Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• flexibility in terms of medium, soil, dispersion approach and so forth, meaning that detailed documentation of each step is still required to allow others to reuse the data with confidence. This is especially important for nanomaterials, given that the test guidelines originally developed for soluble

• this could be achieved by adding an instance for the resulting material state after each sub-step, these intermediate instances are not typically characterised experimentally; thus, the instances would make the maps more complex without adding much information. Explicit protocol nodes, in contrast, can

• pipelines based on new approach methodologies, batteries of more than 20 assays with over 50 individual endpoints are compared and data (from different laboratories) needs to be aggregated [45]. The offspring tracking presented in Figure 5 may represent the first step towards implementation of a BIODA to

Theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of a composite formed by the zeolite NaA and a magnetite cluster

• Joel Antúnez-García,
• Roberto Núñez-González,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• H’Linh Hmok,
• Armando Reyes-Serrato,
• Fabian N. Murrieta-Rico,
• Mufei Xiao and
• Jonathan Zamora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 44–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.5

• cluster (see Figure 1), as proposed by Ermakov et al. [56], for the purposes of this study. After separately obtaining the optical and electronic properties of both the NaA zeolite and the cluster, our next step involved locating the position of minimum energy for the cluster within the zeolite framework

Bioinspired nanofilament coatings for scale reduction on steel

• Siad Dahir Ali,
• Mette Heidemann Rasmussen,
• Jacopo Catalano,
• Christian Husum Frederiksen and
• Tobias Weidner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 25–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.3

• cleaned by sonication for five minutes in toluene, acetone, and Milli-Q water, and the samples were rinsed with the solvent following in the sequence before each sonication step. Finally, the samples were dipped into ethanol and dried. The samples were washed in toluene, acetone and Milli-Q water, toluene

• , and dried after the first three hours of coating. When the coating was finished after a total of six hours, the samples were washed in toluene and left in Milli-Q water for approximately 12 hours. The last washing step ensures that all produced HCl is removed from the coating which will otherwise

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

• Elina E. Mansurova,
• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
• Polina V. Mikshina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

• 70% of Atr was released after 2 h. Importantly, the release of Atr was not influenced by the concentration of added ACh, suggesting that the release step, rather than the degradation of the carrier, is rate-limiting. Additionally, unlike Fl, even low ACh concentrations facilitate Atr release

Orientation-dependent photonic bandgaps in gold-dust weevil scales and their titania bioreplicates

• Norma Salvadores Farran,
• Limin Wang,
• Primoz Pirih and
• Bodo D. Wilts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.1

• step (130 °C). Raising the temperature slightly might increase the effective refractive index of titania before lattice degradation occurs. If the process could be additionally tuned by, for example, varying process times and chemical compositions (including hybrid sol/gels), a further reduction of

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• endosomal escape has emerged as a crucial step in the intracellular trafficking process, essential for achieving successful cytosolic delivery and realizing the full therapeutic potential of liposomal systems [4]. To address the formidable challenge of endosomal entrapment, several strategies have been

Attempts to preserve and visualize protein corona on the surface of biological nanoparticles in blood serum using photomodification

• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Anastasiya V. Tupitsyna,
• Alina E. Grigor’eva,
• Ilya S. Dovydenko and
• Elena I. Ryabchikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1654–1666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.130

• -NPs. We also did not set such a goal, but observing the effect of sucrose, we decided to draw the attention of researchers to this fact. Indeed, such action of sucrose can distort the results of bio-NP studies, especially regarding surface structures. The next step of our study was to examine the

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• determines the electrical and optical properties, which can vary depending on the synthesis technique [19]. Among the methods mentioned above, laser ablation in liquids (LAL) is a clean and single-step synthesis method used for obtaining nanomaterials from a bulk source [11][16][17][18][20]. It produces NPs

• potential material for sophisticated design patterning [66]. Conclusion The current study shows the successful single-step fabrication of HfO2 NPs and nanofibres in DW and HfC core–shell NPs with multilayered graphitic shells in toluene and anisole via LAL of Hf metal. The obtained NPs exhibit a broad size

Heterogeneous reactions in a HFCVD reactor: simulation using a 2D model

• Xochitl Aleyda Morán Martínez,
• José Alberto Luna López,
• Zaira Jocelyn Hernández Simón,
• Gabriel Omar Mendoza Conde,
• José Álvaro David Hernández de Luz and
• Godofredo García Salgado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1627–1638, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.128

• ; chemical reactions; flow dynamics; HFCVD; hot filament chemical vapor deposition; SiOx films; Introduction The growth of materials such as non-stoichiometric silicon oxide (SiOx) is an important step in semiconductor devices development. Control of deposition parameters determines the success of the

• range of 800–1200 K. When the distances from the filament to the source are greater, no film deposition occurs. This effect is mainly due to the recombination of H° to H2 as the temperature decreases. The formation of these gaseous species is an important step since they contain the radical species that

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• strategy involves surface coating with specific ligands which interact with elevated levels of target-specific receptors. Both delivery systems aim to achieve responsive drug release directly at the therapeutic target (Figure 2B) [19][30]. Therefore, a crucial step in constructing efficient biomimetic

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

• system can have the chance to germinate and to make the first step in the colonisation of a new habitat. The presence of the mucilage envelope is not the only feature responsible for endozoochoric seeds dispersal. In case of frugivory (fruits dispersal by birds), the dispersed fruits possess some

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• degradation of P-NP by ʟ-car-AgNPs can be attributed to the unique optical and catalytic properties of AgNPs, which are enhanced by their high surface-to-volume ratio and plasmonic effects. The observed pseudo-first-order kinetics suggest that the rate-determining step involves the adsorption of P-NP onto the

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles derived from algae and their larvicidal properties to control Aedes aegypti

• Matheus Alves Siqueira de Assunção,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Mara Elga Medeiros Braga,
• Severino Alves Junior,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa,
• Herminio José Cipriano de Sousa and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1566–1575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.123

• , sulfated polysaccharides and other biomolecules. The latter include flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, phenols, and saponins with hydroxy, carboxyl, and amino functional groups, which are effective agents in metal reduction and also provide a robust coating on the metallic nanoparticles in a single step [42

The round-robin approach applied to nanoinformatics: consensus prediction of nanomaterials zeta potential

• Dimitra-Danai Varsou,
• Arkaprava Banerjee,
• Joyita Roy,
• Kunal Roy,
• Giannis Savvas,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Ewelina Wyrzykowska,
• Mateusz Balicki,
• Tomasz Puzyn,
• Georgia Melagraki,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1536–1553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.121

• Kingdom NovaMechanics Ltd., Nicosia 1070, Cyprus 10.3762/bjnano.15.121 Abstract A key step in building regulatory acceptance of alternative or non-animal test methods has long been the use of interlaboratory comparisons or round-robins (RRs), in which a common test material and standard operating

• QSAR approaches. Each of these individual models has been rigorously tested and validated, adhering to the OECD principles to ensure their reliability and predictive accuracy, as described herein. The key innovation lies in the next step, that is, in the combination of these individually potent models

Integrating high-performance computing, machine learning, data management workflows, and infrastructures for multiscale simulations and nanomaterials technologies

• Fabio Le Piane,
• Mario Vozza,
• Matteo Baldoni and
• Francesco Mercuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1498–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.119

• those concepts in order to link our scientific questions to the final results we need. Although still in the early development stages, MAMBO proved to be expressive enough to let us represent the knowledge related to computational workflows, using concepts defined in the ontology. This is a first step

• towards a formal definition of each step of more complex research workflows and for enabling more powerful semantic technologies, where data and the metadata are all encoded using the semantic assets defined in the ontology. This approach leads to a more efficient data processing, as a result of the

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• , wherein a new surface-segregated phase grows in a layer-by-layer fashion, similar to epitaxial growth towards the inner region [47][48][49][50]. This type of growth is considered within the thermodynamic approach. The next step is to develop a corresponding thermodynamic model. When the new β phase

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• transfer from the incident ion to adsorbed precursor molecules. This precursor decomposition step is accompanied by a decrease in the oxidation state of the Pt(II) atoms and, in IBID, represents the elementary reaction step that converts the molecular precursor into an involatile PtX2 species. Upon further

• spectra in Figure 2 and Figure 4 support the MS data that for each precursor/ion pair, complete CO desorption is the initial step in the reaction because the peaks in both the C 1s and O 1s regions are lost during the initial stages of ion irradiation and at comparable rates. Concurrent with the CO

• correlated with the rate of CO loss (Figure 3). Collectively, these observations point towards an initial step that can be described by Equation 1: The preferential loss of CO is attributed to the stability of CO as a volatile species and the relatively lower Pt(II)–CO bond dissociation energy in the

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• another widely used complex vector, polyplexes. They took the approach one step further and combined these polyplexes formed by a cationic polymer and anionic mRNA with a photosensitizer for photochemical internalization and subsequent enhancement in delivery to the cytoplasm. They showed that laser

A biomimetic approach towards a universal slippery liquid infused surface coating

• Ryan A. Faase,
• Madeleine H. Hummel,
• AnneMarie V. Hasbrook,
• Andrew P. Carpenter and
• Joe E. Baio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1376–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.111

• ][13], anodization [3][14], silane chemistry [18], and polymer multilayers [5][15]. While these methods are effective, there is often a requirement for a specific chemical environment, like a plasma processing step or the growth of an oxide layer. In this investigation, we aim to simplify the

• fabrication of SLIPS by producing the required lubricant anchor layer through the polymerization of dopamine. This dopamine polymerization step is extremely simple and will form a “sticky” layer to almost any chemistry, thereby, providing a straightforward process to produce a SLIPS layer on almost any

• , producing the foundation of a SLIPS material (Figure 1). In this work we propose and characterize a two-step process, forming a SLIPS layer via a sticky PDA film, to modify the surface of three different materials. To test this combination of PDA and SLIPS we used three distinct materials, cylic olefin

Green synthesis of carbon dot structures from Rheum Ribes and Schottky diode fabrication

• Muhammed Taha Durmus and
• Ebru Bozkurt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1369–1375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.110

• , Turkey 10.3762/bjnano.15.110 Abstract In this study, we aimed to synthesize new carbon dot structures (CDs) in a single step by using the plant Rheum Ribes for the first time and to contribute to the studies in the field of diode fabrication by using the new CDs. The CDs were obtained by hydrothermal

• switching speed and low forward voltage [14]. In this study, CDs were synthesized in a single step by hydrothermal synthesis using Rheum Ribes, a natural material, for the first time, and diodes were fabricated using the new CDs. To our knowledge, studies on diodes with CDs obtained from natural materials

• supernatant was removed by decantation and a stock solution was prepared to be used in the studies. The prepared stock solution was stored at 4 °C to prevent contamination [15]. Schottky diode fabrication An n-type silicon substrate was used for Schottky diode fabrication. In the first step, the silicon

Investigation of Hf/Ti bilayers for the development of transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters

• Victoria Y. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1353–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.108

• would lead to an even larger increase of δE with volume. Conclusion Bridges made of bilayers of hafnium with a thin top layer of titanium were fabricated and measured. The formation of such bridges by a photolithographic lift-off process is the next step in the development of TES microcalorimeters after

Hymenoptera and biomimetic surfaces: insights and innovations

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Carlo Polidori and
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1333–1352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.107

• development of self-cleaning surfaces and materials resistant to biofouling in marine environments. Legs Adhesive pads: The adhesive organ in Hymenoptera consists of a flexible cuticle pad (i.e., arolium) situated between the pretarsal claws, capable of unfolding and retracting with each step [125] (Figure 6A

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• , respectively, to remove impurities. The supernatants were discarded and the pellets were dispersed in DD water and stored at room temperature. Tunable aspect ratio of gold nanorods capped with CTAB Gold nanorods of different lengths were synthesized using a two-step protocol as described in previous reports

• with slight modifications [30]. Briefly, in the first step, gold seeds were prepared by mixing CTAB, HAuCl4·3H2O and NaBH4. The seed solution acts as an initiator for synthesizing gold nanorods. In the second step, the growth solution was prepared, consisting of CTAB, AgNO3, HAuCl4·3H2O, HCl, and

• ascorbic acid. A typical synthesis involved the synthesis of CTAB-capped Au seeds of less than 4 nm. Addition to the growth solution in step 2 resulted in the formation of gold nanorods. The seeds were prepared using 200 µL of HAuCl4·3H2O (25 mM) with 2 mL of 0.1 M CTAB at 80 °C, followed by 800 µL freshly

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• and biological/environmental application. The properties of the materials in biological environments may differ significantly depending on the composition of the medium (e.g., aggregation state, surface charge, and dissolution) and determine their biological effects. Therefore, the initial step to

• so-called NPT conditions, for a period of 4.00 ns, with a time step of 0.25 fs, starting from the system in equilibrium at 300 K. The initial system consisted of a representative GO flake obtained from [73], with dimensions of 42 × 20 Å and an oxidation level of 12.5%, and the TA free-energy-minimum