Internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides

• Ivana Ruseska and
• Andreas Zimmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 101–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.10

• a major breakthrough for the transport of macromolecules. They have been shown to successfully deliver proteins, peptides, siRNAs and pDNA in different cell types. In general, CPPs are basic peptides with a positive charge at physiological pH. They are able to translocate membranes and gain entry to

A review of demodulation techniques for multifrequency atomic force microscopy

• David M. Harcombe,
• Michael G. Ruppert and
• Andrew J. Fleming

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 76–91, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.8

• noise and much larger fundamental and/or harmonic components [19][36]. The performance of the demodulator in this regard can be quantified by a metric herein referred to as the off-mode rejection (OMR). OMR is defined as the gain ratio between a modeled carrier frequency fi and another frequency fj as

• block diagram of the Kalman filter implementation is shown in Figure 5, it follows the standard recursive algorithm equations [53][54]. The prediction step is computed as where Pk|k−1 denotes the predicted covariance matrix. This is followed by the Kalman gain and state measurement updates Lastly, the

• scalar gain γ instead of updating covariance matrix and Kalman gain equations. This gives the Lyapunov filter a computational complexity of as additional frequencies are modeled, a significant improvement over the Kalman filter. A key property of the Lyapunov filter is exponential convergence of the

Influence of the epitaxial composition on N-face GaN KOH etch kinetics determined by ICP-OES

• Markus Tautz,
• Maren T. Kuchenbrod,
• Joachim Hertkorn,
• Robert Weinberger,
• Martin Welzel,
• Arno Pfitzner and
• David Díaz Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 41–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.4

• and K700 tools. Epitaxy stacks A–E were prepared with different layer stacks (Figure 1). A acts as a reference sample in the following discussion. Usually 3D growth was applied in the layer closest to the substrate. We chose 2D growth to reach a high initial dislocation density and gain maximum

Synthesis of amorphous and graphitized porous nitrogen-doped carbon spheres as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

• Maximilian Wassner,
• Markus Eckardt,
• Andreas Reyer,
• Thomas Diemant,
• Michael S. Elsaesser,
• R. Jürgen Behm and
• Nicola Hüsing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1–15, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.1

• Abstract Amorphous and graphitized nitrogen-doped (N-doped) carbon spheres are investigated as structurally well-defined model systems to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between synthesis, structure, and their activity in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). N-doped carbon spheres were

• the ORR by comparison of as-synthesized and pre-graphitized N-doped carbon spheres. We believe that the use of structurally and chemically well-defined model systems, which necessarily might not be as sophisticated as other reported materials, is the proper way to gain a fundamental understanding of

Antimony deposition onto Au(111) and insertion of Mg

• Lingxing Zan,
• Da Xing,
• Abdelaziz Ali Abd-El-Latif and
• Helmut Baltruschat

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2541–2552, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.245

• potential was held at −0.31 V. Line-by-line correction was applied for the topographic images. The two profiles (g, h) correspond to the two black lines in image a and f. Sample bias of 50 mV, set point = 0.5 nA and scan rate of 3.04 ln/s. Integral gain: 6, proportional gain: 8. Arrows indicate the scan

• direction. STM images of the Sb adlayer structure on Au(111) in 0.25 mM Sb2O3/0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte at −0.74 V. (a) 50 × 50 nm; (b) 30 × 30 nm; (c) the cross section of image a; (d) the cross section of image b. Sample bias of 50 mV, set point = 0.5 nA and scan rate of 12 ln/s. Integral gain: 2 and

• proportional gain: 3. Arrows indicate the scan direction. Line-by-line correction is used for images. Tentative model of the Sb adlayer structure on Au(111) in the direction of the rows (direction of vector = (3,1), cf. Figure 5b)). White circles: Au atoms; yellow circles: Sb atoms. Only atoms that are

Small protein sequences can induce cellular uptake of complex nanohybrids

• Jan-Philip Merkl,
• Malak Safi,
• Christian Schmidtke,
• Fadi Aldeek,
• Johannes Ostermann,
• Tatiana Domitrovic,
• Sebastian Gärtner,
• John E. Johnson,
• Horst Weller and
• Hedi Mattoussi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2477–2482, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.238

• comparison, no signal was measured from cells incubated with nanohybrids prepared in the absence of His6-MBP-γ (Figure S5 in Supporting Information File 1). To gain further insight into the distribution of QD stain, we visualized the cell cultures incubated with a lower nanohybrid concentration and lower MBP

Semitransparent Sb₂S₃ thin film solar cells by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis for use in solar windows

• Jako S. Eensalu,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Erki Kärber,
• Lothar Weinhardt,
• Monika Blum,
• Clemens Heske,
• Wanli Yang,
• Ilona Oja Acik and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.230

• increases the EQE at above 650 nm, where P3HT does not absorb light. The magnitude of the gain in EQE due to this effect depends on the thickness of the HTM and that of the absorber [21]. The optical spacer effect can have a strong influence on the EQE when the thickness of the absorber is around 100 nm or

• (Se-annealed)/Au solar cells under continuous illumination by measuring J–V every 24 h [66]. The Se-annealed sample experienced a net gain in PCE in the first 24 h, which was retained over 400 hours of illumination [66]. The sample containing P3HT lost all PCE after 150 hours of illumination, mainly

• gain of FF and RSH at decreased light intensity. The exact reasons for this dependence are yet to be clarified. An investigation on the low light intensity behavior of Cu- and Se-doped Sb2S3-based hybrid solar cells showed that the PCE of these cells was also significantly higher at lower light

BergaCare SmartLipids: commercial lipophilic active concentrates for improved performance of dermal products

• Florence Olechowski,
• Rainer H. Müller and
• Sung Min Pyo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2152–2162, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.208

• (middle) and a commercial curcumin containing gel product (right). Incubation time was 24 h. Both laser strength (35%) and fluorescence detector gain (720 V) were kept constant during all measurements. Models of cosmetic active agents or drugs (green) incorporated into lipid nanoparticles, from left to

Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond for nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging applications

• Alberto Boretti,
• Lorenzo Rosa,
• Jonathan Blackledge and
• Stefania Castelletto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2128–2151, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.207

The importance of design in nanoarchitectonics: multifractality in MACE silicon nanowires

• Stefania Carapezzi and
• Anna Cavallini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2094–2102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.204

• (AFM). Among the scanning probe techniques, AFM shows a peculiar capability to quantitatively characterize features with nanoscaled dimensions. To gain insight over the emergence of the organized nanoarchitectures we applied multifractal analysis to the AFM images. We have found that a single fractal

Green and scalable synthesis of nanocrystalline kuramite

• Andrea Giaccherini,
• Giuseppe Cucinotta,
• Stefano Martinuzzi,
• Enrico Berretti,
• Werner Oberhauser,
• Alessandro Lavacchi,
• Giovanni Orazio Lepore,
• Giordano Montegrossi,
• Maurizio Romanelli,
• Antonio De Luca,
• Massimo Innocenti,
• Vanni Moggi Cecchi,
• Matteo Mannini,
• Antonella Buccianti and
• Francesco Di Benedetto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2073–2083, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.202

• , similar to that performed here, is necessary to gain a deeper understanding of the phase and chemical sample composition. On this basis, we were able to assign kuramite as the main phase in each sample with only a minor presence of associated phases in sample S3. We showed that to limit the amount of

Gold-coated plant virus as computed tomography imaging contrast agent

• Alaa A. A. Aljabali,
• Mazhar S. Al Zoubi,
• Khalid M. Al-Batanyeh,
• Ali Al-Radaideh,
• Mohammad A. Obeid,
• Abeer Al Sharabi,
• Walhan Alshaer,
• Bayan AbuFares,
• Tasnim Al-Zanati,
• Murtaza M. Tambuwala,
• Naveed Akbar and
• David J. Evans

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1983–1993, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.195

• with camera setting of 380 gain and shutter speed of 15 ms with auto particle detection settings. The instrument was calibrated with 100 nm standard polystyrene beads with known concentrations prior to sample recordings. Scanning transmission electron microscopy A FEI Titan 80-300 TEM/STEM (spherical

Porous silver-coated pNIPAM-co-AAc hydrogel nanocapsules

• William W. Bryan,
• Riddhiman Medhi,
• Maria D. Marquez,
• Supparesk Rittikulsittichai,
• Michael Tran and
• T. Randall Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1973–1982, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.194

• , the structural morphology, and the optical absorption of the silver nanocapsules, as discussed in the following sections. Size and morphology of the pNIPAM-co-AAc hydrogel cores. SEM measurements were taken to determine the size of the hydrogel cores as well as to gain insight into the morphology of

Processing nanoporous organic polymers in liquid amines

• Jeehye Byun,
• Damien Thirion and
• Cafer T. Yavuz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1844–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.179

• EDA residue incorporated within the film. The final mass of the film at 800 °C was about 63%, which corresponds to the 5% mass gain compared to that of COP-100 at 800 °C (58%), indicating that the actual amount of EDA reacted with COP-100 was about 5% in mass. The film treated at 800 °C under inert

Toxicity and safety study of silver and gold nanoparticles functionalized with cysteine and glutathione

• Barbara Pem,
• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Lea Ulm,
• Ivan Pavičić,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Marija Ljubojević,
• Adela Krivohlavek and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1802–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.175

• were related to studies on the nano–bio interface between biothiols and AgNPs or AuNPs (Figure S1 in Supporting Information File 1). To gain further insight into the effect of biothiols on safety or toxicity of bioactive metallic NPs, this study aims to comprehensively investigate the mechanism of

• accumulation of CYS-AuNPs even in the cell nucleus (Figure 5), which can explain their genotoxicity and apoptosis induction ability (see discussion below). To gain better insight into the toxicity mechanism of silver and gold NPs and their counter ions, the percentage of live, early apoptotic and late

Biocatalytic oligomerization-induced self-assembly of crystalline cellulose oligomers into nanoribbon networks assisted by organic solvents

• Yuuki Hata,
• Yuka Fukaya,
• Toshiki Sawada,
• Masahito Nishiura and
• Takeshi Serizawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1778–1788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.173

• . To gain insight into the mechanism underlying the nanoribbon network formation, we focused on the Kamlet–Taft solvent parameters, which are the most comprehensive and frequently used quantitative measure of solvent properties [58][59]. Among the three parameters, namely, the hydrogen bond donation

Synthesis of nickel/gallium nanoalloys using a dual-source approach in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazole ionic liquids

• Ilka Simon,
• Julius Hornung,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jörg Thomas,
• Maik Finze,
• Roland A. Fischer and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1754–1767, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.171

• deficient with a ratio of 28:72 atom % (±2 atom %). After 24 h of dispersion, the initial 1:1 ratio led to almost exclusively NiGa nanoparticles. Thus, a dispersion time of 24 h before microwave decomposition is needed to gain phase-pure NiGa nanoparticles without Ga(Ni) nanoparticles as by-products. We

• -decomposition yielded phase-pure NiGa nanoparticles of 5 ± 1 nm. In order to gain crystalline NiGa nanoparticles, 30 min of microwave-induced decomposition were found to be required. With dispersion times of 1 or 12 h before the microwave-induced decomposition, Ga(Ni) nanoparticles were formed as a by-product

• for a chosen time (30 min, 1 h, 12 h or 24 h) in the dried and desoxygenated IL or PC before microwave decomposition to gain 0.5–1.5 wt % dispersion of the nanoparticles. All precursor dispersions were decomposed at a power of 50 W to a temperature of 230 °C for a chosen time (10 min, 20 min, 30 min

Remarkable electronic and optical anisotropy of layered 1T’-WTe₂ 2D materials

• Qiankun Zhang,
• Rongjie Zhang,
• Jiancui Chen,
• Wanfu Shen,
• Chunhua An,
• Xiaodong Hu,
• Mingli Dong,
• Jing Liu and
• Lianqing Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1745–1753, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.170

• parameters to be a ≈ 3.49 Å and b ≈ 6.32 Å, respectively, which are in excellent agreement with a previous report [28]. In order to gain further information on the crystal structure, Raman spectroscopy was performed on 1T’-WTe2 nanosheets, as shown Figure 1d. All of the peak positions are consistent with

Stationary beam full-field transmission helium ion microscopy using sub-50 keV He⁺: Projected images and intensity patterns

• Michael Mousley,
• Santhana Eswara,
• Olivier De Castro,
• Olivier Bouton,
• Nico Klingner,
• Christoph T. Koch,
• Gregor Hlawacek and
• Tom Wirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1648–1657, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.160

• there is potential to gain information about surface morphology from the spot patterns in deflected He+ ion images. The results presented here indicate that the final deflected intensity distribution in the far field carries contributions from sample morphology in addition to other possible phenomena

Development of a new hybrid approach combining AFM and SEM for the nanoparticle dimensional metrology

• Loïc Crouzier,
• Alexandra Delvallée,
• Sébastien Ducourtieux,
• Laurent Devoille,
• Guillaume Noircler,
• Christian Ulysse,
• Olivier Taché,
• Elodie Barruet,
• Christophe Tromas and
• Nicolas Feltin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1523–1536, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.150

• -vibration table. The pixel size was set to 5.0 nm for all AFM measurements. Moreover, the scanning parameters are fixed regardless of the NP population under study. The scan speed is equal to 4 µm/s with constant PID parameters set at 0.8 for integral gain and 10 for the proportional one. Laboratory

Hierarchically structured 3D carbon nanotube electrodes for electrocatalytic applications

• Pei Wang,
• Katarzyna Kulp and
• Michael Bron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1475–1487, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.146

• ., colloidal synthesis [29][30][31], a galvanic replacement process [32][33][34][35] or microwave-assisted preparation [20][21][36], have been proposed to gain control over the structural features of the active nanoparticles. However, from heterogeneous catalysis it is generally known that a suitable catalyst

• between the conducting components [42][43][44][45]. The modification of the electronic and structural properties of Pt due to interaction with the support may also play a role. To take advantage of the properties of novel carbon materials, and at the same time gain control over the electrode structure

• reference experiments (not shown). Cyclohexane is brought into the CVD furnace using a H2/Ar gas mixture saturated at room temperature. To gain control over the CVD process, the influence of growth time, gas flow rate and H2/Ar ratio were studied. In a series of experiments, using a growth time of 120 min

Selective gas detection using Mn₃O₄/WO₃ composites as a sensing layer

• Yongjiao Sun,
• Zhichao Yu,
• Wenda Wang,
• Pengwei Li,
• Gang Li,
• Wendong Zhang,
• Lin Chen,
• Serge Zhuivkov and
• Jie Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1423–1433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.140

• nanoparticles increases further. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to gain further insight into the crystallographic features of the Mn3O4/WO3 composites. Figure 3a exhibits a low-magnification TEM image of the 5 atom % Mn3O4/WO3 composite. The structural and crystallographic properties were

Nanoscale spatial mapping of mechanical properties through dynamic atomic force microscopy

• Zahra Abooalizadeh,
• Leszek Josef Sudak and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1332–1347, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.132

• be made in calibrating those results. To gain further insight into the amplitude and phase variations that were detected over covered and uncovered steps, line profiles were extracted along the dashed black lines in Figure 4c and Figure 4d in both forward and reverse scan directions. Figure 5a shows

Molecular attachment to a microscope tip: inelastic tunneling, Kondo screening, and thermopower

• Rouzhaji Tuerhong,
• Mauro Boero and
• Jean-Pierre Bucher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1243–1250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.124

• tunneling through excitation of molecular vibration modes. Parameter-dependent transport in a molecular junction In order to gain additional information about the kinetics of carriers not contained in the current–voltage characteristics we want to evaluate the impact of the zero-bias peak on the thermopower

Pure and mixed ordered monolayers of tetracyano-2,6-naphthoquinodimethane and hexathiapentacene on the Ag(100) surface

• Robert Harbers,
• Timo Heepenstrick,
• Dmitrii F. Perepichka and
• Moritz Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1188–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.118

• intermolecular interactions compared to a commensurate structure. Briefly speaking, this is due to the fact that the lattice of the adsorbate and the substrate have less common Fourier components and that the energy gain related to the interfacial interactions is thus smaller [33]. STM images (Figure 4c) show

• transforms into a compressed structure of the point-on-line type with a by 9% smaller unit cell. Presumably, the related gain in the adsorption energy per area overcompensates the loss in interfacial energy due to the lifting of the registry of the structure with the substrate (commensurate/point-on-line