Carbon-based smart nanomaterials in biomedicine and neuroengineering

• Antonina M. Monaco and
• Michele Giugliano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1849–1863, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.196

• mobility of electrical charge carriers and high thermal conductivity [8][9]. Diamond exhibits these properties both in bulk as well as at the nanoscale and combines them with typical features of nanomaterials, such as a large surface area and small overall size. NDs, mainly obtained by detonation of TNT

A study on the consequence of swift heavy ion irradiation of Zn–silica nanocomposite thin films: electronic sputtering

• Compesh Pannu,
• Udai B. Singh,
• Dinesh. C. Agarwal,
• Saif A. Khan,
• Sunil Ojha,
• Ramesh Chandra,
• Hiro Amekura,
• Debdulal Kabiraj and
• Devesh. K. Avasthi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1691–1698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.179

• , the incoming ion transfers its energy to electrons of the target. Due to the high thermal conductivity, the deposited energy is quickly transferred to other electrons and the heat transferred to the metal lattice through electron–phonon coupling is not sufficient to cause the melting of the metal

• . Whereas in the case of silica, a smaller deposited energy is enough to cause melting due to the low thermal conductivity and the high value of g. If we consider the case of metal nanoparticles embedded in silica (nanocomposite system), the scenario becomes quite different. The temperature of the metal

• through interaction with electrons of silica as well as of the metal nanoparticle. When the incident ion interacts with the electrons of the metal nanoparticle, the deposited energy rapidly diffuses to other electrons within the nanoparticle due to high thermal conductivity (ca. 318 W/(m·K) at 25 °C

Liquid fuel cells

• Grigorii L. Soloveichik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1399–1418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.153

• separating the individual cells in the stack should have a high corrosion resistance, good electronic and thermal conductivity, and be designed to evenly distribute reactants and products. It is worth noting that the bipolar plates have an impact on the cost structure comparable with the impact of catalytic

• requires substantial thermal energy, which is technically challenging due to their low thermal conductivity. The dehydrogenation of methylcyclohexane to toluene for both transportation and seasonal hydrogen storage was proposed 20 years ago [18]. Later the less volatile decalin/naphtalene couple with 7.3

Review of nanostructured devices for thermoelectric applications

• Giovanni Pennelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1268–1284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.141

• TEG for thermal conduction: Most of the heat passes through the generator and it is wasted on the cold side without being converted in useful electrical power. Thus, one of the main target of research efforts in thermoelectricity is to develop materials with a very low thermal conductivity, while

• known materials both from the physical and the technological point of views, and it is at the center of a worldwide manufacturing infrastructure. Thermoelectric applications of silicon are currently limited by its high thermal conductivity (148 W/mK). However, several studies have observed a strong

• reduction of thermal conductivity in rough silicon nanowires [8][9][10]. For this reason, section IV is dedicated to the review of the main techniques currently investigated for the fabrication of silicon nanostructures that can be integrated in devices for thermoelectric generation. Review Principles of

Organic and inorganic–organic thin film structures by molecular layer deposition: A review

• Pia Sundberg and
• Maarit Karppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1104–1136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.123

• reactions occurring during the growth. Also the GPC is far below the length of a Zn–EG unit, which was estimated to be around 6.9 Å. Thermal conductivity of the DEZ+EG hybrid was measured to be around 0.22–0.23 W/(m·K), with little variation in the values when thicker samples were analyzed. The volumetric

• 150 °C was obtained. Although considerably higher than when comparing to GPC obtained earlier, it is still far from the ideal growth, which was estimated to be around 8.4 Å per cycle. Thermal conductivity of the DEZ+HQ films was considerable higher than those of the DEZ+EG films, i.e., about 0.32–0.38

Integration of ZnO and CuO nanowires into a thermoelectric module

• Dario Zappa,
• Simone Dalola,
• Guido Faglia,
• Elisabetta Comini,
• Matteo Ferroni,
• Caterina Soldano,
• Vittorio Ferrari and
• Giorgio Sberveglieri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 927–936, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.106

• ) performance of a material, including the thermal conductivity κ, the electrical conductivity σ and the Seebeck coefficient S. Further, the efficiency of a thermoelectric device depends on the thermoelectric power factor (TPF) and the figure of merit (ZT) of the material, which are defined as S2σ and S2Tσ/κ

• and the figure of merit ZT. In particular, in order to evaluate ZT is necessary to measure the thermal conductivity of the materials. Thermal conductivity measurements are still ongoing, because we need the reengineering of the test device to get rid of the thermal influence of the substrate. We

An analytical approach to evaluate the performance of graphene and carbon nanotubes for NH₃ gas sensor applications

• Elnaz Akbari,
• Vijay K. Arora,
• Aria Enzevaee,
• Mohamad. T. Ahmadi,
• Mehdi Saeidmanesh,
• Mohsen Khaledian,
• Hediyeh Karimi and
• Rubiyah Yusof

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 726–734, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.85

• . A CNT is known to have a very high electrical and thermal conductivity as well as a high Young's modulus giving it the mechanical strength. The applications of CNTs are broad due to their compact structure and include transistors, sensors, solar cells, fuel cells, etc. [17]. Andre Geim and

Resonance of graphene nanoribbons doped with nitrogen and boron: a molecular dynamics study

• Ye Wei,
• Haifei Zhan,
• Kang Xia,
• Wendong Zhang,
• Shengbo Sang and
• Yuantong Gu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 717–725, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.84

• been reported to have supreme stiffness (Young’s modulus ≈ 1 TPa), very high electron mobility, electrical and thermal conductivity, optical absorption as well as many other excellent properties [2][3]. These properties of graphene open up huge potential applications in the area of electronics

Analytical development and optimization of a graphene–solution interface capacitance model

• Hediyeh Karimi,
• Rasoul Rahmani,
• Reza Mashayekhi,
• Leyla Ranjbari,
• Amir H. Shirdel,
• Niloofar Haghighian,
• Parisa Movahedi,
• Moein Hadiyan and
• Razali Ismail

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 603–609, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.71

• these days. Geim, in 2004, demonstrated that the six-membered rings are the basis of all carbon materials in electrochemical biosensor research [7]. The remarkable electrical properties of graphene such as fast electron transport, tunable energy bandgap, high thermal conductivity, and ballistic

High activity of Ag-doped Cd_0.1Zn_0.9S photocatalyst prepared by the hydrothermal method for hydrogen production under visible-light irradiation

• Leny Yuliati,
• Melody Kimi and
• Mustaffa Shamsuddin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 587–595, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.69

• reaction. A 500 W halogen lamp was used as the visible-light source. Hydrogen gas evolved was identified by an online system with thermal conductivity detector (TCD) gas chromatography (GC, Agilent 7890A) using Supelco 13X molecular sieves and argon carrier gas, which amount was measured by volumetric

Artificial sunlight and ultraviolet light induced photo-epoxidation of propylene over V-Ti/MCM-41 photocatalyst

• Van-Huy Nguyen,
• Shawn D. Lin,
• Jeffrey Chi-Sheng Wu and
• Hsunling Bai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 566–576, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.67

• ionization detector (FID) and a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) and the analysis was performed with both molecular sieve 5 Å and Porapak-N columns. The product formation rate, propylene consumption rate and the product selectivity were defined according to the following equations. The spectrum of: (a) UV

Nanoscale particles in technological processes of beneficiation

• Sergey I. Popel,
• Vitaly V. Adushkin and
• Anatoly P. Golub'

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 458–465, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.53

• dominate over those of thermal conductivity. Since the vapor temperature is significantly higher than that of the liquid and the phase equilibrium is violated, it is necessary to take into account the heat exchange between vapor and liquid due to phase transformation. Furthermore, imperfection of dense gas

• of the fine solid particle in its interaction with the bubbles are described within the framework of one-dimensional (plane) problem of thermal conductivity for the corresponding three-layer incompressible body, in which the noble metal is placed between two layers of mineral. In this case, the

• the bubble. The change in the liquid temperature is determined by the set of thermal conductivity equations that, in particular, takes into account the heat exchange with the vapor. The liquid velocity is determined by the continuity equation for the incompressible liquid. The set of gas-dynamics and

Dye-sensitized Pt@TiO₂ core–shell nanostructures for the efficient photocatalytic generation of hydrogen

• Jun Fang,
• Lisha Yin,
• Shaowen Cao,
• Yusen Liao and
• Can Xue

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 360–364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.41

• thermal conductivity detector (TCD). XRD patterns of Pt@TiO2 and Pt/TiO2 samples. TEM and SEM images of the Pt@TiO2 sample. (A) (B) TEM images of Pt@TiO2, (C) HRTEM images of Pt@TiO2, (D) SEM image of Pt@TiO2. UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra of the Pt@TiO2 and Pt/TiO2 samples. The H2 yield from Pt@TiO2

En route to controlled catalytic CVD synthesis of densely packed and vertically aligned nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube arrays

• Slawomir Boncel,
• Sebastian W. Pattinson,
• Valérie Geiser,
• Milo S. P. Shaffer and
• Krzysztof K. K. Koziol

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 219–233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.24

• variety of electrical engineering applications has been continuously growing [6][7]. The enhancement of other properties of N-CNTs, including the chemical reactivity [8], the dispersibility in a variety of solvents/matrices [9], the structural strength [10] or the thermal conductivity [11] has been also

Challenges in realizing ultraflat materials surfaces

• Takashi Yatsui,
• Wataru Nomura,
• Fabrice Stehlin,
• Olivier Soppera,
• Makoto Naruse and
• Motoichi Ohtsu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 875–885, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.99

• substrate can be a serious problem, because substrates with large Ra values induce defects or dislocations in the deposited active layer [4]. Diamond is a promising material for future power devices because of its many excellent characteristics including high values for hardness and thermal conductivity

Routes to rupture and folding of graphene on rough 6H-SiC(0001) and their identification

• M. Temmen,
• O. Ochedowski,
• B. Kleine Bussmann,
• M. Schleberger,
• M. Reichling and
• T. R. J. Bollmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 625–631, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.69

• shown to have unique properties such as high mechanical strength and elasticity, a very high electrical and thermal conductivity, the impermeability to gases, and many others [2]. All of them make it highly attractive for numerous applications, and a most promising candidate for advanced

Mapping of plasmonic resonances in nanotriangles

• Simon Dickreuter,
• Julia Gleixner,
• Andreas Kolloch,
• Johannes Boneberg,
• Elke Scheer and
• Paul Leiderer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 588–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.66

• comparatively short thermal diffusion length leads to strong thermal gradients with a length scale that is below the dimensions of the illuminated particle (thermal diffusion length: lD = ≈ 200 nm with thermal diffusivity of gold D = κ/(cp·ρ) = 1.27·10−4 m2·s−1 and laser pulse length τ = 300 ps; κ: thermal

• conductivity; cp: specific heat capacity; ρ: mass density). For higher intensities, larger parts of the triangles melt. In analogous to fs pulses there is an intensity regime where the nanostructures are removed by the laser irradiation without causing major damage on the Si substrate surface. The removal

Structural and thermoelectric properties of TMGa₃ (TM = Fe, Co) thin films

• Sebastian Schnurr,
• Ulf Wiedwald,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Valeriy Y. Verchenko and
• Andrei V. Shevelkov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 461–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.54

• annealing in order to improve film crystallinity. In the present study with its emphasis on thermoelectric properties of the (TM)Ga3 films, the related figure of merit [10] ZT = S2σT/λ (S: Seebeck coefficient, σ: electrical conductivity, λ: thermal conductivity, T: Kelvin temperature) indicates that low

Synthesis and thermoelectric properties of Re₃As_6.6In_0.4 with Ir₃Ge₇ crystal structure

• Valeriy Y. Verchenko,
• Anton S. Vasiliev,
• Alexander A. Tsirlin,
• Vladimir A. Kulbachinskii,
• Vladimir G. Kytin and
• Andrei V. Shevelkov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 446–452, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.52

• . Re3As6.6In0.4 behaves as a bad metal or heavily doped semiconductor, with electrons being the dominant charge carriers. It possesses high values of Seebeck coefficient and low thermal conductivity, but relatively low electrical conductivity, which leads to rather low values of the thermoelectric figure of merit

• is the absolute temperature, S the Seebeck coefficient, σ the electrical conductivity, and κ the thermal conductivity. It is shown in the literature [1] that the best thermoelectric materials are to be sought among narrow-gap semiconductors composed of heavy elements, in which structural features

• favor low thermal conductivity [2]. Attempts to improve the ZT value have led to the investigation of various types of thermoelectrics beyond the long-known lead and bismuth tellurides [3][4]. Among new candidates are the filled skutterudites [5][6], semiconducting clathrates [7], disordered materials

Grating-assisted coupling to nanophotonic circuits in microcrystalline diamond thin films

• Patrik Rath,
• Svetlana Khasminskaya,
• Christoph Nebel,
• Christoph Wild and
• Wolfram H.P. Pernice

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 300–305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.33

• diamond has found a wealth of applications for the fabrication of windows that permit transmission in the long-IR or microwave regions [14]. In addition, diamond provides attractive material properties, such as biocompatibility, chemical inertness, high thermal conductivity, and mechanical hardness [15

Size variation of infrared vibrational spectra from molecules to hydrogenated diamond nanocrystals: a density functional theory study

• Mudar A. Abdulsattar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 262–268, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.28

• extraordinary properties of bulk diamond that include high hardness, inertness and high thermal conductivity. The additional properties added by reduction to the nanoscale make diamonds and related carbon materials a focus for recent investigations [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. One of the first steps of

Micro- and nanoscale electrical characterization of large-area graphene transferred to functional substrates

• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Salvatore Di Franco,
• Patrick Fiorenza,
• Raffaella Lo Nigro,
• Fabrizio Roccaforte,
• Cristina Tudisco,
• Guido G. Condorelli,
• Nicolò Piluso,
• Noemi Spartà,
• Stella Lo Verso,
• Corrado Accardi,
• Cristina Tringali,
• Sebastiano Ravesi and
• Filippo Giannazzo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 234–242, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.24

• neutral (undoped) graphene the Fermi level is coincident with the Dirac point, that is, the intersection point between the valence and the conduction band. From these properties originate the high intrinsic field-effect mobility [2][3][4] of graphene, its high thermal conductivity [5], and its optical

Photoresponse from single upright-standing ZnO nanorods explored by photoconductive AFM

• Igor Beinik,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Astrid Wachauer,
• Lin Wang,
• Yuri P. Piryatinski,
• Gerhard Brauer,
• Xin Yi Chen,
• Yuk Fan Hsu,
• Aleksandra B. Djurišić and
• Christian Teichert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 208–217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.21

• ) = 195 K [54], with the thermal conductivity of ZnO, kth(ZnO) ≈ 100 W·m−1·K−1 [51]. The factor 0.5 was introduced to take into account that a part of the energy dissipated at the contact is conducted via the tip. This means that local NR temperatures of at least 495 K can be expected. Further evidence

Functionalization of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Eloise Van Hooijdonk,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Rony Snyders and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 129–152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.14

• applications such as field-emission displays, chemical or biological sensors, or polymer fillers. The advantages of using VA-CNTs include an excellent alignment of the nanotubes, a good electrical and thermal conductivity, and uniform length. Nevertheless, a key challenge to be overcome for achieving actual

• nanoscale roughness inherent to the sample (Figure 16). The enhancement of the thermal conductivity of a composite enclosure in the direction of its thickness is another illustration of the application of VA-CNT polymer functionalization. Sihn et al. [133] embedded VA-MWCNTs in an adhesive medium (epoxy

• -thickness thermal conductivity of the composite sample. They reported that the key components influencing the thermal conductivity are, on the one hand, the thermal conductivity and the size of the metallic transition zone and, on the other hand, the use of highly conductive vertically aligned nanotubes. A

Characterization and properties of micro- and nanowires of controlled size, composition, and geometry fabricated by electrodeposition and ion-track technology

• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 860–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.97

• due to theoretical studies predicting a large enhancement of the thermoelectric efficiency, given by the so-called figure of merit ZT, ZT = S2·σ·T/κ, where S is the Seebeck coefficient, σ is the electrical conductivity, κ is the thermal conductivity and T is the temperature. The power factor (S2σ) of

• these thermoelectric nanomaterials should increase due to quantum size effects and the thermal conductivity should decrease due to enhanced phonon surface scattering [85][86][87][88]. The thermoelectric properties of these Bi-compound materials are anisotropic and are extremely sensitive not only to

• . Hochbaum et al. and Boukai et al. recently reported that rough Si nanowires exhibit a thermal conductivity up to 100 times smaller than their smooth counterparts, becoming promising objects to be implemented in thermoelectric devices [87][88]. In addition, a larger roughness effectively increases the