A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

• devices [94], organic light emitting diodes (OLED) [95], transparent conductive electrodes [96][97], artificial skin [98], liquid crystal display (LCD) [99][100], and smart windows [101][102]. AgNWs can be embedded in flexible touch-screen substrates and electronic displays to provide an enhanced decrease

ZnO and MXenes as electrode materials for supercapacitor devices

• Ameen Uddin Ammar,
• Ipek Deniz Yildirim,
• Feray Bakan and
• Emre Erdem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 49–57, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.4

• maximum specific capacitance of 481 F·g−1 was achieved at 5 mV·s−1. The results indicate that tantalum carbide MXenes are appropriate for the use in supercapacitor applications [15]. Zhao et al. used an alternative fabrication technique and developed highly flexible sandwich-like MXene/CNT papers. The

• 1445 F·cm−3 with enhanced rate capability and high mass loading [34]. Huang et al. reported a comparatively simple spray coating approach to manufacture paper-based solid-state flexible micro-supercapacitors (FMSCs) with a sprayable MXenes as conductive ink. FMSCs are innovative candidates for portable

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

• opportunity for further developments. On the one hand, it is as flexible and straightforward to use as a scanning electron microscope (SEM) but with a five times larger depth of field [1] and a lateral resolution of about 0.5 nm [4] (demonstrated record: 0.24 nm [5]), which is between high-end field-emission

Piezotronic effect in AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterojunction nanowires used as a flexible strain sensor

• Jianqi Dong,
• Liang Chen,
• Yuqing Yang and
• Xingfu Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1847–1853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.166

• synthesize AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterojunction NWs with controllable size. A single NW is transferred to a flexible poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate and fixed by indium tin oxide electrodes to form an ohmic contact for the strain sensor. An external mechanical stress is introduced to study the performance of

• investigated and systematically analyzed under compressive and tensile strain. Here, we describe a strain sensor that shows a great application potential in wearable integrated circuits, in health-monitoring devices, and in artificial intelligence. Keywords: AlGaN/AlN/GaN nanowires; flexible; piezotronic

• , AlGaN/AlN/GaN NWs with high electron mobility, carrier density, and mechanical flexibility have become good candidates for highly sensitive and flexible strain sensors. In this work, we use a top-down two-step process, including inductively coupled plasma (ICP) dry etching and selective electrochemical

Nanomechanics of few-layer materials: do individual layers slide upon folding?

• Ronaldo J. C. Batista,
• Rafael F. Dias,
• Ana P. M. Barboza,
• Alan B. de Oliveira,
• Taise M. Manhabosco,
• Thiago R. Gomes-Silva,
• Matheus J. S. Matos,
• Andreij C. Gadelha,
• Cassiano Rabelo,
• Luiz G. L. Cançado,
• Ado Jorio,
• Hélio Chacham and
• Bernardo R. A. Neves

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1801–1808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.162

• understanding of the structural/dynamic response of multilayered 2D materials upon bending is also an essential issue regarding technological applications, such as deformable electronics, flexible reinforcements for brittle biomedical implants [15], and ultralight resonators suited as transducers of extremely

PEG/PEI-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery carriers for doxorubicin: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation

• Shuoye Yang,
• Zhenwei Wang,
• Yahong Ping,
• Yuying Miao,
• Yongmei Xiao,
• Lingbo Qu,
• Lu Zhang,
• Yuansen Hu and
• Jinshui Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1728–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.155

• limitation. Among them, conjugation with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is one of the most effective methods because PEG is highly hydrophilic and flexible [28][29]. Functionalization using a hydrophilic polymer with positively charged groups is another effective way to reduce opsonization by the RES and

Piezoelectric sensor based on graphene-doped PVDF nanofibers for sign language translation

• Shuai Yang,
• Xiaojing Cui,
• Rui Guo,
• Zhiyi Zhang,
• Shengbo Sang and
• Hulin Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1655–1662, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.148

• /bjnano.11.148 Abstract The tracking of body motion, such as bending or twisting, plays an important role in modern sign language translation. Here, a subtle flexible self-powered piezoelectric sensor (PES) made of graphene (GR)-doped polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers is reported. The PES exhibits

• ][45][46][47][48]. In the era of smart sensing, there is an increasing need for self-powered pressure and bending sensing systems [49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64]. In this study, we propose a flexible self-powered piezoelectric sensor (PES) based on graphene (GR)-doped

A self-powered, flexible ultra-thin Si/ZnO nanowire photodetector as full-spectrum optical sensor and pyroelectric nanogenerator

• Liang Chen,
• Jianqi Dong,
• Miao He and
• Xingfu Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1623–1630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.145

• work, a new type of self-powered, high-performance ultra-thin p-Si/n-ZnO nanowire (NW) flexible photodetector (PD) and its application as full-spectrum optical sensor and pyroelectric nanogenerator (PENG) are demonstrated. The working mechanism of PDs for PENGs is carefully investigated and

• fabrication of the PENG utilizing a simple and low-cost method shows its potential applications in self-powered flexible electronic devices. Keywords: flexible; full-spectrum; photodetector; pyroelectric nanogenerator (PENG); self-powered; Introduction Full-spectrum photodetectors (PDs) that can detect

• applied in flexible wearable electronic devices have been extensively researched [5]. The majority of the reported full-spectrum PDs, which are based on perovskites, quantum dots, or organic materials are costly, complicated to prepare, and difficult to integrate into flexible electronic devices. This

Walking energy harvesting and self-powered tracking system based on triboelectric nanogenerators

• Mingliang Yao,
• Guangzhong Xie,
• Qichen Gong and
• Yuanjie Su

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1590–1595, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.141

• to the extensive energy consumption and high population density in modern cities, the collection and use of scattered walking energy from the stream of people is crucial for the development of a green ecological city. Herein, a flexible undulated electrode-based triboelectric nanogenerator (u-TENG

• flexible, feasible, and unaffected by season, climate, or location. This work not only proposes a strategy for mechanical energy harvesting in public areas, including subway stations, hospitals, shopping malls, and business streets, but also offers a novel solution for smart cities and low-carbon

• excellent performance, which can be used as motion [35][36][37] and temperature sensors [38][39], UV detectors [40], tactile sensors [41][42][43], sensors for healthcare [44][45][46][47], humidity sensors, and gas sensors [48][49][50][51], for example. In this work, a flexible undulated electrode-based

Fabrication of nano/microstructures for SERS substrates using an electrochemical method

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Xiaoping Li,
• Junjie Yang,
• Zhengkai Li,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Xinming Zhang and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1568–1576, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.139

• could be detected. Thus, the electrochemical method can be used to create flexible Au-coated substrates of highly reproducible structure with long-term stability. SERS measurement of lysozyme on the nanopore substrates The enzyme lysozyme can rupture the cell walls of certain pathogens following

Controlling the electronic and physical coupling on dielectric thin films

• Philipp Hurdax,
• Michael Hollerer,
• Larissa Egger,
• Georg Koller,
• Xiaosheng Yang,
• Anja Haags,
• Serguei Soubatch,
• Frank Stefan Tautz,
• Mathias Richter,
• Alexander Gottwald,
• Peter Puschnig,
• Martin Sterrer and
• Michael G. Ramsey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1492–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.132

• to 5A, 6P is geometrically more flexible, more specifically, it is nonplanar in the gas phase and has a relatively low electron affinity. On the pristine Ag(100) substrate, 6P simply physisorbs with no evidence of LUMO hybridization, which remains unoccupied [21]. It will be shown that the

• suggests that the εr of thin dielectrics may be significantly different from the values of their bulk counterparts (e.g., the εr of the MgO film presented here is approximately half the value of bulk MgO). In contrast to pentacene, 6P is a geometrically flexible molecule. The charge transfer to 6P leads to

A wideband cryogenic microwave low-noise amplifier

• Boris I. Ivanov,
• Dmitri I. Volkhin,
• Ilya L. Novikov,
• Dmitri K. Pitsun,
• Dmitri O. Moskalev,
• Ilya A. Rodionov,
• Evgeni Il’ichev and
• Aleksey G. Vostretsov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1484–1491, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.131

• bands. However, for some applications a flexible amplifier design is needed. Indeed, there are known schematic realizations of cLNAs based on discrete components [11][17][20][21][22][23][24]. The experimental characteristics of the presented amplifiers show that they do not provide gain values of more

Triboelectric nanogenerator based on Teflon/vitamin B1 powder for self-powered humidity sensing

• Liangyi Zhang,
• Huan Li,
• Yiyuan Xie,
• Jing Guo and
• Zhiyuan Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1394–1401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.123

• -free humidity sensors by using biocompatible collagen nanofibrils [43]. More recently, Zhang et al. developed a TENG-driven self-powered flexible humidity sensor based on a tin disulfide nanoflower/reduced graphene oxide (SnS2/rGO) hybrid nanomaterial [44]. However, the large-scale application of TENGs

Atomic defect classification of the H–Si(100) surface through multi-mode scanning probe microscopy

• Jeremiah Croshaw,
• Thomas Dienel,
• Taleana Huff and
• Robert Wolkow

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1346–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.119

• File 1, Figure S2) while avoiding unwanted tip–sample contact. Figure 1f shows a variation of constant height STM where the tip apex is functionalized with a flexible hydrogen atom. The use of a flexible species at the apex of a metallic tip to provide enhanced contrast was first reported using CO

• separation they should mutually repel each other resulting in a less negative frequency shift over the group location, as shown. Again, AFM does not allow one to discern among individual hydrogen atoms due to the assumed flexible nature of the raised groups, creating a blurred appearance in AFM imaging as

Effect of localized helium ion irradiation on the performance of synthetic monolayer MoS₂ field-effect transistors

• Jakub Jadwiszczak,
• Pierce Maguire,
• Conor P. Cullen,
• Georg S. Duesberg and
• Hongzhou Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1329–1335, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.117

• materials; Introduction Layered two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors have come to the fore in recent years as promising candidates for the implementation of flexible, transparent, and low-power electronics. In particular, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), have

Cryogenic low-noise amplifiers for measurements with superconducting detectors

• Ilya L. Novikov,
• Boris I. Ivanov,
• Dmitri V. Ponomarev and
• Aleksey G. Vostretsov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1316–1320, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.115

• -temperature measurements at 48 K were made on the uppermost cooling stage of He-7 refrigerator with a Cryomech pulse tube cryocooler PT-405. Flexible shielded coaxial cables with SMA connectors were used for circuit biasing and for the input and output. We used an additional 40 dB attenuator at the SR780

Photothermally active nanoparticles as a promising tool for eliminating bacteria and biofilms

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Laura D’Alfonso,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1134–1146, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.98

• did not discern a difference in bacteria eradication with respect to the laser irradiation modality (continuous or pulsed). A flexible patch capable of rapidly treating subcutaneous wound infections upon NIR light irradiation was fabricated [68]. This patch combined the photothermal properties of gold

• nanohole arrays with reduced graphene oxide nanosheets in a unique and flexible polyimide film for laser-gated pathogen inactivation. For the in vivo experiments, the patch was irradiated for 5 min with an LED array (940 nm, 10 W) and the patch surface temperature increased to 52 °C. These tests indicated

Light–matter interactions in two-dimensional layered WSe₂ for gauging evolution of phonon dynamics

• Avra S. Bandyopadhyay,
• Chandan Biswas and
• Anupama B. Kaul

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 782–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.63

• interaction while the intra-layer bonding is via the strong covalent interaction. This makes them inherently flexible and good candidates for flexible electronics [9], optoelectronics [10], and other related applications [11][12]. Amongst the TMDCs, WSe2 offers unique advantages for device applications, which

A novel dry-blending method to reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion of polymer templates for OTFT electrodes

• Xiangdong Ye,
• Bo Tian,
• Yuxuan Guo,
• Fan Fan and
• Anjiang Cai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 671–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.53

• -generation large-area, light-weight, flexible, and stretchable optoelectronic applications [1][2], including flexible displays [3], electronic papers [4], sensors [5], and medical applications [6]. Fabricating high-performance OTFTs usually requires that the electrodes on the polymer template are precisely

• of flexible displays, electronic papers, sensors, and medical applications, and provide new solutions for constructing large-area, light-weight, flexible, and stretchable optoelectronic applications. The experimental procedure for preparation of the PDMS/SiO2 composite template via dry blending: (a

Exfoliation in a low boiling point solvent and electrochemical applications of MoO₃

• Matangi Sricharan,
• Bikesh Gupta,
• Sreejesh Moolayadukkam and
• H. S. S. Ramakrishna Matte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 662–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.52

• dimethylformamide are the best solvents [10]. The high boiling point of these dispersions (bp > 150 °C) restrict the usage in flexible devices along with issue that these solvents are also toxic (NFPA 704 health code above 2 [11]). There are reports in literature where MoO3 has been exfoliated in solvents with low

• for the fabrication of flexible supercapacitors for wearable electronics. (a) UV–vis spectra of MoO3 dispersions obtained from different initial concentrations (Ci). The inset shows the final concentration as a function of the initial concentration; (b) UV–vis spectra of MoO3 dispersions obtained from

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• microparticles (10–200 µm) fabricated via stop flow lithography have emerged as useful templates to form custom-shaped and flexible microcapsules of poly-ʟ-lysine (PLL) [36]. The shell was formed by diffusion of PLL into an oppositely charged hydrogel matrix, enabling an easy surface modification that can be

Preparation and in vivo evaluation of glyco-gold nanoparticles carrying synthetic mycobacterial hexaarabinofuranoside

• Gennady L. Burygin,
• Polina I. Abronina,
• Nikita M. Podvalnyy,
• Sergey A. Staroverov,
• Leonid O. Kononov and
• Lev A. Dykman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 480–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.39

• conjugated to a much longer and flexible hydrophilic linker based on heptaethylene glycol (EG7), which was initially expected to allow for a better recognition of the glycan epitope on the surface of Ara6C2EG7NH2-GNPs 4 than on the surface of Ara6C2NH2-GNPs 3. The differences in hydrophilicity and rigidity

Interfacial charge transfer processes in 2D and 3D semiconducting hybrid perovskites: azobenzene as photoswitchable ligand

• Nicole Fillafer,
• Tobias Seewald,
• Lukas Schmidt-Mende and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 466–479, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.38

• flexible organic molecule. Our next goal is to check if photoswitching is still possible after integration into the perovskite. Sasai et al. reported the photoswitching of azobenzene molecules in a 2D LHP tracking the optical properties of the molecules [41]. The photoswitching properties of the integrated

Understanding nanoparticle flow with a new in vitro experimental and computational approach using hydrogel channels

• Armel Boutchuen,
• Dell Zimmerman,
• Abdollah Arabshahi,
• John Melnyczuk and
• Soubantika Palchoudhury

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 296–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.22

• equation for flow [30][31]. Fullstone et al. have used CFD in couple with flexible large-scale agent based modeling to predict NP distributions in vivo [32]. The size and shape of the NPs greatly influenced the adhesion and path of NPs within the vascular network. This CFD model predicted a higher

• prepared with 1.5 mL of DI water were opaque and tougher compared to the other formulations and considered less suitable for forming flexible flow channels. In addition to mechanical flexibility, surface smoothness of the hydrogels was another key parameter in selecting a suitable material for fabricating

Phase inversion-based nanoemulsions of medium chain triglyceride as potential drug delivery system for parenteral applications

• Eike Folker Busmann,
• Dailén García Martínez,
• Henrike Lucas and
• Karsten Mäder

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 213–224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.16

• system with a constant chemical potential and hence a constant osmotic pressure [16]. The aim of this study was to investigate the phase inversion-based production of a lipid nanocarrier without using phospholipids. Thus, instead of solid shelled nanocapsules, flexible nanoemulsions should be formed