Atomic layer deposition and properties of ZrO₂/Fe₂O₃ thin films

• Kristjan Kalam,
• Helina Seemen,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Mihkel Rähn,
• Aile Tamm,
• Kaupo Kukli,
• Aarne Kasikov,
• Joosep Link,
• Raivo Stern,
• Salvador Dueñas,
• Helena Castán and
• Héctor García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 119–128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.14

• electrode to the counterelectrode. That charge, either electronic or ionic, may become trapped at the interface between the metal oxide layer and the electrode, giving rise to the interfacial polarization. It must be considered that in the vicinity of an interface a material is always most prone to defects

• saturation magnetization of the film (Figure 8). For comparison with the literature, Myagkov et al. [5] have synthesized Fe–Fe3O4–ZrO2 nanocomposite films by thermally depositing and oxidizing Fe films, followed by the sequential deposition of Zr layers and annealing of the double metal oxide–metal stacks. In

Comparative study of post-growth annealing of Cu(hfac)₂, Co₂(CO)₈ and Me₂Au(acac) metal precursors deposited by FEBID

• Marcos V. Puydinger dos Santos,
• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Artur Rydosz,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez,
• Fanny Béron,
• Kleber R. Pirota,
• Stanislav Moshkalev,
• José Alexandre Diniz and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 91–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.11

• (CO)8 [48][49], to produce high-purity metallic deposits, while electron-beam irradiation can be used during a sequential exposure of the FEBID material to oxygen (favouring carbon release) and hydrogen (favouring metal oxide reduction) [50]. Furthermore, a Co content exceeding 75 atom % was recently

Gas-sensing behaviour of ZnO/diamond nanostructures

• Marina Davydova,
• Alexandr Laposa,
• Jiri Smarhak,
• Alexander Kromka,
• Neda Neykova,
• Josef Nahlik,
• Jiri Kroutil,
• Jan Drahokoupil and
• Jan Voves

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 22–29, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.4

• cell electrodes, light emitting devices, quantum dots and gas sensors [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. The improvement in response of metal-oxide sensors has been observed by several authors, due to the formation of isolated functional layers on the one-dimensional nanostructure surface using metal

• of X- and Z-axis and the electrostatic stability of the ZnO surface. Moreover, it should be pointed out that the structure was simulated without molecular mechanical calculations. It was found that the NO2 molecule is non-covalently bonded to the metal oxide surface atoms and van der Waals forces

Beyond Moore’s technologies: operation principles of a superconductor alternative

• Igor I. Soloviev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Alexander L. Gudkov and
• Anatoli S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2689–2710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.269

• computing to be extraordinarily difficult, even if foreseeable advances in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology are taken into account [10]. Low energy efficiency leads to high power consumption and also limits the clock frequency to 4–5 GHz. This frequency limit occurs due to

Direct writing of gold nanostructures with an electron beam: On the way to pure nanostructures by combining optimized deposition with oxygen-plasma treatment

• Domagoj Belić,
• Mostafa M. Shawrav,
• Emmerich Bertagnolli and
• Heinz D. Wanzenboeck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2530–2543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.253

• recently utilized FEBID of Au to directly write metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors [41] and to deposit Au nanocatalyst templates for Si nanowire syntheses [42]. The main issue which is hindering the widespread use of FEBID is the low Au content in the produced nanostructures: when using the common

Refractive index sensing and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy using silver–gold layered bimetallic plasmonic crystals

• Somi Kang,
• Sean E. Lehman,
• Matthew V. Schulmerich,
• An-Phong Le,
• Tae-woo Lee,
• Stephen K. Gray,
• Rohit Bhargava and
• Ralph G. Nuzzo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2492–2503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.249

• when a protective metal oxide overlayer is included, for SPR sensing and for SERS measurements, as has been discussed in previously published work [26]. The SPRs produced using nanostructured metal films can be easily tuned by adjusting the geometric shape, thickness, and composition of the metal film

Fabrication of CeO₂–MO_x (M = Cu, Co, Ni) composite yolk–shell nanospheres with enhanced catalytic properties for CO oxidation

• Ling Liu,
• Jingjing Shi,
• Hongxia Cao,
• Ruiyu Wang and
• Ziwu Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2425–2437, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.241

• conversion as reached at a relatively low temperature of 145 °C over the CeO2–CuOx-2 sample. Furthermore, the CeO2–CuOx catalyst is more active than the CeO2–CoOx and CeO2–NiO catalysts, indicating that the catalytic activity is correlates with the metal oxide. Additionally, this versatile synthesis approach

• dispersed transition-metal oxide cluster species. Information about crystallinity and phases of the samples were obtained from X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Figure 6a displays the XRD patterns of the as-synthesized CeO2–MOx nanospheres. All diffraction peaks can be assigned to the fluorite-like cubic

• adsorption and desorption of gas molecules at the interface or on the surface during CO oxidation over metal-oxide catalysts. According to previously reported literature, the possible CO oxidation reaction mechanism over the ceria-based mixed oxides could be tentatively proposed as follows: CO + M–[O]–Ce

Synthesis and characterization of noble metal–titania core–shell nanostructures with tunable shell thickness

• Bartosz Bartosewicz,
• Marta Michalska-Domańska,
• Malwina Liszewska,
• Dariusz Zasada and
• Bartłomiej J. Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2083–2093, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.208

• characterization of metal–metal oxide core–shell nanostructures. Keywords: Ag@TiO2; Au@TiO2; core–shell nanostructures; titania coating; titanium dioxide; tunable resistive pulse sensing; Introduction In recent years, core–shell nanostructures (CSNs) have become one of the most widely studied hybrid structures

• first time the potential of the tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) technique in the characterization of metal-oxide CSNs. TRPS, which in a relatively easy and fast way provides statistical information regarding the size and size distribution of the studied particles, can be a valuable tool in the

• electron microscope images, which have some limitations in terms of the statistical analysis. In our studies, we applied the TRPS technique to characterize the metal–metal oxide core–shell nanostructures for the first time. This technique allowed us, in a very convenient and fast way, to analyze hundreds

A systematic study of the controlled generation of crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles on graphene using a chemical etching process

• Peter Krauß,
• Jörg Engstler and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2017–2025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.202

• detail and analyzed different parameters determining the etching outcome. Interestingly we could pinpoint conditions which allow control of the iron oxide particle formation on graphene. With that, we were able to devise a method for graphene/metal oxide composite materials by controlling the Faradaic

• [45][46][47]. Analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirms the growth of CNTs on metal oxide decorated graphene samples. The CNTs have an outer diameter of about 10–20 nm (Figure 7a). In selected regions of the graphene substrate, growth of vertically aligned CNTs (VACNTs) was observed

• carbon nanotubes with an average number of 4–7 walls. Proposed mechanism for the synthesis of CNTs on a metal oxide decorated graphene surface. (A) As the temperature increases during the CVD process, the iron oxide nanoparticles tend to agglomerate. The graphene can either remain intact (A1) or may

Freestanding graphene/MnO₂ cathodes for Li-ion batteries

• Şeyma Özcan,
• Aslıhan Güler,
• Tugrul Cetinkaya,
• Mehmet O. Guler and
• Hatem Akbulut

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1932–1938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.193

• as LiMn2O4 and LiFePO4, which have a capacity of merely 150 mAh/g and 170 mAh/g, respectively [5][6]. Manganese dioxide (MnO2) is one of the most promising metal oxide as a replacement for the Li-ion electrode material owing to its high theoretical capacity (308 mAh/g), environmental friendliness and

Two-dimensional carbon-based nanocomposites for photocatalytic energy generation and environmental remediation applications

• Suneel Kumar,
• Ashish Kumar,
• Ashish Bahuguna,
• Vipul Sharma and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1571–1600, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.159

• metals, metal oxide semiconductors and other nanomaterials, which can form efficient heterojunction with intimate contact between them, such as, point-to-face contact (0D-2D), line-to-face contact (1D-2D) and face-to-face contact (2D-2D) as presented in Figure 1. This is more beneficial for the rapid

• electrostatic interactions between graphene nanoplatelets are responsible for self-assembly of graphene sheets. In addition to the above-mentioned methods, there are also other efficient methods for synthesis of graphene–metal oxide hybrid nanocomposites, such as solution mixing [59], UV-assisted reduction [13

• transfer as per favoured potential. Since it is not possible for a bare g-C3N4 to fulfil all these requirements, nanocomposite formation with metal oxide semiconductors, metals and other carbon-based materials is always a preferable route for designing photocatalytic materials with desired properties. The

Nanotopographical control of surfaces using chemical vapor deposition processes

• Meike Koenig and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1250–1256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.126

• , transition metals, as well as their salts or complexes, were found to inhibit the polymer growth on the surface. PPX-n and chlorinated PPX did not grow on metal and metal oxide surfaces. This was likely due to deactivation of the adsorbed bi-radical form, which results in quenching of the chain growth [20

Metal oxide nanostructures: preparation, characterization and functional applications as chemical sensors

• Dario Zappa,
• Angela Bertuna,
• Elisabetta Comini,
• Navpreet Kaur,
• Nicola Poli,
• Veronica Sberveglieri and
• Giorgio Sberveglieri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1205–1217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.122

• characterization of different metal oxide (NiO, WO3, ZnO, SnO2 and Nb2O5) nanostructures for chemical sensing are presented. p-Type (NiO) and n-type (WO3, SnO2, ZnO and Nb2O5) metal oxide nanostructures were grown on alumina substrates using evaporation–condensation, thermal oxidation and hydrothermal techniques

• . Surface morphologies and crystal structures were investigated through scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, different batches of sensors have been prepared, and their sensing performances towards carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide have been explored. Moreover, metal oxide

• are still the most promising materials for chemical sensing [2][3]. Metal oxide chemical sensors are more stable and reproducible compared to organic sensors. However, in order to be used in real cases, these devices need to meet many requirements such as high sensing performances in terms of

Enhanced catalytic activity without the use of an external light source using microwave-synthesized CuO nanopetals

• Govinda Lakhotiya,
• Sonal Bajaj,
• Arpan Kumar Nayak,
• Debabrata Pradhan,
• Pradip Tekade and
• Abhimanyu Rana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1167–1173, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.118

• carbon monoxide (CO) [7][8][9]. CuO is one of the few p-type metal oxide semiconductors with a narrow band gap ≈1.24 eV [10]. The properties of CuO nanomaterials (nanoparticles, nanowires, nanosheets, etc.) are closely related to morphology and crystallite size [7]. These different nanoscale morphologies

Hierarchically structured nanoporous carbon tubes for high pressure carbon dioxide adsorption

• Julia Patzsch,
• Deepu J. Babu and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1135–1144, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.115

• sensors [30][31][32] or photoelectrodes for dye-sensitive solar cells [33]. This technique has also be extended for the synthesis of one-dimensional metal oxide nanomaterials [34][35][36][37]. Herein, we introduce a process which allows highly porous carbon tubes as well as nanocrystalline silicon carbide

The integration of graphene into microelectronic devices

• Guenther Ruhl,
• Sebastian Wittmann,
• Matthias Koenig and
• Daniel Neumaier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1056–1064, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.107

• aspects of the integration of graphene into complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) compatible electronic devices. Review 1 Deposition of graphene Graphene films can synthesized in numerous ways, such as mechanical exfoliation, liquid-phase exfoliation, assembly of tailored precursor molecules

Needs and challenges for assessing the environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)

• Michelle Romero-Franco,
• Hilary A. Godwin,
• Muhammad Bilal and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 989–1014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.101

• environmental conditions). For example, a metal oxide nanoparticle with a conduction band energy that is much lower relative to the redox potential of biological molecules would be given the lowest score (1) on a scale of 1–9 (where 1 is low, 5 is medium and 9 is high). Likewise, a score is assigned for the ENM

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

• ) and therefore offers the possibility to fabricate a large variety of graphene–transition metal oxide (TMO) NP hybrids. These hybrid materials are promising alternatives to reduce the drawbacks of using only TMO NPs in various applications, such as anode materials in lithium ion batteries (LIBs

• perspectives to improve the properties of the hybrid materials in view of applications are outlined. Keywords: graphene; hybrid; nanoparticle; reduced graphene oxide; transition metal oxide; Review Introduction Graphene consists of a single layer of carbon in a two-dimensional (2D) lattice. It is a densely

• its susceptibility to oxidative environments. In the last few decades, the synthesis of transition metal oxide (TMO) NPs has attracted much attention, providing the advantages of controlled shape, size, crystallinity and functionality, as well as being ecologically benign, corrosion resistance, easily

Carbon nanotube-wrapped Fe₂O₃ anode with improved performance for lithium-ion batteries

• Guoliang Gao,
• Yan Jin,
• Qun Zeng,
• Deyu Wang and
• Cai Shen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 649–656, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.69

• /COOH-MWCNT composite. This is a common phenomenon in transition metal oxide anode materials. It can be ascribed to the penetration of the electrolyte and gradual exposure of the active sites [38][39][40]. The discharge capacity of the Fe2O3/COOH-MWCNT composite stabilized at 711.2 mAh·g−1 at a current

• of 500 mA·g−1 following 400 cycles, which is superior to that of COOH-MWCNT and commercial Fe2O3. The Fe2O3/COOH-MWCNT composite showed excellent cycle stability due to the high surface area and flexibility of carbon nanotubes, which is capable of reducing the volume change of metal oxide during

Investigation of the photocatalytic efficiency of tantalum alkoxy carboxylate-derived Ta₂O₅ nanoparticles in rhodamine B removal

• Subia Ambreen,
• Mohammad Danish,
• Narendra D. Pandey and
• Ashutosh Pandey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 604–613, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.65

• removal, sedimentation and filtration are not very effective in removing organic dyes. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) receive a lot of interest in this regard, and photocatalysis by semiconductors is the most extensively investigated AOP. Metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), for example TiO2, ZnO, SnO2

• and CeO2, serve as potential photocatalysts [1][2][3][4]. The properties of the metal oxide nanoparticles (surface area, band gap, porosity) determine its photocatalytic activity for the degradation of organic pollutants from water. Because of properties such as high refractive index and large band

Graphene functionalised by laser-ablated V₂O₅ for a highly sensitive NH₃ sensor

• Margus Kodu,
• Artjom Berholts,
• Tauno Kahro,
• Mati Kook,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Helina Seemen,
• Tea Avarmaa,
• Harry Alles and
• Raivo Jaaniso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 571–578, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.61

• material. The response of graphene-based sensors can be radically improved by introducing defects in graphene using, for example, metal or metal oxide nanoparticles. We have functionalised CVD grown, single-layer graphene by applying pulsed laser deposition (PLD) of V2O5 which resulted in a thin V2O5 layer

• precious metal [4] or metal oxide nanoparticles [5]. Also, introduction of suitable defects was shown to have a positive effect on gas adsorption and sensor properties of graphene [6]. Transition metal oxides constitute an important class of catalysts and photosensitizers. Apart from the very first and

Thin SnO_x films for surface plasmon resonance enhanced ellipsometric gas sensing (SPREE)

• Daniel Fischer,
• Andreas Hertwig,
• Uwe Beck,
• Volkmar Lohse,
• Detlef Negendank,
• Martin Kormunda and
• Norbert Esser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 522–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.56

• fields like gas monitoring, safety and environmental applications. In this approach, a new gas sensing concept is investigated which combines the powerful adsorption probability of metal oxide conductive sensors (MOS) with an optical ellipsometric readout. This concept shows promising results to solve

• environmental analysis. Due to the wide field of possible applications, many different concepts for gas sensing were developed in the past. Typical state-of-the-art concepts for gas measurements are electrochemical and infrared sensors, pellistors and metal oxide conductive sensors (MOS) [1]. All sensing

• distinct sharp form of the SPR signal. In another study, we have found that the thickness of the overlayer affects the gas sensing sensitivity but not the selectivity to a specific gas species. By tuning the thickness to a certain limit (depending on the metal oxide system), the ability to measure a lower

Impact of air exposure and annealing on the chemical and electronic properties of the surface of SnO₂ nanolayers deposited by rheotaxial growth and vacuum oxidation

• Monika Kwoka and
• Maciej Krzywiecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 514–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.55

• air [28] as well as to partially ionized –OH groups [26] originating from, e.g., dissociated water. Such water dissociation was predicted by Xu et al. [29], where the splitting of water on metal oxide surfaces was modelled and investigated. The small relative decrease of overall signal intensity after

Role of oxygen in wetting of copper nanoparticles on silicon surfaces at elevated temperature

• Tapas Ghosh and
• Biswarup Satpati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 425–433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.45

• . Keywords: copper; cupric oxide; electron diffraction; galvanic displacement reaction; oxidation; surface wetting; transmission electron microscopy; Introduction The transition metal oxide cupric oxide (CuO) is a stable oxide of copper, and due to its diverse applications, immense research on CuO

Impact of contact resistance on the electrical properties of MoS₂ transistors at practical operating temperatures

• Filippo Giannazzo,
• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Aurora Piazza,
• Salvatore Di Franco,
• Giuseppe Greco,
• Simonpietro Agnello and
• Fabrizio Roccaforte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.28

• at the interface, it is worth comparing the experimental value with the one deduced from theoretical expression of the flat band voltage (VFB,id) of an ideal metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (i.e., without fixed or interface charges). VFB,id is expressed as [15]: where WM is the work