Low temperature co-fired ceramic packaging of CMOS capacitive sensor chip towards cell viability monitoring

• Niina Halonen,
• Joni Kilpijärvi,
• Maciej Sobocinski,
• Timir Datta-Chaudhuri,
• Antti Hassinen,
• Someshekar B. Prakash,
• Peter Möller,
• Pamela Abshire,
• Sakari Kellokumpu and
• Anita Lloyd Spetz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1871–1877, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.179

• Organization, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, USA Division of Applied Sensor Science, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden 10.3762/bjnano.7.179 Abstract Cell viability monitoring is an important part of biosafety evaluation for the detection of toxic

• effects on cells caused by nanomaterials, preferably by label-free, noninvasive, fast, and cost effective methods. These requirements can be met by monitoring cell viability with a capacitance-sensing integrated circuit (IC) microchip. The capacitance provides a measurement of the surface attachment of

• medium above the capacitors. Moreover, the manufacturing of microfluidic channels in the LTCC package was demonstrated. Keywords: capacitance sensing; cell viability; lab-on-a-chip; low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC); Introduction Biosafety regulations require ethical, simple, rapid, and cost

Antitumor magnetic hyperthermia induced by RGD-functionalized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, in an experimental model of colorectal liver metastases

• Oihane K. Arriortua,
• Eneko Garaio,
• Borja Herrero de la Parte,
• Maite Insausti,
• Luis Lezama,
• Fernando Plazaola,
• Jose Angel García,
• Jesús M. Aizpurua,
• Maialen Sagartzazu,
• Mireia Irazola,
• Nestor Etxebarria,
• Ignacio García-Alonso,
• Alberto Saiz-López and
• José Javier Echevarria-Uraga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1532–1542, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.147

• could seriously compromise tumor cell viability. For such tumor destruction it is necessary to combine the heat capacity of the magnetic system with its localization in tumor tissues. However, the creation of high quality magnetic nanosystems that meet both requirements is still a great challenge

On the pathway of cellular uptake: new insight into the interaction between the cell membrane and very small nanoparticles

• Claudia Messerschmidt,
• Daniel Hofmann,
• Anja Kroeger,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder and
• Ingo Lieberwirth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1296–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.121

• . Similar results were reported by Zhang et al. comparing 80 nm SiNPs with 500 nm SiNPs on HepG2 cells [40]. Those investigated particles affect cell viability and the proliferation potential in a size-ascending-dependent manner. Nevertheless, these data were only focusing on large differences in size and

• surface-area dependent cytotoxicity and focused on long incubation times of SiNPs in the order of some 24 h. In our experiments we applied high concentrations of SiNPs and could observe effects on cell viability and membrane integrity already after a few hours. When inspecting the LDH release experiments

• the following formula (Abs: Absorbance): Measurement of intracellular ATP content Intracellular ATP content was measured according to the kit instructions of CellTiter-Glo® Luminescent Cell Viability Assay (Promega, U.S.A.). Briefly, 15,000 HeLa cells·cm−2 were seeded on a 96-well plate. After

Straightforward and robust synthesis of monodisperse surface-functionalized gold nanoclusters

• Silvia Varela-Aramburu,
• Richard Wirth,
• Chian-Hui Lai,
• Guillermo Orts-Gil and
• Peter H. Seeberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1278–1283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.118

• for one day with the mouse cell line L929 for a proof-of-principle study. Cell viability was measured using the MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium inner salt] assay [30]. The cytotoxicity of Glc-NCs, CTAB-NCs and THPC-NCs was compared. CTAB

• lectin ConA (4). Cell viability of Glc-NCs A) purified and B) without purification incubated for one day with L929 cells. The Glc-NCs were not toxic at any of the concentrations studied. C) Cellular uptake of Glc-NCs when incubated with L929 cells for one day. Gold concentration taken up by the cells was

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• , as well as to different methods to measure cell viability and different CNT sources. More efforts are needed to solve these issues prior to the incorporation of MLG/CNT–polymer nanocomposites into the human body. Therefore, it is a prerequisite to master the production of MLG- and CNT-based polymer

Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents

• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Mateusz M. Tomczyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1086–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.102

• the in vivo behavior of nanohybrids is essential in order to judge their applicability in MRI. Several types of studies were performed. The first group was to study cytotoxicity by determining cell viability upon incubation with the nanohybrids (Table 2). In some cases it was possible to indicate

Improved biocompatibility and efficient labeling of neural stem cells with poly(L-lysine)-coated maghemite nanoparticles

• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Marina Dobrivojević,
• Lada Brkić Ahmed,
• Michal Babič,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Daniel Horák and
• Srećko Gajović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 926–936, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.84

• counterstained with 0.1% Nuclear Fast Red (Sigma-Aldrich) for 1 min, mounted with HistoMount (Invitrogen) and covered using coverslip. After drying, the cells were analyzed under bright field using light microscope (ECLIPSE E200, Nikon Instruments, Japan). MTT cell viability assay After NSC labeling MTT (methyl

• labeled with different concentrations of PLL-γ-Fe2O3 (A) and nanomag®-D-spio (B) nanoparticles (N = 5). The asterisk indicates a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) versus other concentrations of the same nanoparticle. PLL-γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles did not affect NSC proliferation. MTT cell

• viability assay of NSCs labeled with PLL-γ-Fe2O3 and nanomag®-D-spio nanoparticles (N = 12). The statistically significant diferences versus Control were depicted by asterisks, *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.005; ***: P < 0.001. PLL-γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles had low NSC cytotoxicity. Flow cytometry analysis showed the

Tight junction between endothelial cells: the interaction between nanoparticles and blood vessels

• Yue Zhang and
• Wan-Xi Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 675–684, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.60

• induce brain dysfunction and pathology [25] and in some cases have an impact on gene expression in neural cells [26]. CuO NPs reduce cell viability and also cause oxidative stress in human bronchial epithelial cells [27]. Interaction between NPs and blood circulatory system The circulatory system or

Unraveling the neurotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles: focusing on molecular mechanisms

• Bin Song,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Jia Liu,
• Xiaoli Feng,
• Ting Zhou and
• Longquan Shao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 645–654, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.57

• -2 levels, indicated that mitochondria- and endoplasmic reticulum-mediated signaling pathways were involved in the apoptotic process. TiO2 NPs were also shown to decrease cell viability by inducing apoptosis in the microglia N9 [36] and human astrocytes-like astrocytoma U87 cell lines [37]. Direct

• toxic effects on cell structures Cell components, such as the cell membrane and mitochondria, can be targets of TiO2 NPs. TiO2 NPs can decrease cell viability of primary rat astrocytes. Herein, the mitochondrial morphology was changed and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was reduced, suggesting

• found that prenatal exposure to TiO2 NPs could alter the expression of neurotransmitter genes as well as genes associated with apoptosis, OS, and psychiatric disorders. TiO2 NPs decreased cell viability in PC12 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner by increasing the level of ROS and proportion of

An ISA-TAB-Nano based data collection framework to support data-driven modelling of nanotoxicology

• Richard L. Marchese Robinson,
• Mark T. D. Cronin,
• Andrea-Nicole Richarz and
• Robert Rallo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1978–1999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.202

• business rule no. 10 (see section 4 and Supporting Information File 4 for an in-depth explanation). The lethal cytotoxicity Assay file template (“a_InvID_cytotoxicity.cell-viability_Method.xls”) was designed to record data corresponding to a reduction in cell “viability” (typically interpreted as an

Predicting cytotoxicity of PAMAM dendrimers using molecular descriptors

• David E. Jones,
• Hamidreza Ghandehari and
• Julio C. Facelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1886–1896, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.192

• materials with expected low levels of toxicity. Cytotoxicity can be determined by a gamut of in vitro toxicity assays focusing on a number of cellular parameters including cell viability, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and inflammatory response [9]. In this paper, we focus on the cell viability to

• here, it was observed that the properties regarding charge, size, and concentration of the PAMAM dendrimers are the most important properties in the prediction of cytotoxicity and cell viability of Caco-2 cells treated with PAMAM dendrimers. To the authors’ knowledge, these results are the first

• Scopus and PubMedCentral using the search terms “PAMAM dendrimers AND cytotoxicity AND Caco-2 cells”. In order for the PAMAM dendrimer cytotoxicity values to be considered relevant for extraction, both cell viability and treatment concentration information had to be available in the publication. From

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro biocompatibility study of Au/TMC/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites as a promising, nontoxic system for biomedical applications

• Hanieh Shirazi,
• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Soheila Kashanian and
• Kobra Omidfar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1677–1689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.170

• various fields of application, especially the biomedical sciences and biosensors. Keywords: Au/polymer/Fe3O4 nanocomposites; Au nanoparticles; cell viability; magnetic nanoparticles; N-trimethyl chitosan; Introduction Nanotechnology is the science of the fabrication of novel materials, devices and

• -containing nanocomposites is more than that of polymer/Fe3O4 nanoparticles, which is likely due to the relatively heavy weight of Au nanoparticles. Cell viability assay One of the most important factors for employing nanomaterials in biomedical applications is related to their safety and biocompatibility

• viability were assessed using the MTT assay. The assay was based on the reduction of the dye MTT to formazan crystals (an insoluble, intracellular, blue product) by cellular dehydrogenases. The MTT results demonstrated that no significant decrease in cell viability occurred in presence of different

The eNanoMapper database for nanomaterial safety information

• Nina Jeliazkova,
• Charalampos Chomenidis,
• Philip Doganis,
• Bengt Fadeel,
• Roland Grafström,
• Barry Hardy,
• Janna Hastings,
• Markus Hegi,
• Vedrin Jeliazkov,
• Nikolay Kochev,
• Pekka Kohonen,
• Cristian R. Munteanu,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Bart Smeets,
• Pantelis Sopasakis,
• Georgia Tsiliki,
• David Vorgrimmler and
• Egon Willighagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1609–1634, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.165

• proposed to extend the list of endpoints for hazard identification to include cell uptake, cell viability, oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, immunotoxicity, cardiovascular toxicity, ventilation rate, gill pathologies, mucus secretion and brain pathology. The EU guidance document lists the main

• experimental data are assigned to a substance (e.g., nanoparticle) and a JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) representation of the data can be retrieved through a “/substance/{uuid}/study” API call. As an example, in Figure 4, we present an excerpt from the JSON serialisation of a cell viability assay for the

• average, though this is not always specified), a minimum and maximum value, or a single value and a standard deviation. Biological measurements are linked to assays (such as cytotoxicity, cell growth, cell viability, genotoxicity, and oxidative stress), endpoints measured on that assay (e.g., ROS

Using natural language processing techniques to inform research on nanotechnology

• Nastassja A. Lewinski and
• Bridget T. McInnes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.149

• the numeric values and dendrimer property terms. The entities associated with PAMAM were based on the NanoParticle Ontology and included: (1) hydrodynamic diameter, (2) particle diameter, (3) molecular weight, (4) zeta potential, (5) cytotoxicity, (6) IC50, (7) cell viability, (8) encapsulation

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro effects of 7 nm alloyed silver–gold nanoparticles

• Simon Ristig,
• Svitlana Chernousova,
• Wolfgang Meyer-Zaika and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1212–1220, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.124

• with a molar silver composition of 60% or higher affected the cell viability. After 24 h, this trend was observed more clearly. For HeLa cells, toxic effects began to emerge for nanoparticles with a silver content >30 mol % and also at a metal concentration of 50 µg mL−1. Discussion The synthesis

• , determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The cell viability was analyzed by the MTT assay. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT; Sigma, Taufkirchen, Germany) was dissolved in PBS (5 mg mL−1) and then diluted to 1 mg mL−1 in the cell culture medium. After incubation, the

• nanoparticles as well as for pure Ag and Au nanoparticles. The given errors represent standard deviations. Experimental molar composition of the Ag/Au nanoparticles as measured by AAS. Calculated nanoparticle (NP) concentration for cell viability experiments. Acknowledgements We thank the Deutsche

Tattoo ink nanoparticles in skin tissue and fibroblasts

• Colin A. Grant,
• Peter C. Twigg,
• Richard Baker and
• Desmond J. Tobin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1183–1191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.120

• culture fibroblasts in diluted tattoo ink to explore both the immediate impact of ink pigment on cell viability and also to observe the interaction between particles and the cells. Keywords: atomic force microscopy (AFM); dermis; nanoparticles; skin; tattoo ink; Introduction The act of tattooing has

• . Further, we also investigate the cell viability of dermal fibroblasts after incubation with filtered/unfiltered diluted tattoo ink and discuss these results in the context of nanoparticle research. Results and Discussion Tattoo ink particle size distribution Following three repeats of the particle size

• assay for cytotoxicity assessment was carried out on fibroblasts exposed to two different diluted tattoo inks, which showed both cell death and inhibition of pro-collagen synthesis [37]. As that study was not carried out on skin fibroblasts it was decided to run a similar cell viability test using human

Influence of gold, silver and gold–silver alloy nanoparticles on germ cell function and embryo development

• Ulrike Taylor,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Wilfried A. Kues,
• Stephan Barcikowski and
• Detlef Rath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 651–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.66

• can be expected to be toxic under consideration of particle characteristics obtained under relevant biological conditions. Additionally, nanoparticle toxicity should not only be asssessed considering cell viability but also concerning functional aspects. To this purpose the investigation of

Novel ZnO:Ag nanocomposites induce significant oxidative stress in human fibroblast malignant melanoma (Ht144) cells

• Syeda Arooj,
• Samina Nazir,
• Akhtar Nadhman,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Bakhtiar Muhammad,
• Ishaq Ahmad,
• Kehkashan Mazhar and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 570–582, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.59

• possible ROS induced by the nanocomposites, a set of ROS scavengers, namely mannitol, NaN3 and DMSO were used to study their inhibitory effect on NPs induced ROS formation (Figure 7). The HO• scavenger mannitol improved cell viability by 10 to 30% in NP treated, light exposed samples, corroborating the

• involvement of HO•. The 1O2 scavenger NaN3 had a much stronger effect on cell viability and improved it by 30 to 50% in NP treated, light exposed samples, indicating 1O2 as major ROS species. DMSO addition had only a slight effect on rescuing the cells. These results demonstrate the involvement of 1O2 and HO

Silica micro/nanospheres for theranostics: from bimodal MRI and fluorescent imaging probes to cancer therapy

• Shanka Walia and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 546–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.57

• biocompatibility of these NPs was investigated by standard MTT cell proliferation assay. Studies suggested that the cell viability was maintained at 83% even after a high dose of 500 µg·mL−1 of the nanocomposites. To check the applicability of these nanocomposites as fluorescence imaging agents, Gastric SGC7901

• showed higher viability (ca. 90%) compared to the fibroblasts cells (ca. 80%). Further, in case of the pancreatic islets (PIs) the cell viability was found to be more than 87%. Similarly, van Schooneveld et al. [18] reported a procedure for the synthesis of a trimodal contrast agent composed of gold

• the synthesized nanocomposites exhibited a signal enhancement in the T1-weighted MRI images with increasing Mn concentration. The in vitro studies performed on HeLa cells suggested cell viability of more than 80% even at a Mn concentration of 50 mg·mL−1. The combination of results obtained from flow

Pulmonary surfactant augments cytotoxicity of silica nanoparticles: Studies on an in vitro air–blood barrier model

• Jennifer Y. Kasper,
• Lisa Feiden,
• Maria I. Hermanns,
• Christoph Bantz,
• Michael Maskos,
• Ronald E. Unger and
• C. James Kirkpatrick

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 517–528, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.54

• ® in the well was 0.04 mg/mL. Cytotoxicity, determination of cell viability: The viability of the cells was determined as described in our previous studies [9][10][11] using the CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay (MTS, Promega, G3582). After nanoparticle incubation, medium was

• differences occurred for aSNP–plain at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. Cell viability decreased significantly after addition of 0.04 mg/mL Alveofact® to the well at an aSNP–plain concentration of 100 µg/mL (without Alveofact®: 77.9 ± 6.7% of uc; with Alveofact®: 53 ± 10%). This result is further corroborated by

• the cell viability assay (crystal violet, without Alveofact®: 80 ± 16% of uc; with Alveofact®: 34 ± 14%)) and LDH assay (without Alveofact®: 39 ± 21% of lysis control; with Alveofact®: 95 ± 9%)). The combination of Alveofact® with the aSNP–NH2 at a concentration of 100 µg/mL also caused a

Hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells: polymeric nanoparticle uptake and lineage differentiation

• Ivonne Brüstle,
• Thomas Simmet,
• Gerd Ulrich Nienhaus,
• Katharina Landfester and
• Volker Mailänder

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 383–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.38

• (Fluka, Buchs, Switzerland) in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2 at 37 °C. For particle uptake and cell viability experiments, cells were seeded at a density of 10,000 cells/cm2 in 6-well plates (Greiner Bio, Frickenhausen, Germany). After adherence, the cells were incubated with 300 µg/mL nanoparticles

• for 24 h and analyzed by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry Particle uptake, cell viability, and CD marker staining were measured with a flow cytometer (FACS Canto II, BD, Heidelberg, Germany). The cells were washed with phosphate buffered saline without calcium (PBS−, Invitrogen) and incubated with 28.6

Comparative evaluation of the impact on endothelial cells induced by different nanoparticle structures and functionalization

• Lisa Landgraf,
• Ines Müller,
• Peter Ernst,
• Miriam Schäfer,
• Christina Rosman,
• Isabel Schick,
• Oskar Köhler,
• Hartmut Oehring,
• Vladimir V. Breus,
• Thomas Basché,
• Carsten Sönnichsen,
• Wolfgang Tremel and
• Ingrid Hilger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 300–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.28

• field of nanoparticles, many studies demonstrated a high impact of the shape, size and surface charge, which is determined by the functionalization, of nanoparticles on cell viability and internalization into cells. This work focused on the comparison of three different nanoparticle types to give a

• endothelial cells were found for nanoparticles with an elongated shape in comparison to spherical ones. Furthermore, a positively charged nanoparticle surface (NH2, CyA) leads to the strongest reduction in cell viability, whereas neutral and negatively charged nanoparticles are highly biocompatible to

• nanoparticles on endothelial cells. Our findings will help to design new nanoparticles with optimized properties concerning biocompatibility and uptake behavior with respect to the respective intended application. Keywords: cell viability; gold nanoparticles; internalization; Janus particles; quantum dots

The effect of surface charge on nonspecific uptake and cytotoxicity of CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots

• Vladimir V. Breus,
• Anna Pietuch,
• Marco Tarantola,
• Thomas Basché and
• Andreas Janshoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 281–292, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.26

• membrane permeability assays. We demonstrate that these methods, however, can overlook other more subtle impacts on cell viability and metabolism caused by binding of QDs to cellular compartments, without release of Cd2+ ions. In the present study, we use a noninvasive and label-free impedance setup to

Oxygen-plasma-modified biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds for enhanced compatibility of cardiovascular implants

• Anna Maria Pappa,
• Varvara Karagkiozaki,
• Silke Krol,
• Spyros Kassavetis,
• Dimitris Konstantinou,
• Charalampos Pitsalidis,
• Lazaros Tzounis,
• Nikos Pliatsikas and
• Stergios Logothetidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 254–262, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.24

• performed to study the resistance of the plasma-treated scaffolds to plastic deformation. Lastly, the cell studies indicated that all scaffolds were cytocompatible, with the plasma-treated ones expressing a more pronounced cell viability and adhesion. All the above findings demonstrate the great potential

• scaffolds. Cell viability assay MTT cell viability assay was performed to the unmodified along with the plasma-treated (P = 20 W) scaffold, in order to evaluate the effect of the surface modification on the cellular performance of the fabricated samples in terms of cell viability. The cells used in the

• the fabricated systems were found to be cytocompatible after a period of seven days and exhibited cell viability levels similar to those of the control group. An enhancement in the cell viability (ca. 10%) can be observed in the case of the treated PCL scaffolds after seven days. The improved cellular

Release behaviour and toxicity evaluation of levodopa from carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes

• Julia M. Tan,
• Jhi Biau Foo,
• Sharida Fakurazi and
• Mohd Zobir Hussein

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 243–253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.23

• to investigate their possible effects on normal neuronal cells in vitro. It was found that the synthesized nanohybrid did not compromise the cell viability and the PC12 cells remained stable throughout the experiments up to 72 h after treatment. Keywords: carboxylic acid-functionalized single-walled

• widely believed that the main contributor which induces PD is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, and thus, it is crucial to establish a preliminary understanding of the effect of CNTs action on neuronal cells. As shown in Figure 7A, we observed a reduction in PC12 cell viability after treatment

• with the free drug (LD) in a dose- and time-dependent manner at concentrations of 0 μg mL−1 (control) to 50 μg mL−1. The LD compound demonstrates a sustained decrease in cell viability with increasing concentration at each time point. This observation is comparable with the results published by