Wafer-scale bioactive substrate patterning by chemical lift-off lithography

• Chong-You Chen,
• Chang-Ming Wang,
• Hsiang-Hua Li,
• Hong-Hseng Chan and
• Wei-Ssu Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 311–320, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.31

• (TRIS) and tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) were obtained from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). Bovine serum albumin (BSA), and 10× phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 1.37 M NaCl, 0.027 M KCl, 0.10 M Na2HPO4, and 0.018 M KH2PO4 were purchased from Bioman Scientific Co., Ltd (Taipei, Taiwan

Patterning of supported gold monolayers via chemical lift-off lithography

• Liane S. Slaughter,
• Kevin M. Cheung,
• Sami Kaappa,
• Huan H. Cao,
• Qing Yang,
• Thomas D. Young,
• Andrew C. Serino,
• Sami Malola,
• Jana M. Olson,
• Stephan Link,
• Hannu Häkkinen,
• Anne M. Andrews and
• Paul S. Weiss

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2648–2661, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.265

• solutions. Immediately prior to experiments, the DNA stock solutions were diluted 1:100 with 1× phosphate buffered saline (PBS) ([NaCl] = 138 mM, [KCl] = 2.7 mM, and [MgCl2] = 5 mM) pH 7.4 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) to make 1 µM solutions. The patterns of Au–alkanethiolate monolayers on flat PDMS

Strategy to discover full-length amyloid-beta peptide ligands using high-efficiency microarray technology

• Clelia Galati,
• Natalia Spinella,
• Lucio Renna,
• Danilo Milardi,
• Francesco Attanasio,
• Michele Francesco Maria Sciacca and
• Corrado Bongiorno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2446–2453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.243

• our laboratory. Experimental Chemicals Phosphate-buffered saline, hydrogen peroxide (29%), ammonium hydroxide (25%), hydrochloric acid (37%), methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), anhydrous toluene and 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GOPs) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich. Bovine serum albumin

• dispensed onto carbon-coated copper grids for electron microscopy (Cy3-Aβ40 conjugate was dissolved in a saline phosphate buffer containing 10 vol % of DMSO, 0.01 M Phosphate, 0.154 M sodium chloride, pH 7.4). To replicate the experimental conditions involved in a typical peptide microarray assay performed

• operating at 200 kV accelerating voltage. Preparation of peptide microarray KLVFF and Semax peptides were dissolved in phosphate buffer at a concentration of 1 mg/mL and aliquots were stored at −80 °C until use. Cy3-Aβ40 conjugate was dissolved in a saline phosphate buffer containing 10 vol % of DMSO (0.01

Involvement of two uptake mechanisms of gold and iron oxide nanoparticles in a co-exposure scenario using mouse macrophages

• Dimitri Vanhecke,
• Dagmar A. Kuhn,
• Dorleta Jimenez de Aberasturi,
• Sandor Balog,
• Ana Milosevic,
• Dominic Urban,
• Diana Peckys,
• Niels de Jonge,
• Wolfgang J. Parak,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.239

• , ethanol, and deionized water, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at a 10× solution, electron microscopy grade glutaraldehyde (GA) 25% solution, D-saccharose, glycine, biotin-free and molecular biology grade albumin fraction V (BSA), and sodium cacodylate trihydrate were obtained from Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG

• , Sigma-Aldrich) was used to inhibit phagocytosis and micropinocytosis. Cell fixation and labelling for laser scanning microscopy (LSM) To label the proteins involved in endocytotic uptake, the cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA, Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS

• × phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). After 1 h of staining (in the dark at RT) and three washing cycles with 1× PBS the cells were mounted using Glycergel mounting media (C0563, Dako, Baar, Switzerland). For live-cell imaging, cells were seeded in a Lab-TekTM II chambered cover glass four-well chamber (1.5

Carbon nano-onions as fluorescent on/off modulated nanoprobes for diagnostics

• Stefania Lettieri,
• Marta d’Amora,
• Adalberto Camisasca,
• Alberto Diaspro and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1878–1888, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.188

• with 5% CO2. Cells were incubated with 20 μg mL−1 of fluo-CNOs for 2, 5, 12, 24 and 48 h. As a control, the cells were left untreated (data not shown). After incubation, the cells were rinsed three times with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (0.1 M, pH 7.4), fixed in a combination of paraformaldehyde (3

Uptake and intracellular accumulation of diamond nanoparticles – a metabolic and cytotoxic study

• Antonín Brož,
• Lucie Bačáková,
• Pavla Štenclová,
• Alexander Kromka and
• Štěpán Potocký

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1649–1657, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.165

• samples were then washed with phosphate buffered saline and were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 min. The nuclei of the fixed cells were then stained using Hoechst 33258 dye for cell counting. Micrographs of the stained nuclei were acquired using an IX71 microscope (Olympus, Japan) with a 10× lens

Parylene C as a versatile dielectric material for organic field-effect transistors

• Tomasz Marszalek,
• Maciej Gazicki-Lipman and
• Jacek Ulanski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1532–1545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.155

• studies were carried out in an especially prepared chamber containing saline, either sterile or plasma-incubated at 37 °C, in order to reproduce the natural environmental. In vivo testing was performed by an implementation of multiple electrode systems in monkey motor cortex [65]. In these studies, an

A biofunctionalizable ink platform composed of catechol-modified chitosan and reduced graphene oxide/platinum nanocomposite

• Peter Sobolewski,
• Agata Goszczyńska,
• Małgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Karolina Urbaś,
• Joanna Derkowska,
• Agnieszka Bartoszewska,
• Jacek Podolski,
• Ewa Mijowska and
• Mirosława El Fray

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1508–1514, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.151

• )), followed by three washes in distilled water. Finally, the Cy3-labelled PCR product (amplified complementary DNA extracted from GBS positive (GBS+) clinical isolates or non-complementary negative control) in hybridization buffer (5× saline-sodium citrate buffer (SSC), 0.1% SDS, 10% formamide) was incubated

Development of polycationic amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticles for anticancer drug delivery

• Gamze Varan,
• Juan M. Benito,
• Carmen Ortiz Mellet and
• Erem Bilensoy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1457–1468, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.145

• Cremophor EL®, which is known to be the cause of severe side effects including nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity and hypersensitivity reactions [5][6]. Other major problems encountered in the clinical administration of PCX are rapid recrystallization of the drug as a result of dilution in isotonic saline or

• lipophilic groups [48][49]. Due to this phenomenon, PCX is recrystallized in minutes as a result of dilution in isotonic saline solution for intravenous (iv) infusion, which is the preferred delivery route for chemotherapy. This is one of the main problems of clinical application of PCX. In the light of the

Low uptake of silica nanoparticles in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial barriers

• Dong Ye,
• Mattia Bramini,
• Delyan R. Hristov,
• Sha Wan,
• Anna Salvati,
• Christoffer Åberg and
• Kenneth A. Dawson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1396–1406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.141

• cytometry. After exposure to 100 µg/mL nanoparticles dispersed in the absence and presence of 10 % FBS, the dispersions were removed from each well and cells were rinsed twice with fresh phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Then, 1 mL 0.1% trypsin-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution was added and

Bright fluorescent silica-nanoparticle probes for high-resolution STED and confocal microscopy

• Isabella Tavernaro,
• Christian Cavelius,
• Henrike Peuschel and
• Annette Kraegeloh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.130

• °C, 9% CO2). The cells were seeded on cover slips with a density of 1·105 cells per cm2 and allowed to attach for 24 h. After 24 h of incubation in presence of the nanoparticles, the medium was removed and the cells were washed two times with Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS, Gibco, USA

Characterization of ferrite nanoparticles for preparation of biocomposites

• Urszula Klekotka,
• Magdalena Rogowska,
• Dariusz Satuła and
• Beata Kalska-Szostko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1257–1265, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.127

• of Tris-HCl or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The quality of the ferrite nanoparticle cores was analyzed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) on a Tecnai G2 X-TWIN type from FEI. For such purposes, a drop of diluted in ethanol particles was drop-casted on a Cu

Evaluation of quantum dot conjugated antibodies for immunofluorescent labelling of cellular targets

• Jennifer E. Francis,
• David Mason and
• Raphaël Lévy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1238–1249, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.125

• of the immunofluorescence procedure is shown in Figure 8. Briefly, cells were seeded onto glass coverslips and grown until confluent, washed once in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (37 °C), and fixed in 4% (w/v) paraformaldehyde (PFA) for 10 min or 100% ice cold methanol (5 min). Cells were washed 3

Nano-engineered skin mesenchymal stem cells: potential vehicles for tumour-targeted quantum-dot delivery

• Liga Saulite,
• Dominyka Dapkute,
• Karlis Pleiko,
• Ineta Popena,
• Simona Steponkiene,
• Ricardas Rotomskis and
• Una Riekstina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1218–1230, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.123

• were washed with cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), cut into 4–6 mm2 pieces and incubated in 0.6 U/mL dispase (Roche, Switzerland) for 1–3 h at 37 °C to remove the epidermis. Dermis was minced manually before enzymatic digestion with 0.62 Wunsch U/mL Liberase Blendzyme 1 (Roche, Switzerland) for 30

Phospholipid arrays on porous polymer coatings generated by micro-contact spotting

• Sylwia Sekula-Neuner,
• Monica de Freitas,
• Lea-Marie Tröster,
• Tobias Jochum,
• Pavel A. Levkin,
• Michael Hirtz and
• Harald Fuchs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 715–722, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.75

• ]. After spotting, the arrays were blocked with 10% bovine serum albumin (BSA) to reduce unspecific binding of the protein to the polymer. Next, samples were washed and incubated for 1 h with 0.5 µg solution of STV-FITC in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The observed STV-FITC fluorescence is homogenous

Silicon microgrooves for contact guidance of human aortic endothelial cells

• Sara Fernández-Castillejo,
• Pilar Formentín,
• Úrsula Catalán,
• Josep Pallarès,
• Lluís F. Marsal and
• Rosa Solà

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 675–681, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.72

• , Sigma-Aldrich) in a 10 mg/mL solution in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4) at 4 °C overnight. The substrate was thoroughly washed with PBS and dried with a nitrogen flow. Cell seeding and culture As described before [32][33], HAECs were purchased from Cascade Biologics TM (Portland, USA) and at

Uptake of the proteins HTRA1 and HTRA2 by cells mediated by calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Olga Rotan,
• Katharina N. Severin,
• Simon Pöpsel,
• Alexander Peetsch,
• Melisa Merdanovic,
• Michael Ehrmann and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 381–393, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.40

• were incubated for 3 h (unless indicated otherwise). Subsequently, the cell culture medium was removed. The cells were washed three times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Therefore, only the nanoparticles that either had been taken up by the cells or were strongly adsorbed on the cellular surface

Comparison of four functionalization methods of gold nanoparticles for enhancing the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

• Paula Ciaurriz,
• Fátima Fernández,
• Edurne Tellechea,
• Jose F. Moran and
• Aaron C. Asensio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 244–253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.27

• the adsorption and directional procedure described above. 96-Multiwell plates were coated with a fixed concentration of rabbit IgG (1 μg/mL) 1 h at 37 °C in 10 mM carbonate buffer pH 9.6. Afterwards, these plates were washed one time with phosphate buffer saline (PBST, 0.5% Tween 20), blocked with 1

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of self-assembled thiol monolayers and supported lipid membranes on thin anodic porous alumina

• Marco Salerno,
• Amirreza Shayganpour,
• Barbara Salis and
• Silvia Dante

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 74–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.8

• living cells, we decided to test the tAPA–Au SERS-active substrates on SLBs in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer solution, which provide an excellent model system to mimic the native cellular membranes [22]. In the present work, the fabrication and modification of tAPA aiming at its exploitation as

Streptavidin-coated gold nanoparticles: critical role of oligonucleotides on stability and fractal aggregation

• Roberta D'Agata,
• Pasquale Palladino and
• Giuseppe Spoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1–11, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.1

• genomic DNA [13], were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. Streptavidin from Streptomyces avidinii, provided in lyophilized form in 10 mM PBS, pH 7.4, was purchased from Invitrogen (Italy). Mixed cellulose ester membrane filters were purchased from Whatman (UK). Phosphate buffered saline (PBS

A novel electrochemical nanobiosensor for the ultrasensitive and specific detection of femtomolar-level gastric cancer biomarker miRNA-106a

• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Kobra Omidfar and
• Hossein Ghanbarian

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2023–2036, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.193

• . Afterward, the particles were exposed to 20 µg of streptavidin and the volume was adjusted to 500 µL with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) (0.01%, pH 7.4). The resulting suspension was incubated under shaking condition at room temperature for 1 h. The particles were washed and magnetically separated. In order

Facile fabrication of luminescent organic dots by thermolysis of citric acid in urea melt, and their use for cell staining and polyelectrolyte microcapsule labelling

• Nadezhda M. Zholobak,
• Anton L. Popov,
• Alexander B. Shcherbakov,
• Nelly R. Popova,
• Mykhailo M. Guzyk,
• Valeriy P. Antonovich,
• Alla V. Yegorova,
• Yuliya V. Scrypynets,
• Inna I. Leonenko,
• Alexander Ye. Baranchikov and
• Vladimir K. Ivanov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1905–1917, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.182

• was determined, according to the protocol of the manufacturer. Cellular staining We used two methods for visualizing cells by synthesized O-dots: without fixing, and with fixing, using a mixture containing 2.5% glutaraldehyde (Sigma) and 4% paraformaldehyde (Sigma) in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2

Surface-enhanced infrared absorption studies towards a new optical biosensor

• Lothar Leidner,
• Julia Stäb,
• Jennifer T. Adam and
• Günter Gauglitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1736–1742, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.166

• added by aggregation of nanoparticles. Addition of concentrated phosphate buffered saline (PBS, 10× concentrate) to the water–nanoparticles system causes the aggregation due to the salt effect of PBS. Figure 1 shows the results obtained with the Teflon AF2400 sensor (GaAs etalon, 6 mm thickness, coated

Antitumor magnetic hyperthermia induced by RGD-functionalized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, in an experimental model of colorectal liver metastases

• Oihane K. Arriortua,
• Eneko Garaio,
• Borja Herrero de la Parte,
• Maite Insausti,
• Luis Lezama,
• Fernando Plazaola,
• Jose Angel García,
• Jesús M. Aizpurua,
• Maialen Sagartzazu,
• Mireia Irazola,
• Nestor Etxebarria,
• Ignacio García-Alonso,
• Alberto Saiz-López and
• José Javier Echevarria-Uraga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1532–1542, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.147

• of the Fe3O4@PMAO_RGD nanoparticles were administered through the splenic artery into the hepatic artery in a group of eight rats (MNpG), without observation of aggregation or arterial thrombosis in any of the animals. The other eight rats were intra-arterially infused with saline and used as

• were discharged. The study was developed on 16 rats that were randomly allocated into two groups: Saline group (SG): Eight rats to be infused intra-arterially with 1 mL of saline, to assess the effects of the infusion procedure on tumor implants. MNp group (MNpG): Eight rats to be infused intra

• microscope (Leika M651), a microcannula (0.014 in OD) was inserted through the splenic artery into the hepatic artery, and a Yasargil clip was placed to stabilize it. Using an infusion pump, 1 mL of saline or magnetic NP fluid (PBS with Fe3O4@PMAO_RGD, to be administered at a dose of 5 mg Fe/kg) was infused

Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents

• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Mateusz M. Tomczyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1086–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.102

• reason in vivo studies on them are very limited [36]. The Gd-DTPA-oMWCNT#Marangon hybrid could reach a concentration of 5 mg/mL in physiological saline and, according to the study, this dispersibility is during circulation with the blood. Stability is usually assessed directly by visual evaluation of the

• samples in several, especially biocompatible, media, such as water, saline, buffers, plasma, serum, or even cell cultures [18][33][34]. Stable dispersion is obtained by at least several minutes of sonication. Wu proved the stability of SPIO/oMWCNT#Wu in water for two weeks [38]. Models with stem cells

• the dispersion stability of PM-b-PEG/SPIO@oMWCNT#Liu in phosphate-buffered saline (PSB) and in water, thus proving that the presence of the amphiphilic polymer PMETAC-b-PEGMA prevents sedimentation [33]. CoFe2O4/oMWCNT#Wu formed a stable aqueous dispersion for 2 weeks [39]. Maciejewska reported the