One-step chemical vapor deposition synthesis and supercapacitor performance of nitrogen-doped porous carbon–carbon nanotube hybrids

• Egor V. Lobiak,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Ekaterina O. Fedorovskaya,
• Yury V. Shubin,
• Pavel E. Plyusnin,
• Pierre Lonchambon,
• Boris V. Senkovskiy,
• Zinfer R. Ismagilov,
• Emmanuel Flahaut and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2669–2679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.267

• concentration of incorporated nitrogen. The hybrid materials were tested as electrodes in a 1M H2SO4 electrolyte and the best performance was found for a nitrogen-enriched material produced using the Fe/Mo catalyst. From the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data, it was concluded that the nitrogen doping

• reduces the resistance at the carbon surface/electrolyte interface and the nanotubes permeating the porous carbon provide fast charge transport in the cell. Keywords: bimetallic catalyst; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; N-doped carbon; porous carbon–carbon nanotube hybrid; supercapacitor

• possess a high surface area available for electrolyte ions, good wettability and electrical conductivity. Carbon is a traditional material for electrochemical applications owing to its mechanical and chemical stability, light weight, as well as the possibility to control the properties depending on the

Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting performance using morphology-controlled BiVO₄ with W doping

• Xin Zhao and
• Zhong Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2640–2647, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.264

• substrate and a worse performance than the other two samples (1-EG, 2-EG). In the following, we attempt to quantify the contributions from light absorption, charge separation, and charge injection across the electrode/electrolyte interface. These three factors contribute to the water oxidation photocurrent

• the porous structure contributes a 13% increase to Jabs. The oxidation of water is known to have slow oxidation kinetics. To probe the photoelectrochemical properties, an effective hole scavenger, Na2SO3, was added to the electrolyte. The interfacial charge injection efficiency can be approximated to

• be 100% (ηinj = 1) due to the fast oxidation kinetics of Na2SO3 [21]. Under such an approximation, the photocurrent measured with Na2SO3 electrolyte can be determined by [21]: where JNa2SO3 is the oxidation photocurrent using Na2SO3. From Equation 1 and Equation 2, we obtain the charge separation

The role of ligands in coinage-metal nanoparticles for electronics

• Ioannis Kanelidis and
• Tobias Kraus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2625–2639, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.263

• to a more compact coverage of the metal surface, rendering the gold nanoparticles more resistant and stable against aggregation in an electrolyte [95]. 2.2 Ligand-initiated agglomeration Changes in the capping layer can induce agglomeration of dispersed nanoparticles or establish physical contact

Synthesis of metal-fluoride nanoparticles supported on thermally reduced graphite oxide

• Alexa Schmitz,
• Kai Schütte,
• Vesko Ilievski,
• Juri Barthel,
• Laura Burk,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Junpei Yue,
• Bernd Smarsly and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2474–2483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.247

• the interfacial charge storage at the interface between nanosized Fe and the electrolyte LiF, analogous to the phenomena in RuO2 proposed by Maier et al. [90]. The capacity is around 800 mAh/g. During the charging process, there are several oxidation processes, which can be ascribed to the reaction of

• immediate phases [88][89][90][91]. At the first discharge and charge process, the very high capacity may be caused by the formation of a solid–electrolyte interface. After several cycles at 50 mA/g, the capacity stabilizes to around 500 mAh/g and decreases to 220 and 130 mAh/g with the current density

• slurry composed of 75 wt % FeF2-TRGO, 15 wt % active carbon and 10 wt % PVDF in NMP on an aluminum foil. A half-cell was assembled in Ar-filled glovebox with lithium foil as counter electrode and 1 M LiFeF6 in ethylene carbonate/ethylmethyl carbonate (50:50) as electrolyte. The galvanostatic charge

Synthesis and characterization of noble metal–titania core–shell nanostructures with tunable shell thickness

• Bartosz Bartosewicz,
• Marta Michalska-Domańska,
• Malwina Liszewska,
• Dariusz Zasada and
• Bartłomiej J. Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2083–2093, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.208

• out using a qNano instrument (Izon Science) with tunable nanopore membranes NP100 (50–200 nm particles size range) for metal colloid measurements and NP150 (100–400 nm particle size range) for the CSNs measurements. The upper and lower cell chambers were filled with an electrolyte (PBS buffer). The

Systematic control of α-Fe₂O₃ crystal growth direction for improved electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery anodes

• Nan Shen,
• Miriam Keppeler,
• Barbara Stiaszny,
• Holger Hain,
• Filippo Maglia and
• Madhavi Srinivasan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2032–2044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.204

• foil (0.59 mm thickness, Hohsen Corp., Japan) as both a counter and a reference electrode in an argon-filled glove box (H2O, O2 < 1 ppm, Mbraun, Unilab, USA). 150 μL of LiPF6 (1 M) in ethylene carbonate/diethyl carbonate (1:1 w/w, Danvec) was used as the electrolyte and a Celgard 2400 membrane was used

• the reduction to Fe0, associated with the conversion reaction leading to metallic particles finely dispersed in Li2O and electrolyte decomposition with solid–electrolyte interface (SEI) formation [39]. From the second cathodic cycle onwards, the peaks from 1.5 to 1.3 V and at 1.1 V do not appear and

Bi-layer sandwich film for antibacterial catheters

• Gerhard Franz,
• Florian Schamberger,
• Hamideh Heidari Zare,
• Sara Felicitas Bröskamp and
• Dieter Jocham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1982–2001, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.199

• electrochemical cell, which consists of two electrodes in an electrolyte with defined concentration and DC conductivity, is used as basis. One electrode, the device under test, is coated with a porous layer of a dielectric medium, here PPX, which would yield an infinite DC resistance for perfect coverage

• capacitance of the electrochemical double layer, Cdl. RΩ is the ohmic resistance of the solution of the electrolyte (Figure 11). To measure the impedance of the system the electrodes are connected to a HP 4192A Impedance Analyzer, which measures the impedance Z and the phase angle φ between test voltage and

Freestanding graphene/MnO₂ cathodes for Li-ion batteries

• Şeyma Özcan,
• Aslıhan Güler,
• Tugrul Cetinkaya,
• Mehmet O. Guler and
• Hatem Akbulut

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1932–1938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.193

• carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) (EC/DMC, 1:1 v/v), which was used as the electrolyte. In order to separate the electrodes, a microporous polypropylene membrane was used. Electrochemical tests of the cathodes were implemented between 1.5 and 4.5 V at a constant current density of 0.1 mA cm−2. The

Three-in-one approach towards efficient organic dye-sensitized solar cells: aggregation suppression, panchromatic absorption and resonance energy transfer

• Jayita Patwari,
• Samim Sardar,
• Bo Liu,
• Peter Lemmens and
• Samir Kumar Pal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1705–1713, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.171

• (TBP) using acetonitrile as a solvent, was used as electrolyte. The active area of all the devices were 0.64 cm2. Device characterization A Keithley multimeter was used to record the photocurrent–voltage (I–V) characteristics of the DSSCs, under 1 sun (100 mW cm−2) irradiance (AM 1.5 simulated

Oxidative stabilization of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and carbon nanofibers containing graphene oxide (GO): a spectroscopic and electrochemical study

• İlknur Gergin,
• Ezgi Ismar and
• A. Sezai Sarac

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1616–1628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.161

• interior pores filled with electrolyte. Keywords: carbon nanofiber; graphene oxide; oxidized polyacrylonitrile (PAN); Introduction Carbon nanofibers are of great interest because of their chemical similarity to fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanofibers (CNF) have promising electrochemical and

• measurements were performed in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte in the frequency range of 100 mHz to 100 kHz at open circuit potential with an AC perturbation of 10 mV. A standard three-electrode cell was used to study the electrochemical performances of PAN nanofibers which were stabilized at 250 °C for 1 h in air

• ohmic resistance of the solution, Rct represents the charge-transfer resistance between nanofiber electrodes and electrolyte interface and Qdl (constant phase element (CPE)) is the double-layer CPE, a frequency-dependent element. The Nyquist plot in Figure 6a consists of a semicircle related to the

Fabrication of hierarchically porous TiO₂ nanofibers by microemulsion electrospinning and their application as anode material for lithium-ion batteries

• Jin Zhang,
• Yibing Cai,
• Xuebin Hou,
• Xiaofei Song,
• Pengfei Lv,
• Huimin Zhou and
• Qufu Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1297–1306, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.131

• ] that have advantages over normal structures including a large specific surface area, a high electrolyte–electrode contact area and excellent mass transport of products or reactants to active sites inside meso- or micropores. One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures such as nanofibers, nanotubes, nanowires

• counter electrode, and 1 M LiPF6 dissolved in ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and ethylene methyl carbonate (EMC) (1:1:1, v/v/v) as the electrolyte, respectively. Coin cells were assembled in an argon-filled glove box. The galvanostatic discharge–charge tests were conducted at the

• . The merits of porous nanofibers with a higher specific surface area lie in the higher lithium-ion flux across the interfaces and the larger contact area between the electrode and electrolyte [2][34][35]. Herein, sample A2 should have the best performances as the electrode of lithium-ion battery in

Bright fluorescent silica-nanoparticle probes for high-resolution STED and confocal microscopy

• Isabella Tavernaro,
• Christian Cavelius,
• Henrike Peuschel and
• Annette Kraegeloh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.130

• -potential of the nanoparticles was determined using a Nanosizer ZSP from Malvern Instruments (Herrenberg, Germany) in water at 150 V using 1·10−3 M KCl as background electrolyte. Each sample underwent three series of measurements (with each series comprising 40 runs). Nanoparticle concentration: The

Growth, structure and stability of sputter-deposited MoS₂ thin films

• Reinhard Kaindl,
• Bernhard C. Bayer,
• Roland Resel,
• Thomas Müller,
• Viera Skakalova,
• Gerlinde Habler,
• Rainer Abart,
• Alexey S. Cherevan,
• Dominik Eder,
• Maxime Blatter,
• Fabian Fischer,
• Jannik C. Meyer,
• Dmitry K. Polyushkin and
• Wolfgang Waldhauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1115–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.113

• /AgCl as the reference electrode. Ag/AgCl data was recalculated to yield potential versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) values for easier comparison with the wider literature. 0.1 M Na2SO4 with pH close to neutral was used as the electrolyte. Further electrochemical testing for water electrolysis

High photocatalytic activity of Fe₂O₃/TiO₂ nanocomposites prepared by photodeposition for degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

• Shu Chin Lee,
• Hendrik O. Lintang and
• Leny Yuliati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 915–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.93

• used and prepared as follows. The photocatalyst sample (10 mg) was dispersed in water (6 mL) and the mixture was homogeneously mixed in an ultrasonic bath for 15 min. The mixture (20 µL) was then dropped onto the working electrode of the SPE, followed by immersion of the SPE in 6 mL of electrolyte

Vapor deposition routes to conformal polymer thin films

• Priya Moni,
• Ahmed Al-Obeidi and
• Karen K. Gleason

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 723–735, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.76

• alloys have an incredibly high gravimetric lithium storage capacity. He at al. have used MLD to encapsulate Si nanoparticles with alucone for this application [49]. The alucone layer prevents the formation of a resistive secondary electrolyte interphase (SEI), thus yielding improved electrode performance

• . Gleason and coworkers, having previously shown pV4D4 as potential solid electrolyte, are exploring the Si nanowire assembly in Figure 8a as a route toward anodes for micro lithium ion batteries [39]. Figure 9e shows a corresponding, conformal pV4D4 coating on a lithium spinel oxide particle, a material

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

• the carbon-coated Fe2O3–graphene hybrids show that the improved performance in LIBs is attributed also to the carbon layer around the Fe2O3 NPs [146][162]. The thin carbon shells effectively inhibit the direct exposure of encapsulated Fe3O4 NPs to the electrolyte and preserve the structural and

Carbon nanotube-wrapped Fe₂O₃ anode with improved performance for lithium-ion batteries

• Guoliang Gao,
• Yan Jin,
• Qun Zeng,
• Deyu Wang and
• Cai Shen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 649–656, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.69

• polypropylene film. Electrolyte was prepared by dissolving 1 M lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) in a mixed solution of fluoroethylene carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (FEC/EMC/DMC, 1:1:1 by volume). Coin cells (2032 type) were assembled inside an argon filled glove box with a moisture and

• -MWCNT were 710 and 300 mAh·g−1 with a coulombic efficiency of 42%. The large capacity fading and low coulombic efficiency observed for the electrode in the first cycle can be ascribed to irreversible processes such as formation of a solid–electrolyte interface (SEI) film and the decomposition of

• electrolyte [9][10]. The 10th and 50th discharge curves almost coincide with the 2nd discharge curve, which can be attributed to the high conductivity of carbon nanotubes. Figure 4b shows charge and discharge profiles of the Fe2O3/COOH-MWCNT composites. The first discharge curve of cells exhibited an apparent

Gas sensing properties of MWCNT layers electrochemically decorated with Au and Pd nanoparticles

• Elena Dilonardo,
• Michele Penza,
• Marco Alvisi,
• Riccardo Rossi,
• Gennaro Cassano,
• Cinzia Di Franco,
• Francesco Palmisano,
• Luisa Torsi and
• Nicola Cioffi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 592–603, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.64

• , a gold or palladium sacrificial anode, used as the working electrode. A platinum cathode was used as the counter electrode. The electrolyte solution was composed of quaternary ammonium halide (0.05 M) dissolved in a 3:1 mixture of tetrahydrofuran and acetonitrile. Specifically, the quaternary

• ammonium salt was used both as a supporting electrolyte and as a nanoparticle capping agent. Tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) was used for Pd NP synthesis and tetraoctylammonium chloride (TOAC) for the Au NPs [35]. The electrochemically synthesized Au and Pd NPs had a uniform dispersion with a diameter of

Liquid permeation and chemical stability of anodic alumina membranes

• Dmitrii I. Petukhov,
• Dmitrii A. Buldakov,
• Alexey A. Tishkin,
• Alexey V. Lukashin and
• Andrei A. Eliseev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 561–570, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.60

• [20][21], our results can unlikely be used as proof for the suggested mechanism because alumina polycation formation pH (≈5) strongly changes the pH of the electrolyte used during anodization (≈1). However, dissolution of the membrane material does not explain the loss of membrane permeability in the

• . The electrolyte was pumped through the cell by a peristaltic pump, and its temperature was kept in the range of 0–2 °C during anodization. For the preparation of membranes with an average pore diameter of 40 nm and 90 nm, aluminium was anodized in 0.3 M H2C2O4 (98%, Aldrich) under mild and hard

Copper atomic-scale transistors

• Fangqing Xie,
• Maryna N. Kavalenka,
• Moritz Röger,
• Daniel Albrecht,
• Hendrik Hölscher,
• Jürgen Leuthold and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 530–538, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.57

• -scale transistors and confirmed that copper atomic-scale transistors can be fabricated and operated electrochemically in a copper electrolyte (CuSO4 + H2SO4) in bi-distilled water under ambient conditions with three microelectrodes (source, drain and gate). The electrochemical switching-on potential of

• metallization effect in an aqueous electrolyte to reduce mechanical stress during cycling. Silver atomic-scale transistors that operate in an aqueous nitric electrolyte at voltages in the millivolt range were previously demonstrated [18][19][20][21][22]. Here, we report our progress in the development of an

• steps. First, a silicon chip with three microfabricated electrodes – source, drain and gate – and a microchannel for on-chip electrolyte delivery are fabricated using standard photolithography (Figure 1a, Method 1 described in the Experimental section). The electrodes consist of Cr/Au films with a

Template-controlled piezoactivity of ZnO thin films grown via a bioinspired approach

• Nina J. Blumenstein,
• Fabian Streb,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Zaklina Burghard and
• Joachim Bill

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 296–303, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.32

• substrate and particles in the solution and therefore, the interaction between both is affected. For example it was found that silica shows a decreasing surface potential if methanol is added to an aqueous electrolyte solution [41][42]. This can be explained by the lower ability of methanol to stabilize

Performance of natural-dye-sensitized solar cells by ZnO nanorod and nanowall enhanced photoelectrodes

• Saif Saadaoui,
• Mohamed Aziz Ben Youssef,
• Moufida Ben Karoui,
• Rached Gharbi,
• Emanuele Smecca,
• Vincenzina Strano,
• Salvo Mirabella,
• Alessandra Alberti and
• Rosaria A. Puglisi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 287–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.31

• redox reaction with the electrolyte solution, which constitutes the third main part of the cell [3]. The internal process starts with the excitation of the sensitizer (S) through the absorption of a photon to obtain an excited sensitizer (S*). The latter injects an electron into the conduction band of

• improved by modifying the energy difference between the Fermi level (EF) of the semiconductor potential and redox potential (Eredox) of the electrolyte [10]. Results and Discussion Dye analysis In order to understand the structure of natural dye molecules and to determine the main elements responsible for

• electrolyte (SOLARONIX). The used henna and mallow powders were prepared in-house by drying henna and mallow plants. Afterwards, the dried plants were milled and sieved to obtain the final powder. Current–voltage characteristics and layer conductivity were measured using a computer-controlled Keithley 4200

Phosphorus-doped silicon nanorod anodes for high power lithium-ion batteries

• Chao Yan,
• Qianru Liu,
• Jianzhi Gao,
• Zhibo Yang and
• Deyan He

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 222–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.24

• the current collector). To verify the structural transformation of the Si anode after cycling, a battery after 50 cycles at a rate of 2 A/g was disassembled. The Si anode was washed thoroughly with deionized water and ethanol to remove the Li2O and solid electrolyte interphase layer. The morphology of

• characterization. The obtained Si anode was directly used as the work electrode without any conductive additive and binder. Lithium foil and Celgard 2320 were used as the counter electrode and separator membrane, respectively. The electrolyte was 1 M LiPF6 dissolved in ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate

Performance of colloidal CdS sensitized solar cells with ZnO nanorods/nanoparticles

• Anurag Roy,
• Partha Pratim Das,
• Mukta Tathavadekar,
• Sumita Das and
• Parukuttyamma Sujatha Devi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 210–221, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.23

• electrolyte and CuxS counter electrode were used for cell fabrication and testing. An interesting improvement in the performance of the device by imposing nanorods as a scattering layer on a particle layer has been observed. As a consequence, a maximum conversion efficiency of 1.06% with an open-circuit

• technique. Respective efficiencies of 0.87% and 0.72% with VOC of 0.44 V and 0.55 V, have been reported by Zhang et al. and Qi et al., for ZnO nanowires which are noteworthy reports [14][15]. For QDSSCs, a polysulphide electrolyte/Cu2S electrode delivered the best performance instead of the regular I−/I3

• − electrolyte with a costly Pt-based electrode. Reports on the synthesis of nanoscale CdS by using organic capping agents, polymers, surfactants, or enzymes reveal that they are not very user friendly techniques [17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Therefore, rather taking a conventional path to synthesizing quantum

Sensitive detection of hydrocarbon gases using electrochemically Pd-modified ZnO chemiresistors

• Elena Dilonardo,
• Michele Penza,
• Marco Alvisi,
• Gennaro Cassano,
• Cinzia Di Franco,
• Francesco Palmisano,
• Luisa Torsi and
• Nicola Cioffi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 82–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.9

• nanostructures were prepared by SAE as reported in [44], but in this case Pd foils were used as anode (working electrode) to obtain colloidal Pd NPs. Tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOAB) was simultaneously used as electrolyte and stabilizer for Pd NPs, at a concentration of 0.05 M in 5 mL in a solution of