Nanoporous Ge thin film production combining Ge sputtering and dopant implantation

• Jacques Perrin Toinin,
• Alain Portavoce,
• Khalid Hoummada,
• Michaël Texier,
• Maxime Bertoglio,
• Sandrine Bernardini,
• Marco Abbarchi and
• Lee Chow

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 336–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.32

• the pore size allows for the control of the skeleton size, and thus should allow semiconductor band gap engineering, where the aim is the design of devices able to absorb or emit light at a tunable wavelength. Efficient visible electroluminescence has been achieved with porous Si for different

• modification leading to an increase of the pore size. In addition, new types of clusters appeared on the surface (Figure 3.3). They are characterized by a surrounding trench that is typical of crystal growth which uses the surrounding material and is limited by atomic surface diffusion. At this thermal budget

Synthesis of boron nitride nanotubes and their applications

• Saban Kalay,
• Zehra Yilmaz,
• Ozlem Sen,
• Melis Emanet,
• Emine Kazanc and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 84–102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.9

• . synthesized BNNTs by means of microwave plasma at a temperature lower than 520 °C [40]. In this technique, a 6–100 nm pore size, aluminum oxide template was used along with microwave plasma. The BNNTs were grown on the surface of this template in the presence of B2H6/Ar and NH3/N2 at 10−4 Pa pressure at 520

• °C. The diameter of the synthesized BNNTs was the same as the pore size diameter of the aluminum oxide template. The BNNTs were synthesized in a stainless steel autoclave at 380 °C from amorphous boron, NaN3, and CH3CN for 14 h. The obtained product was washed with ethanol, dried and a 5% BNNTs yield

Manganese oxide phases and morphologies: A study on calcination temperature and atmospheric dependence

• Matthias Augustin,
• Daniela Fenske,
• Ingo Bardenhagen,
• Anne Westphal,
• Martin Knipper,
• Thorsten Plaggenborg,
• Joanna Kolny-Olesiak and
• Jürgen Parisi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 47–59, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.6

• definitions of porosity can be applied for the different manganese oxide species. The pore size distributions depicted in Figure 8b show a pore diameter distribution between 3 and 20 nm with a mean pore diameter of 8.2 nm for the Mn3O4 sample. The porosity of the Mn3O4 nanoparticles can be explained by

• applied to the Mn5O8 sample exhibiting pore sizes between 3 and 5 nm with a comparably small mean pore size of 4.2 nm, probably due to the dense network of the particles observed in the TEM image (compared to Figure 7b). The α-Mn2O3 sample does not contain nanoparticles, but exhibits a pore size

• the splinter-like pieces. A surface area of approximately 20 m2/g and pore diameters from 4 to 7 nm were also reported for Mn2O3 discs synthesized for the use as electrode material by Zhang et al. [17]. However, we believe a larger pore size to be advantageous for application as electrocatalysts, as

Mammalian cell growth on gold nanoparticle-decorated substrates is influenced by the nanoparticle coating

• Christina Rosman,
• Sebastien Pierrat,
• Marco Tarantola,
• David Schneider,
• Eva Sunnick,
• Andreas Janshoff and
• Carsten Sönnichsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2479–2488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.257

• , the samples were rinsed three times with 3 mL of water to remove any particles that were not immobilized. Water was replaced by 500 μL of culture medium filtered through a sterile syringe filter with a 200 nm pore size to minimize the risk of large scattering centers, which could add background in

Coating with luminal gut-constituents alters adherence of nanoparticles to intestinal epithelial cells

• Heike Sinnecker,
• Katrin Ramaker and
• Andreas Frey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2308–2315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.239

• were seeded at 7.5 × 104 cells/cm2 on transwell inserts of 24 well plates (polyester membrane, pore size 0.4 µm; Corning Life Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands) and cultured until the cells formed a confluent monolayer and further 7, 14 or 21 days. For transmission electron microscopical analysis, the

The protein corona protects against size- and dose-dependent toxicity of amorphous silica nanoparticles

• Dominic Docter,
• Christoph Bantz,
• Dana Westmeier,
• Hajo J. Galla,
• Qiangbin Wang,
• James C. Kirkpatrick,
• Peter Nielsen,
• Michael Maskos and
• Roland H. Stauber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.151

• to link individual or multiple particle parameters, such as geometry, pore size or surface functionalization to the observed nanobiological effects. The negative zeta potential, hydrodynamic diameter and colloidal stability of the ASP dispersions were obtained in water, salt-containing buffer, and

Effects of palladium on the optical and hydrogen sensing characteristics of Pd-doped ZnO nanoparticles

• Anh-Thu Thi Do,
• Hong Thai Giang,
• Thu Thi Do,
• Ngan Quang Pham and
• Giang Truong Ho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1261–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.140

• particle size. This includes the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis and the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) pore size and volume analysis. The obtained isotherms of the ZnO and Pd/ZnO samples prepared in ethanol (Figure 2) correspond to a type III isotherm in the Brunauer classification [17

• were dispersed by using an 1800 grating monochromator (Horiba iHR550) and then detected by means of a thermoelectrically cooled Si-CCD camera (Synapse). X-ray diffraction patterns of ZnO and Pd/ZnO nanopowders. Typical nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm and BJH pore size distribution plots (inset

Nanoporous composites prepared by a combination of SBA-15 with Mg–Al mixed oxides. Water vapor sorption properties

• Amaury Pérez-Verdejo,
• Alvaro Sampieri,
• Heriberto Pfeiffer,
• Mayra Ruiz-Reyes,
• Juana-Deisy Santamaría and
• Geolar Fetter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1226–1234, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.136

• attributed to the porous diameter, 3.7 nm. The smaller pores size promotes the slow release of water molecules, thus, the capillarity condensation is indeed favored. Kocherbitov et al. [18] proposed a water sorption mechanism, in SBA-15 and MCM-41, which is related to the pore size. Therefore, the sorption

• 40 °C to 55 °C (equilibrium temperature). Therefore, the smaller pore size causes slow water diffusion. Conclusion Nanoporous composites were obtained from combinations of Mg–Al precursors of a hydrotalcite with SBA-15. The post-synthesis method is a simple and effective way to prepare composites

Biomolecule-assisted synthesis of carbon nitride and sulfur-doped carbon nitride heterojunction nanosheets: An efficient heterojunction photocatalyst for photoelectrochemical applications

• Hua Bing Tao,
• Hong Bin Yang,
• Jiazang Chen,
• Jianwei Miao and
• Bin Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 770–777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.89

• increased thickness of nanosheets. Figure 4d presents the pore size distribution of CN, CNS and the CN/CNS heterostructure. It is clear that sulfur doping significantly increases the pore volume of micro- (smaller than 10 nm) and meso- (larger than 100 nm) pores, which could favor the photocatalytic

• heterojunction. (a) FESEM image of CN/CNS heterostructure, (b) XRD and (c) nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms and (d) pore size distribution (insert) of CN, CNS and CN/CNS heterostructure. TEM (a) and HRTEM (b) images of a CN/CNS heterostructure. (a) Photoluminescence of CN, CNS and CN/CNS in aqueous

Effects of the preparation method on the structure and the visible-light photocatalytic activity of Ag₂CrO₄

• Difa Xu,
• Shaowen Cao,
• Jinfeng Zhang,
• Bei Cheng and
• Jiaguo Yu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 658–666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.77

• hydrothermal methods. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area and pore size distributions Figure 4 shows the nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms and the corresponding pore size distributions of the as-prepared Ag2CrO4 photocatalysts. According to the Brunauer–Deming–Deming–Teller classification, the

• isotherms of all Ag2CrO4 samples are of type IV, indicating the presence of mesopores (2–50 nm) [56][57][58]. Moreover, the shapes of the hysteresis loops are of type H3 at the high relative pressure range from 0.8 to 1.0, which suggests the formation of large mesopores and macropores [56]. The pore size

• relative pressure (P/P0) range of 0.05–0.3. The desorption data was used to determine the pore size distribution through the Barret–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) method. The nitrogen adsorption volume at P/P0 of 0.994 was used to determine the average pore size. Zeta potential was measured by electrophoretic light

Chemi- vs physisorption in the radical functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes under microwaves

• Victor Mamane,
• Guillaume Mercier,
• Junidah Abdul Shukor,
• Jérôme Gleize,
• Aziz Azizan,
• Yves Fort and
• Brigitte Vigolo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 537–545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.63

• different reaction times (5 min, 10 min and 15 min) under cooling conditions to obtain a constant temperature of 200 °C and a pressure of 17 bar during the reaction. After the reaction, the nanotubes were filtered on a FG filter (pore size 0.2 µm) and washed with dimethylformamide (DMF) and methanol several

Mesoporous cerium oxide nanospheres for the visible-light driven photocatalytic degradation of dyes

• Subas K. Muduli,
• Songling Wang,
• Shi Chen,
• Chin Fan Ng,
• Cheng Hon Alfred Huan,
• Tze Chien Sum and
• Han Sen Soo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 517–523, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.60

• dotted ring), that can be indexed to Ce7O12 and CeO2 (Figure 3b). Nitrogen sorption experiments were conducted to ascertain the average surface area and pore size distribution of the material. The nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm of the cerium oxide sample (Figure 3c) shows a type-II curve and the

• surface area of the sample is 93 m2 g−1 as calculated by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. The average pore size determined by a Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) analysis is 3 nm, confirming the mesoporous nature of the cerium oxide sample. The photocatalytic behavior at visible-light irradiation of

Modeling and optimization of atomic layer deposition processes on vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Nuri Yazdani,
• Vipin Chawla,
• Eve Edwards,
• Vanessa Wood,
• Hyung Gyu Park and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 234–244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.25

• is the average pore size of the porous medium. As a first order approximation, we use Equation 10 and replace dpore with the average spacing between the CNTs in the array. If the CNTs have an areal density of σCNT (cm−2) and the radius r, the effective diffusion coefficient will be given by

Study of mesoporous CdS-quantum-dot-sensitized TiO₂ films by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and AFM

• Mohamed N. Ghazzal,
• Robert Wojcieszak,
• Gijo Raj and
• Eric M. Gaigneaux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 68–76, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.6

• TEM micrographs of the TiO2 films obtained by using Brij 56 as template agent. The film shows a homogeneous mesoporous size partially with ordered–disordered regions. The pore size is fairly comparable to that observed in AFM. The mesoporous TiO2 films were exposed to Cd2+ and S2− ions by successive

Design criteria for stable Pt/C fuel cell catalysts

• Josef C. Meier,
• Carolina Galeano,
• Ioannis Katsounaros,
• Jonathon Witte,
• Hans J. Bongard,
• Angel A. Topalov,
• Claudio Baldizzone,
• Stefano Mezzavilla,
• Ferdi Schüth and
• Karl J. J. Mayrhofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 44–67, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.5

• -treatment step up to 900 °C for several hours. The annealing step results in a minor sintering of the initial clusters and leads to an average particle size of about 3–4 nm, which is in the range of the pore size distribution. The particle growth is remarkably well-controlled in the mesoporous network and

• thermal treatment during the material synthesis. The accessibility of the platinum particles in the network is limited by pores that might be blocked by the sintered platinum nanoparticles, as the average particle diameter after the thermal treatment is in the range of the pore size distribution in the

• network with two maxima in the pore size distribution around 4 and 10 nm [71]. When comparing the untreated and the electrochemically treated catalyst locations in Figure 4, the major observation is that no significant changes take place, neither in the morphology nor in the external surface topology of

Template based precursor route for the synthesis of CuInSe₂ nanorod arrays for potential solar cell applications

• Mikhail Pashchanka,
• Jonas Bang,
• Niklas S. A. Gora,
• Ildiko Balog,
• Rudolf C. Hoffmann and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 868–874, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.98

• electrodeposition into porous alumina templates [5][6]. The nanowires were composed of 5 nm grains and had a noticeable spread in diameter values (10–30 or 25–40 nm, depending on the pore size of the used template) and lengths (0.6–5 μm). Interestingly, authors reported a preferential growth in the [112] direction

• an intensive dark-brown colour. A porous polycarbonate film (Whatman Nuclepore™ track-etch membrane, nominal pore size 0.1 μm) was immersed into the solution, ultrasonicated for 5 min for gas removal and complete pore infiltration (in a sealed flask under inert gas), and dried at ambient temperature

Controlled synthesis and tunable properties of ultrathin silica nanotubes through spontaneous polycondensation on polyamine fibrils

• Jian-Jun Yuan,
• Pei-Xin Zhu,
• Daisuke Noda and
• Ren-Hua Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 793–804, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.90

• pore size distributions of the silica nanotubes and nanoribbons shown in Figure 1 were characterized with nitrogen adsorption and desorption measurements. As shown in Figure 2A, the BET adsorption–desorption isotherms of both silica nanotubes and nanoribbons can be described as type-IV hysteresis loops

• hydrolytic condensation reaction times of 60 min and 240 min have the BET specific surface areas of 320 m2/g (run 2 in Table 1) and 317 m2/g, respectively (run 3 in Table 1). Their pore size distribution determined by the BJH calculations from adsorption branch has the same peak value of 4.2 nm (Figure 3B

• similar to that synthesized by temperature-induced LPEI self-assembly (Figure 2). No peak value of the pore size distribution was observed (Figure S4 in Supporting Information File 1). To further confirm the effect of ammonia solution on the formation of silica nanostructure, the LPEI self-assembly was

Lithium peroxide crystal clusters as a natural growth feature of discharge products in Li–O₂ cells

• Tatiana K. Zakharchenko,
• Anna Y. Kozmenkova,
• Daniil M. Itkis and
• Eugene A. Goodilin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 758–762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.86

• utilized as the model electrodes (Figure 1a) were prepared from gold–silver alloy foils (see Supporting Information File 1 for experimental details). The mean pore size was estimated to be about 200 nm (see Figure S1 in Supporting Information File 1). This allowed us to observe changes in the morphology of

Optimization of solution-processed oligothiophene:fullerene based organic solar cells by using solvent additives

• Gisela L. Schulz,
• Marta Urdanpilleta,
• Roland Fitzner,
• Eduard Brier,
• Elena Mena-Osteritz,
• Egon Reinold and
• Peter Bäuerle

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 680–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.77

• 60, mesh 0.063–0.2 μm, were used for column chromatography. High performance liquid chromatography was performed on a Hitachi instrument equipped with a UV–vis detector L-7420, columns (Nucleosil 100-5 NO2 with a pore size of 100 Å) from Machery-Nagel using a dichlormethane/n-hexane mixture (40:60

Site-selective growth of surface-anchored metal-organic frameworks on self-assembled monolayer patterns prepared by AFM nanografting

• Tatjana Ladnorg,
• Alexander Welle,
• Stefan Heißler,
• Christof Wöll and
• Hartmut Gliemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 638–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.71

• of the nodes and linkers as well as the huge number of possible combinations allows, in principle, the preparation of an almost infinite number of different MOF structures with different chemical and/or physical and geometrical properties (e.g., pore size and pore structure, etc.), which can be

Porous polymer coatings as substrates for the formation of high-fidelity micropatterns by quill-like pens

• Michael Hirtz,
• Marcus Lyon,
• Wenqian Feng,
• Andrea E. Holmes,
• Harald Fuchs and
• Pavel A. Levkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 377–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.44

• -hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) support (HEMA) with narrow pore size distribution in the 150 nm range, which demonstrated advantages in pattern definition, spot homogeneity, and consistent spot delivery of different dyes (phloxine B and bromophenol blue) with diameters of several

• of this technique. Combined, these advantages of the porous HEMA substrates over plain surfaces and other porous substrates with larger pores or broader pore size distribution make them ideal candidates for creating high-fidelity micropatterns and microarrays by using the quill-like pens. Results and

• recorded to estimate pore size distribution and morphology (Figure 2). The plain paper is of fibrous morphology, with dense fibres in the width range of 10 to 50 µm (Figure 2a) and gaps of about 50 µm. The microporous nylon membrane has a nominal pore size of 0.45 µm and is positively charged by quaternary

Photoelectrochemical and Raman characterization of In₂O₃ mesoporous films sensitized by CdS nanoparticles

• Mikalai V. Malashchonak,
• Sergey K. Poznyak,
• Eugene A. Streltsov,
• Anatoly I. Kulak,
• Olga V. Korolik and
• Alexander V. Mazanik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 255–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.27

• that the addition of Pluronic to the indium hydroxide sol leads to a significantly narrower pore-size distribution with an average pore diameter of ca. 5 nm (Figure 3). Figure 4 shows the absorption spectra of the In2O3 films with deposited CdS nanoparticles. As can be seen clearly from Figure 4, the

Functionalization of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Eloise Van Hooijdonk,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Rony Snyders and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 129–152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.14

• the template-synthesis method by using alumina membrane templates with a pore size of about 200–500 nm; the assembly is then immerged in an aqueous solution, in which the NPs production will occur. Depending on the conditions (metal salt concentration, exposure time), the shape and size of the NPs can

Characterization and properties of micro- and nanowires of controlled size, composition, and geometry fabricated by electrodeposition and ion-track technology

• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 860–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.97

• tracks leads to pores with a broad size distribution (bottom) [38]. Heavier projectiles (e.g., Au, Pb, Bi, U), produce tracks of more pronounced and continuous damage and are thus optimal for the production of porous membranes with small pore size distributions. 1.1.2. Chemical etching: In a suitable

Ordered arrays of nanoporous gold nanoparticles

• Dong Wang,
• Ran Ji,
• Arne Albrecht and
• Peter Schaaf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 651–657, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.74

• approaches above 34 atom %, the ligament size seems to approach a lower saturation value of <θ> = 10 nm. Therefore, the ligament size (or pore size) of the nanoporous nanoparticles can be controlled by varying the layer-thickness ratio of the as-deposited Au/Ag bilayers. The size shrinkage decreases with

• is transformed into an array of nanoporous gold nanoparticles by a following dealloying step. Large areas of this new type of material arrangement can be realized with this technique. In addition, this technique allows for the control of particle size, particle spacing, and ligament size (or pore

• size) by varying the period of the structure, total metal layer thickness, and the thickness ratio of the as-deposited bilayers. Keywords: dealloying; dewetting; nanoimprint lithography; nanoparticles; nanoporous gold; ordered arrays; Introduction Metallic nanoparticle arrays are attracting more and