Impact of GaAs(100) surface preparation on EQE of AZO/Al₂O₃/p-GaAs photovoltaic structures

• Piotr Caban,
• Rafał Pietruszka,
• Jarosław Kaszewski,
• Monika Ożga,
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski,
• Krzysztof Kopalko,
• Piotr Kuźmiuk,
• Katarzyna Gwóźdź,
• Ewa Płaczek-Popko,
• Krystyna Lawniczak-Jablonska and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 578–592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.48

• (DIW, 18.2 MΩ·cm at 25 °C). The surface of the samples was prepared in five main stages. The stage 1 (initial cleaning in an ultrasonic cleaner, USC) was performed at approx. 30 °C (acetone/3 min, DIW/1 min, isopropanol/3 min, DIW/1 min), while stages 3 and 4 were conducted at room temperature (RT

Structural and optical characteristics determined by the sputtering deposition conditions of oxide thin films

• Petronela Prepelita,
• Florin Garoi and
• Valentin Craciun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 354–365, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.29

• , respectively), in order to precisely control and regulate the flow of gases into the deposition chamber. Quartz (fused silica, NEGS2) slides with dimensions of 2 cm × 2 cm × 0.1 cm were used as substrates. Initially, all substrates were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath to ensure good reproducibility of the

Differences in surface chemistry of iron oxide nanoparticles result in different routes of internalization

• Barbora Svitkova,
• Vlasta Zavisova,
• Veronika Nemethova,
• Martina Koneracka,
• Miroslava Kretova,
• Filip Razga,
• Monika Ursinyova and
• Alena Gabelova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 270–281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.22

• to MNPs in the presence or absence of inhibitors as described above. After the treatment, the number of cells was calculated, cells were harvested and digested using HNO3 (500 μL) in an ultrasonic bath at 85 °C for 2 h. The digests were then diluted with 2% HNO3 in deionized water. The instrumental

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• reaction vessels were cleaned with hydrofluoric acid (8 vol %) and repeatedly rinsed with water. The nanoparticles were redispersed using an ultrasonic bath operating at 860 W, 35 kHz (Sonorex RK512H, Bandelin). Ultrapure water (filter size = 0.22 μm, R = 18.2 MΩ·cm, Millipore) was used for all synthesis

• 33.3 mL of cyclohexane was used. After sonicating for 10 min, 3.736 mL of Igepal CO-520 was added. After a brief mixing using an ultrasonic bath, 0.331 mL of ammonia water was added, and the dispersion was sonicated again for 20 min. Subsequently, 0.331 mL of TEOS was added and the whole mixture was

PEG/PEI-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery carriers for doxorubicin: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation

• Shuoye Yang,
• Zhenwei Wang,
• Yahong Ping,
• Yuying Miao,
• Yongmei Xiao,
• Lingbo Qu,
• Lu Zhang,
• Yuansen Hu and
• Jinshui Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1728–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.155

• PEG and polyethylenimine (PEI), which contains amino groups, were synthesized (CNTs-PEG-PEI). The length of the SWCNTs was first shortened by ultrasonic scission in different strong acid solutions for improving the dispersion in water. Afterwards, PEG and PEI were grafted onto the CNTs. This

Piezoelectric sensor based on graphene-doped PVDF nanofibers for sign language translation

• Shuai Yang,
• Xiaojing Cui,
• Rui Guo,
• Zhiyi Zhang,
• Shengbo Sang and
• Hulin Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1655–1662, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.148

• concentrated in the bent part of the material, and the potential is generated on the opposite side of the device. Electrospinning is used to manufacture GR-doped PVDF fibers. The overall process is shown in Figure 2a. Firstly, GR is dispersed in dimethylformamide (DMF). After ultrasonic treatment, PVDF powder

Structure and electrochemical performance of electrospun-ordered porous carbon/graphene composite nanofibers

• Yi Wang,
• Yanhua Song,
• Chengwei Ye and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1280–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.112

• stirred at room temperature for 2 h until a homogeneous solution was obtained. Then 0.5 wt % of graphene was added to the PAN/DMF solution, which was submitted to ultrasonic vibration for 30 min until graphene was well-dispersed in the solution. Finally, DIW was added to the graphene/PAN/DMF solution upon

A few-layer graphene/chlorin e6 hybrid nanomaterial and its application in photodynamic therapy against Candida albicans

• Selene Acosta,
• Carlos Moreno-Aguilar,
• Dania Hernández-Sánchez,
• Beatriz Morales-Cruzado,
• Erick Sarmiento-Gomez,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Luis Octavio Sánchez-Vargas and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1054–1061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.90

• Bay Carbon, Inc., respectively. 1 mg of graphite and 2 mL of a solution of Ce6/methanol at 1 mg/mL was added to 8 mL of deionized water. The sample was sonicated for 45 min using a Branson 2510 ultrasonic bath with a frequency of 40 kHz and power of 130 W, then centrifuged at 500 rpm for 90 min. The

Band tail state related photoluminescence and photoresponse of ZnMgO solid solution nanostructured films

• Vadim Morari,
• Aida Pantazi,
• Nicolai Curmei,
• Vitalie Postolache,
• Emil V. Rusu,
• Marius Enachescu,
• Ion M. Tiginyanu and
• Veaceslav V. Ursaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 899–910, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.75

• ultrasonic bath for 30 min at a temperature of 50–60 °C. Spin coating was performed at room temperature on glass or (100) on p-Si substrates in multiple coating cycles at a rotational speed of 2000 rpm with the rotation taking 20 s followed by drying the coated layer at 150 °C for 10 min. After the

• were mixed in an ultrasonic bath in various proportions to produce ZnMgO films with Mg content from 5% to 40%. A distance of 18 cm was experimentally chosen between the sprayer and the heated substrate in view of producing a uniform coverage of the film on the substrate. The solution was injected into

Quantitative determination of the interaction potential between two surfaces using frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy

• Nicholas Chan,
• Carrie Lin,
• Tevis Jacobs,
• Robert W. Carpick and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 729–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.60

• parameters for the particular material system. Experimental details All experiments were conducted in a RHK 750 UHV-AFM system operated under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions (1 × 10−10 Torr) and at room temperature. Single-crystal diamond(100) samples (EDP Corporation) were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath

Stochastic excitation for high-resolution atomic force acoustic microscopy imaging: a system theory approach

• Edgar Cruz Valeriano,
• José Juan Gervacio Arciniega,
• Christian Iván Enriquez Flores,
• Susana Meraz Dávila,
• Joel Moreno Palmerin,
• Martín Adelaido Hernández Landaverde,
• Yuri Lizbeth Chipatecua Godoy,
• Aime Margarita Gutiérrez Peralta,
• Rafael Ramírez Bon and
• José Martín Yañez Limón

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 703–716, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.58

• resonance frequencies are often labeled as acoustic or ultrasonic methods due to the frequency range of the vibrations involved (from 100 kHz to 3 MHz) [1][9][12]. Among them are ultrasonic force microscopy (UFM) [13], heterodyne force microscopy [14], ultrasonic atomic force microscopy (UAFM), atomic force

A novel dry-blending method to reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion of polymer templates for OTFT electrodes

• Xiangdong Ye,
• Bo Tian,
• Yuxuan Guo,
• Fan Fan and
• Anjiang Cai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 671–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.53

• composite template were investigated with a TMA as shown in Figure 4. For comparison, PDMS/SiO2 composite templates with a nanoparticle content of 0 wt %, 10 wt %, 15 wt %, and 20 wt %, respectively, were prepared via wet blending of SiO2 nanoparticles and PDMS using ultrasonic technology. Their curves are

Exfoliation in a low boiling point solvent and electrochemical applications of MoO₃

• Matangi Sricharan,
• Bikesh Gupta,
• Sreejesh Moolayadukkam and
• H. S. S. Ramakrishna Matte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 662–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.52

• either by ultrasonic vibrations or shearing in a liquid medium that facilitates the exfoliation. To influence the energies relevant for the exfoliation in aqueous media, additives such as surfactants and polymers are used [8]. However, their removal is quite tedious and the remnants are detrimental for

Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic performance of heterostructured CuO–ZnO-loaded composite nanofiber membranes

• Wei Fang,
• Liang Yu and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 631–650, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.50

• h at 80 °C until they became homogeneous. Then, equal amounts of Cu(Ac)2 and Zn(Ac)2 were added into the mixed solutions of PVDF and PAN, and were dispersed in the solutions by an ultrasonic cleaner (SL-5200DT, Nanjing Shunliu Instrument Co. Ltd., China) for 2 h at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C). The

Identification of physicochemical properties that modulate nanoparticle aggregation in blood

• Ludovica Soddu,
• Duong N. Trinh,
• Eimear Dunne,
• Dermot Kenny,
• Giorgia Bernardini,
• Ida Kokalari,
• Arianna Marucco,
• Marco P. Monopoli and
• Ivana Fenoglio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 550–567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.44

• in an ultrasonic bath and then heated for 5 min at 95 °C to complete the protein denaturation. The protein corona was resolved in a 4% stacking gel / 12% acrylamide and the electrophoretic analysis was conducted at 130 V as previously described [26]. After the electrophoretic separation, the gels

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

Simple synthesis of nanosheets of rGO and nitrogenated rGO

• Pallellappa Chithaiah,
• Madhan Mohan Raju,
• Giridhar U. Kulkarni and
• C. N. R. Rao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 68–75, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.7

• , using an ultrasonic bath, and subsequent dripping of the suspension on the grid and drying. Raman spectra of the samples were recorded using a Jobin Yvon LabRam HR spectrometer with a 514 nm Ar laser. Thermogravimetric analysis of the samples was carried out in an oxygen flow with a heating rate of 3

Recent progress in perovskite solar cells: the perovskite layer

• Xianfeng Dai,
• Ke Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 51–60, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.5

• over time is summarized in Figure 3. Spray coating Spray coating is the fastest method of obtaining scalable perovskite layers providing a high coating rate in a continuous process. For the first time, Lidzey et al. [43] used the ultrasonic spray coating technique to coat a precursor solution

Self-assembly of a terbium(III) 1D coordination polymer on mica

• Quentin Evrard,
• Giuseppe Cucinotta,
• Felix Houard,
• Guillaume Calvez,
• Yan Suffren,
• Carole Daiguebonne,
• Olivier Guillou,
• Andrea Caneschi,
• Matteo Mannini and
• Kevin Bernot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2440–2448, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.234

• cleaved muscovite mica (Dumico, Rotterdam, Netherlands) was performed via the following procedure: A 0.35 mM solution of [Tb(hfac)3·2H2O] in cyclohexane was sonicated for 2 min in an ultrasonic bath (Bransonic 3510, 80 W), and 0.5 mL of this solution were dripped on a freshly air-cleaved mica surface

Coating of upconversion nanoparticles with silica nanoshells of 5–250 nm thickness

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Maysoon Saleh,
• Bastian Rühle,
• Ute Resch-Genger and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2410–2421, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.231

• carried out with standard glass equipment. The reaction vessels were cleaned before use with hydrofluoric acid (8 vol %) and were then repeatedly rinsed with water. The redispersion of the nanoparticles was carried out using an ultrasonic bath (Sonorex RK512H (860 W, 35 kHz) from Bandelin). Alternatively

• mixture under magnetic stirring (600 rpm). After the addition was completed, the reaction mixture was stirred for another 12 h. Then, the particles were washed three times by centrifugation (3300g, 1 h) and redispersion in 10–20 mL of EtOH with the help of an ultrasonic bath and were finally redispersed

Semitransparent Sb₂S₃ thin film solar cells by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis for use in solar windows

• Jako S. Eensalu,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Erki Kärber,
• Lothar Weinhardt,
• Monika Blum,
• Clemens Heske,
• Wanli Yang,
• Ilona Oja Acik and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.230

• spectroscopy, semitransparent Sb2S3 thin films can be rapidly grown in air by the area-scalable ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. Integrated into a ITO/TiO2/Sb2S3/P3HT/Au solar cell, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.5% at air mass 1.5 global (AM1.5G) is achieved, which is a record among spray

• . Keywords: antimony sulfide; semitransparent solar cells; solar windows; thin films; ultrasonic spray pyrolysis; Introduction Modern buildings, especially high-rise buildings, have a large window area available for building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV). Covering the windows with semitransparent thin

• techniques are the high energy demand and the need for batch processing, which inflates production costs. As a potent solution-based chemical deposition method, ultrasonic chemical spray pyrolysis (USP) is capable of rapid, area-scalable, roll-to-roll and low-cost in-air deposition of Sb2S3 layers without

Multiwalled carbon nanotube based aromatic volatile organic compound sensor: sensitivity enhancement through 1-hexadecanethiol functionalisation

• Nadra Bohli,
• Meryem Belkilani,
• Juan Casanova-Chafer,
• Eduard Llobet and
• Adnane Abdelghani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2364–2373, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.227

• presented in Supporting Information File 1 [16][17][18]. The MWCNTs were then dispersed in dimethylformamide (DMF) (0.1 mg MWCNTs in 1 mL of DMF) using an ultrasonic bath for 20 minutes at room temperature. Then, they were air-brush deposited over the platinum interdigitated electrode area of alumina

Atomic force acoustic microscopy reveals the influence of substrate stiffness and topography on cell behavior

• Yan Liu,
• Li Li,
• Xing Chen,
• Ying Wang,
• Meng-Nan Liu,
• Jin Yan,
• Liang Cao,
• Lu Wang and
• Zuo-Bin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2329–2337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.223

• Atomic force acoustic microscopy (CSPM5500, Benyuan, China) was used for the imaging the SU-8 surfaces and the L929 cells cultured on the different substrates. The specimen to be studied was mounted on the top of an ultrasonic transducer by a coupling medium (Vaseline). The ultrasonic transducer under