Role of oxygen in wetting of copper nanoparticles on silicon surfaces at elevated temperature

• Tapas Ghosh and
• Biswarup Satpati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 425–433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.45

• . Keywords: copper; cupric oxide; electron diffraction; galvanic displacement reaction; oxidation; surface wetting; transmission electron microscopy; Introduction The transition metal oxide cupric oxide (CuO) is a stable oxide of copper, and due to its diverse applications, immense research on CuO

• thermal annealing was performed at 500 °C for 1 min (a heating ramp rate of 10 °C/s) was used for all three different samples. Before and after the thermal annealing, the structural analysis was done using the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) in the TEM as well as by the X-ray diffraction (model

• electron diffraction (SAED). The diffraction pattern of the as-deposited sample (Figure 2a) shows some clear bright spots and faint rings. The bright spots were indexed as crystalline silicon in the [100] zone axis. The faint ring patterns correspond to the copper cubic structure along with the presence of

Functionalized TiO₂ nanoparticles by single-step hydrothermal synthesis: the role of the silane coupling agents

• Antoine R. M. Dalod,
• Lars Henriksen,
• Tor Grande and
• Mari-Ann Einarsrud

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 304–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.33

• between 4.7 and 9.1 nm (Table 1). The HR-TEM image of the pure TiO2 sample (Figure 2a) demonstrates that anatase and brookite nucleate as individual monocrystalline nanoparticles. The electron diffraction patterns also show anatase and brookite in the case of TiO2 (Figure 2b) while Ti-APTES (Figure 2d) is

• nanoparticles of (1) brookite and (2) anatase and (b) electron diffraction pattern of pure TiO2 (top); (c) HR-TEM image of a rod-like nanoparticle and (d) electron diffraction pattern of Ti-APTES (bottom). SEM images of (a) TiO2 and in situ surface-functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles, (b) Ti-DTES, (c) Ti-APTES

Influence of hydrofluoric acid treatment on electroless deposition of Au clusters

• Rachela G. Milazzo,
• Antonio M. Mio,
• Giuseppe D’Arrigo,
• Emanuele Smecca,
• Alessandra Alberti,
• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Filippo Giannazzo,
• Corrado Spinella and
• Emanuele Rimini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 183–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.19

• . The corresponding plan view TEM micrographs of the two samples are also reported in the inserts of Figure 3a and Figure 3b, respectively. The selected area electron diffraction (SAED), shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2, of the AuNPs presents a bright spot in the (200)Au ring along the

• sample but after an HF treatment for 70 s. Supporting Information We provide images for further understanding of the influence of the TEM thinning procedures and we give evidence of the random rearrangement of gold atoms by electron diffraction on a selected area. We also show the Rutherford

Nanocrystalline TiO₂/SnO₂ heterostructures for gas sensing

• Barbara Lyson-Sypien,
• Anna Kusior,
• Mieczylaw Rekas,
• Jan Zukrowski,
• Marta Gajewska,
• Katarzyna Michalow-Mauke,
• Thomas Graule,
• Marta Radecka and
• Katarzyna Zakrzewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 108–122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.12

• ppm H2, Figure 4c). SEM and HR-TEM images, as well as the results of selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and mapping of elements are given in Figure 4b and Figure 4d for the gas sensing materials given in Figure 4a and Figure 4c, respectively. There are some differences between the

Effect of nanostructured carbon coatings on the electrochemical performance of Li_1.4Ni_0.5Mn_0.5O_2+x-based cathode materials

• Konstantin A. Kurilenko,
• Oleg A. Shlyakhtin,
• Oleg A. Brylev,
• Dmitry I. Petukhov and
• Alexey V. Garshev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1960–1970, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.187

• compared to the pure Li1.4Ni0.5Mn0.5O2+x (Figure 8, inset). According to the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns, the preservation of the hexagonal structure of Li1.4Ni0.5Mn0.5O2+x is especially visible in the carbon-coated material obtained from linear PVA (Figure 9B). At high potentials

• . The thermal analysis of the linear and cross-linked PVA was performed in argon by heating to 700 °C at a rate of 10 °C·min−1 (STA 209 PC Luxx thermal analyzer (Netzsch)). The morphology of the composites and their electron diffraction patterns were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (Libra

Precise in situ etch depth control of multilayered III−V semiconductor samples with reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) equipment

• Ann-Kathrin Kleinschmidt,
• Lars Barzen,
• Johannes Strassner,
• Christoph Doering,
• Henning Fouckhardt,
• Wolfgang Bock,
• Michael Wahl and
• Michael Kopnarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1783–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.171

• techniques (as, e.g., reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED)), which might not be applicable in some set-ups. Recording a RAS color plot is time-consuming, i.e., monitoring a single RAS spectrum from 1.5–5.0 eV photon energy with a step size of 0.1 eV during reactive ion etching (the substrate

Influence of hydrothermal synthesis parameters on the properties of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles

• Sylwia Kuśnieruk,
• Jacek Wojnarowicz,
• Agnieszka Chodara,
• Tadeusz Chudoba,
• Stanislaw Gierlotka and
• Witold Lojkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1586–1601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.153

• electron microscopy (TEM) (JEM2000EX; JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). The TEM, high-resolution TEM, and selected area electron diffraction tests were conducted at 200 kV. The samples for the TEM observations were prepared by dropping the methanol particle dispersion, created by an ultrasonic technique, on a carbon

Filled and empty states of Zn-TPP films deposited on Fe(001)-p(1×1)O

• Gianlorenzo Bussetti,
• Alberto Calloni,
• Rossella Yivlialin,
• Andrea Picone,
• Federico Bottegoni and
• Marco Finazzi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1527–1531, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.146

• , making an ultrathin Fe monoxide layer. From our data we observe an increase of the porphyrin diffusivity on the MO layer [12]. This allows molecules to assemble in an ordered square super-lattice showing a (5 × 5) reconstruction, as observed by low-energy electron diffraction. An X-ray photoemission

Nanostructured germanium deposited on heated substrates with enhanced photoelectric properties

• Ionel Stavarache,
• Valentin Adrian Maraloiu,
• Petronela Prepelita and
• Gheorghe Iordache

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1492–1500, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.142

• transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) investigations of the Ge:SiO2 thin films deposited on Si substrates at 500 °C are presented. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) (Figure 2a) and HRTEM (Figure 2b) demonstrate the <112> orientation of Ge-nps. The HRTEM image in Figure 2c shows the spatial

Microwave synthesis of high-quality and uniform 4 nm ZnFe₂O₄ nanocrystals for application in energy storage and nanomagnetics

• Christian Suchomski,
• Ben Breitung,
• Ralf Witte,
• Michael Knapp,
• Sondes Bauer,
• Tilo Baumbach,
• Christian Reitz and
• Torsten Brezesinski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1350–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.126

• electron diffraction (SAED, Figure 1c) demonstrate the high crystallinity of the ZFO nanoparticles. In addition, SAED indicates that the sol–gel derived material is single-phase and adopts a cubic structure. Figure 1d presents the size distribution obtained by particle counting from TEM images. These data

High performance Ce-doped ZnO nanorods for sunlight-driven photocatalysis

• Bilel Chouchene,
• Tahar Ben Chaabane,
• Lavinia Balan,
• Emilien Girot,
• Kevin Mozet,
• Ghouti Medjahdi and
• Raphaël Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1338–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.125

• some irregular cylindrical structures developed. The high crystallinity of the particles is further evident from the HRTEM image (Figure 6) and from the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns shown in the insets of Figure 5. The bright and clear diffraction spots belong to the single

Fast diffusion of silver in TiO₂ nanotube arrays

• Wanggang Zhang,
• Yiming Liu,
• Diaoyu Zhou,
• Hui Wang,
• Wei Liang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.105

• wall thickness of the pure TiO2 nanotubes are ca. 75 and ca. 7 nm, respectively, in accord with the SEM observation. The selective area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern of the pure TiO2 nanotubes shown in Figure 3b depicts diffusion rings, suggesting the formation of TiO2 polycrystals after heat

• times (1, 2 and 3 h) at a ramping rate of 2 °C·min−1 in a tube furnace in air. The heat treatment allowed Ag to migrate through the TiO2 nanotubes. Figure 1 shows schematically the facile route for the preparation of Ag@TiO2 nanotubes. Materials characterization The morphology and selected area electron

• diffraction (SAED) patterns of the prepared structures were examined using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) (Tescan MIRA3 LMH) at 10 kV and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (JEOL 2100-F) at 200 kV. The composition of the prepared structures was determined using energy dispersive

Synthesis of cobalt nanowires in aqueous solution under an external magnetic field

• Xiaoyu Li,
• Lijuan Sun,
• Hu Wang,
• Kenan Xie,
• Qin Long,
• Xuefei Lai and
• Li Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 990–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.91

• ) with an incremental step size of 4°/min, the generator voltage of 40 kV and tube current of 40 mA, and selected area electron diffraction (SAED, FEI Tecnai-G20). The magnetic properties, such as saturation magnetization (Ms) and coercivity (Hc), were studied by a magnetic property measurement system

Improved biocompatibility and efficient labeling of neural stem cells with poly(L-lysine)-coated maghemite nanoparticles

• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Marina Dobrivojević,
• Lada Brkić Ahmed,
• Michal Babič,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Daniel Horák and
• Srećko Gajović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 926–936, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.84

• confirmed that nanomag®-D-spio particles were significantly less spherical and had rougher edges than PLL-γ-Fe2O3. The crystal structure of both types of the iron oxide nanoparticles was investigated using the experimental two dimensional selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns, which were

• surface of the carbon film. The particles were dried at room temperature for more than 1 h, and TEM micrographs were obtained at an accelerating voltage of 120 kV by Tecnai Spirit G2 (FEI, Brno, Czech Republic). Bright field imaging (BF) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) were used to visualize

• micrographs of (A) PLL-γ-Fe2O3 and (B) nanomag®-D-spio nanoparticles. Insets show the corresponding electron diffraction patterns. (C) The nanoparticle morphology was characterized by measuring morphological descriptors. Area (A) and perimeter (P) of the analyzed particles were determined by counting the

Microscopic characterization of Fe nanoparticles formed on SrTiO₃(001) and SrTiO₃(110) surfaces

• Miyoko Tanaka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 817–824, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.73

• (001) and () planes. Fe nanoparticles grown on plan-view surfaces are observed by STM and transmission electron diffraction (TED). Those on profile-view surfaces are observed by high-resolution TEM (HR-TEM). STM images were taken in constant-current mode with a positive sample bias of 1.0–2.0 V

Orientation of FePt nanoparticles on top of a-SiO₂/Si(001), MgO(001) and sapphire(0001): effect of thermal treatments and influence of substrate and particle size

• Martin Schilling,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Zaoli Zhang,
• Johannes Biskupek,
• Ute Kaiser and
• Ulf Wiedwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 591–604, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.52

• pulsed laser deposition (PLD), served as reference samples. The structural properties were probed in situ, particularly texture formation and epitaxy of the specimens by reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and, in case of 3 nm nanoparticles, additionally by high-resolution transmission

• transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM); nanoparticles; reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED); solid-phase epitaxy; texture; Introduction Due to their attractive catalytic properties for oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) [1][2] as well as their high magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy density

• preparation via cutting, mechanical grinding and polishing followed by low angle Ar+ ion milling. Structural analysis of nanoparticles and films on top of single crystalline substrates by electron diffraction in RHEED geometry In the following, we briefly discuss the RHEED experiments on (i) single crystals

Determination of the compositions of the DIGM zone in nanocrystalline Ag/Au and Ag/Pd thin films by secondary neutral mass spectrometry

• Gábor Y. Molnár,
• Shenouda S. Shenouda,
• Gábor L. Katona,
• Gábor A. Langer and
• Dezső L. Beke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 474–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.41

• higher temperatures (between 180 and 350 °C) was investigated by in situ TEM heating technique and electron diffraction methods. It was concluded, from the detection of the positions of the diffraction lines and their intensity, that mixing of components occurred already during the room temperature

Determination of Young’s modulus of Sb₂S₃ nanowires by in situ resonance and bending methods

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Alexander I. Livshits,
• Juris Prikulis,
• Subhajit Biswas,
• Justin D. Holmes and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 278–283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.25

• were single-crystalline and showed orientation along c-axis as revealed by high resolution transmission electron micrograph images and selected area electron diffraction pattern analysis [17]. A detailed description of NW synthesis can be found in [17]. Sb2S3 NW powder was obtained by mechanically

Case studies on the formation of chalcogenide self-assembled monolayers on surfaces and dissociative processes

• Yongfeng Tong,
• Tingming Jiang,
• Azzedine Bendounan,
• Makri Nimbegondi Kotresh Harish,
• Angelo Giglia,
• Stefan Kubsky,
• Fausto Sirotti,
• Luca Pasquali,
• Srinivasan Sampath and
• Vladimir A. Esaulov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 263–277, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.24

• (111) monocrystals were purchased, oriented and polished, from Mateck or from the Surface Preparation Laboratories. In situ surface preparation was performed as usual by cycles of sputtering and annealing, and the surface cleanliness and crystallinity was checked by XPS and low energy electron

• diffraction (LEED). The prepared samples were extracted from the ultra-high vacuum preparation chamber under N2 flow and immediately immersed into the solutions. Thereafter, they were rinsed in the corresponding solvents and dried by N2 gas. The samples were then immediately transferred into the analysis

Surfactant-controlled composition and crystal structure of manganese(II) sulfide nanocrystals prepared by solvothermal synthesis

• Elena Capetti,
• Anna M. Ferretti,
• Vladimiro Dal Santo and
• Alessandro Ponti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2319–2329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.238

• precursor. When we used a single surfactant (carboxylic acid, alcohol, thiol, amine), α-MnS nanocrystals were obtained. The peculiar role of the amine seems to be related to its basicity. The nanocrystals were characterized by TEM and electron diffraction; ATR-FTIR spectroscopy provided information about

• section) and an inorganic compound, Mn2(CO)10, which cannot release carboxylic acid upon decomposition. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and electron diffraction (ED) patterns of representative NCs can be found in Figure 1. All ED patterns could be assigned to MnO or α-MnS NCs (or a mixture

• out with no free surfactant correspond to data on the vertical axis of Figure 3. These results confirmed the previous conclusions about Mn(OH)Ol or MnOl2, in particular that a mixture of MnO and α-MnS NCs is obtained at a stoichiometric S/Mn = 1:1 ratio. The electron diffraction results gave no

Green synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of natural bentonite-supported copper nanoparticles for the solvent-free synthesis of 1-substituted 1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazoles and reduction of 4-nitrophenol

• Akbar Rostami-Vartooni,
• Mohammad Alizadeh and
• Mojtaba Bagherzadeh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2300–2309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.236

• microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. Afterward, the catalytic performance of the prepared catalyst was investigated for the solvent-free synthesis of 1

• spherical morphology with a low tendency for agglomeration. Figure 6d (SAED) shows the measured selected area electron diffraction pattern of as-prepared Cu NPs/bentonite. This result indicates that the nanoparticles are crystalline and mainly composed of fcc Cu. The SAED patterns of the Cu NPs/bentonite

Silica-coated upconversion lanthanide nanoparticles: The effect of crystal design on morphology, structure and optical properties

• Uliana Kostiv,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Hana Macková,
• Alexander Zhigunov,
• Hana Engstová,
• Katarína Smolková,
• Petr Ježek and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2290–2299, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.235

• and time on the properties of the particles was investigated. The nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction (ED), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), dynamic light scattering (DLS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental analysis and X-ray

• . Characterization of the nanoparticles The nanoparticles were visualized and analyzed on a Tecnai G2 Spirit Twin transmission electron microscope (TEM; FEI; Brno, Czech Republic) equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDX; Mahwah, NJ, USA). Bright field TEM imaging (BF), electron diffraction (ED) and

Distribution of Pd clusters on ultrathin, epitaxial TiO_x films on Pt₃Ti(111)

• Christian Breinlich,
• Maria Buchholz,
• Marco Moors,
• Tobias Pertram,
• Conrad Becker and
• Klaus Wandelt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2007–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.204

• experiments presented in this paper, was run at room temperature. The sample was prepared in an adjacent preparation chamber, which was equipped with a sputter gun, low energy electron diffraction (LEED) optics and an Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) analyser. The STM tips were electrochemically etched from

Possibilities and limitations of advanced transmission electron microscopy for carbon-based nanomaterials

• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1541–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.158

• spatial resolution, attention was focused on unfolding the mystery through electron diffraction. Different from the phase contrast projected in the imaging plane, information projected in reciprocal space is much less influenced by lens imperfections. In addition, diffraction patterns reflect the kinetic

Transformations of PTCDA structures on rutile TiO₂ induced by thermal annealing and intermolecular forces

• Szymon Godlewski,
• Jakub S. Prauzner-Bechcicki,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Ernst Meyer and
• Marek Szymoński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1498–1507, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.155

• surface quality was monitored with a low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) setup. PTCDA molecules were evaporated from a standard Knudsen cell at approximately 580 K on the substrate maintained at room or elevated temperature. The molecular flux was controlled using a quartz microbalance. Before the