Ultralight super-hydrophobic carbon aerogels based on cellulose nanofibers/poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide (CNFs/PVA/GO) for highly effective oil–water separation

• Zhaoyang Xu,
• Huan Zhou,
• Sicong Tan,
• Xiangdong Jiang,
• Weibing Wu,
• Jiangtao Shi and
• Peng Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 508–519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.49

• ) was synthesized by a facile and green approach. The resulting CNF/PVA/GO aerogels were synthesized through an environmentally friendly freeze-drying process and then carbonized to yield CNF/PVA/GO carbon aerogels with low density (18.41 mg cm−3), high porosity (98.98%), a water contact angle of 156

• environment, CNFs with a high aspect ratio and high surface area have potential for forming a 3D network structure. As a result, research on cellulose aerogels has attracted more and more attention because of its outstanding properties such as high porosity, low thermal conductivity and low density [9][10

• aerogels with high porosity, small hole size and low surface energy. Obviously, the absorption capacity difference of the carbon aerogels was largely determined by the density of the carbon aerogel and surface tension of the solvents and oils. Additionally, the density, which demonstrates the quantity of

Photocatalytic and adsorption properties of TiO₂-pillared montmorillonite obtained by hydrothermally activated intercalation of titanium polyhydroxo complexes

• Mikhail F. Butman,
• Nikolay L. Ovchinnikov,
• Nikita S. Karasev,
• Nataliya E. Kochkina,
• Alexander V. Agafonov and
• Alexandr V. Vinogradov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 364–378, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.36

• treated sample is consistent with its increased porosity (see Table 5 below). The fact of increasing the amount of titanium on the surface of hydrothermally treated pillared samples compared to the samples without treatment is confirmed by the results of an elemental analysis using EDS spectra (Figure 5a

• decreases for both dyes. The TiO2-PMMH500 sample removes virtually 100% MO and 97.5% RhB from solution in 100 minutes. The considerably higher decolorization rate in this case can be explained by the higher degree of crystallinity for pillars and higher porosity (Table 5), which is known to greatly affect

• . Porosimetric measurements were carried out by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption–desorption using a specific surface area and porosity analyzer ASAP 2020 (Micromeritics, USA); prior to measurements the samples were degassed at 180 °C and residual pressure of 5–10 Pa for 3.5 h. An analysis of the sample

Review: Electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based nanoelectromechanical switches – materials solutions and operational conditions

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Jana Andzane and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 271–300, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.29

• difficult to fabricate due to their high intrinsic stress, large surface roughness and grain size, inherent porosity, and low strength. To date, there are rather few reports on metallic NEM switches [17][18][114][115]. Molybdenum is attractive as a NEM switch material due to its high melting temperature

Synthesis and characterization of electrospun molybdenum dioxide–carbon nanofibers as sulfur matrix additives for rechargeable lithium–sulfur battery applications

• Ruiyuan Zhuang,
• Shanshan Yao,
• Maoxiang Jing,
• Xiangqian Shen,
• Jun Xiang,
• Tianbao Li,
• Kesong Xiao and
• Shibiao Qin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 262–270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.28

• nanofibers have extremely high specific surface area because of their small diameter and their porosity which exhibits excellent pore interconnectivity [25][26]. To the best of our knowledge, no articles related to using MoO2–CNFs as a sulfur matrix in Li–S batteries have been published so far. In the

Gas-assisted silver deposition with a focused electron beam

• Luisa Berger,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Iwona B. Szymanska,
• Katja Höflich,
• Mikhail N. Polyakov,
• Jakub Jurczyk,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 224–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.24

• the k-ratios of each element were determined. The atomic composition of the deposit was calculated with the SAMx STRATAGem thin-film analysis software. Although this software corrects the EDX for the thin film geometry it does not take into account the porosity (open granularity) of the film. However

Liquid-crystalline nanoarchitectures for tissue engineering

• Baeckkyoung Sung and
• Min-Ho Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 205–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.22

• induced 2D and 3D aligned cell growth in response to the lamellar molecular structure of LCE matrices, with tunable porosity and crosslinking density [99][100][101]. In addition, the 3D anisotropic cell scaffolds can be fabricated by using nematic LCE microspheres as building blocks by tuning elastic

• modulus, porosity, surface roughness, and local anisotropy [102]. LC hydrogels and implants in nematic and smectic-A phases LC-ordered anisotropic gels have great potential to be directly applied to regenerative medicine therapeutics, due to their intrinsic tissue compatibility. Thermally or

Bombyx mori silk/titania/gold hybrid materials for photocatalytic water splitting: combining renewable raw materials with clean fuels

• Stefanie Krüger,
• Michael Schwarze,
• Otto Baumann,
• Christina Günter,
• Michael Bruns,
• Christian Kübel,
• Dorothée Vinga Szabó,
• Rafael Meinusch,
• Verónica de Zea Bermudez and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 187–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.21

• , ideally a scaffold with a high porosity, and good chemical and mechanical stability to enable access of all reactants to the catalytically active sites over extended periods of time. Moreover, a suitable photocatalyst should ideally use a scaffold from renewable materials; ideally the scaffold should be

• very broad pore diameter distribution. The cumulative pore volume indicates a very undefined porosity with pore sizes mainly in the range of 200 nm and 50 µm. In contrast, in the case of monolithic TPS samples (i.e., samples that were not ground prior to analysis), the pore size distribution is

• different. Pores created between powder particles by grinding (pores bigger than 4–6 µm) cannot be detected here. As a result, the residual porosity appears more distinct, showing pores with a diameter below 10 nm and in the range of 200 nm and ca. 5 µm. Both TS samples (ground and monolithic) have a

Amplified cross-linking efficiency of self-assembled monolayers through targeted dissociative electron attachment for the production of carbon nanomembranes

• Sascha Koch,
• Christopher D. Kaiser,
• Paul Penner,
• Michael Barclay,
• Lena Frommeyer,
• Daniel Emmrich,
• Patrick Stohmann,
• Tarek Abu-Husein,
• Andreas Terfort,
• D. Howard Fairbrother,
• Oddur Ingólfsson and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2562–2571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.256

• the 2-I-BPT CNM transferred onto a TEM grid. (b) Magnification of (a) shows grid holes covered by a mechanically stable CNM with a distinct porosity (inset, green box). Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the German Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung. This work was

Synthesis of metal-fluoride nanoparticles supported on thermally reduced graphite oxide

• Alexa Schmitz,
• Kai Schütte,
• Vesko Ilievski,
• Juri Barthel,
• Laura Burk,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Junpei Yue,
• Bernd Smarsly and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2474–2483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.247

• porosity TRGO is an attractive carrier material for the immobilization of very small nanoparticles [8][9][10][11][12]. In 2009, the first nanoparticles@TRGO were synthesized by heating graphite oxide with Pt, Ru or Pd complexes under a nitrogen atmosphere [13]. Alternatively, salts of palladium and other

Comparing postdeposition reactions of electrons and radicals with Pt nanostructures created by focused electron beam induced deposition

• Julie A. Spencer,
• Michael Barclay,
• Miranda J. Gallagher,
• Robert Winkler,
• Ilyas Unlu,
• Yung-Chien Wu,
• Harald Plank,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2410–2424, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.240

• . Consistent with the EDS data shown in Figure 2, all of the chlorine atoms have again been removed. However, although the shape of the deposit remains unchanged, the surface morphology has changed significantly, with a large amount of granularity and increased porosity, giving it a honeycombed appearance

• these changes were fairly modest (Figure 2), but more extensive structural transformations were observed in the samples depicted in Figures 3–5. In general these structural transformations can be characterized by an increase in porosity and the formation of a honeycomb-like structure, although in one

• to remove chlorine from PtCl2 (Figures 2–4). This indicates that AH was able to diffuse (and therefore react) throughout the deposit. In part the ease of hydrogen atom diffusion within the deposit can be ascribed to its extremely small size (atomic radius = 37 pm [52]). The porosity of the purified

Systematic control of α-Fe₂O₃ crystal growth direction for improved electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery anodes

• Nan Shen,
• Miriam Keppeler,
• Barbara Stiaszny,
• Holger Hain,
• Filippo Maglia and
• Madhavi Srinivasan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2032–2044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.204

• electrode had a layer thickness of around 30 μm and a mass loading of around 2.5 mg cm−2. The porosity of the electrode was estimated to be around 30% by calculating the ratio between theoretical volume and the real volume of the electrode. The electrode was assembled into a coin cell (CR2016) with lithium

Advances and challenges in the field of plasma polymer nanoparticles

• Andrei Choukourov,
• Pavel Pleskunov,
• Daniil Nikitin,
• Valerii Titov,
• Artem Shelemin,
• Mykhailo Vaidulych,
• Anna Kuzminova,
• Pavel Solař,
• Jan Hanuš,
• Jaroslav Kousal,
• Ondřej Kylián,
• Danka Slavínská and
• Hynek Biederman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2002–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.200

• columns inclined towards the direction of the deposition. Obviously, the porosity of the coatings is greatly increased when it is deposited over the preseeded NPs. This approach also offers the possibility to combine different materials, and hence, to independently tune the surface morphology and the

Bi-layer sandwich film for antibacterial catheters

• Gerhard Franz,
• Florian Schamberger,
• Hamideh Heidari Zare,
• Sara Felicitas Bröskamp and
• Dieter Jocham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1982–2001, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.199

• conformal. This means it needs to exhibit a certain constant porosity along the capillary, i.e., a certain and reliable thickness along the catheter, irrespective of whether the surface of the bottom layer is bent or parallel to the wall. Since the exterior wall surface of the catheter is in intimate

• the capillary. Another challenge is that the degree of porosity depends on the preparation conditions for the protecting layer, in particular of its thickness. The vague expression porosity must be brought into a quantitative relation to the thickness and to the release rate of Ag+ ions. Thickness

• influence on the porosity, and the influence of the above properties on the release rate of antibacterial Ag+ ions. Experimental Silver film Deposition The deposition of metallic silver is an electroless reaction in aqueous solution. Silver ions are reduced by a saccharide (glucose or maltose) at elevated

Fabrication of carbon nanospheres by the pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile–poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell composite nanoparticles

• Dafu Wei,
• Youwei Zhang and
• Jinping Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1897–1908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.190

• point of nitrogen using a surface area and porosity analyzer (ASAP2020, Micromeritics). The specific surface area of the samples was calculated according to BET theory. The pore size of carbon nanospheres was calculated from the desorption branch of nitrogen isotherms using the Barret–Joyner–Halenda

Near-infrared-responsive, superparamagnetic Au@Co nanochains

• Varadee Vittur,
• Arati G. Kolhatkar,
• Shreya Shah,
• Irene Rusakova,
• Dmitri Litvinov and
• T. Randall Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1680–1687, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.168

• , behaved as a soft template for chain growth [47], as described below. Notably, the shells appear to possess varying porosity. Consequently, it is plausible that Co2+ and AuCl4− ions continuously diffused through the shell during the galvanic replacement reaction and thereby gave rise to the formation of

Nanotopographical control of surfaces using chemical vapor deposition processes

• Meike Koenig and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1250–1256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.126

• solid monomer and polymerization. Following the deposition process, the solid monomer is removed via sublimation, leading to membrane structures with dual-scale porosity. The growth rate and the pore size of the resulting membrane can be controlled by the reactor parameters, such as deposition time

A top-down approach for fabricating three-dimensional closed hollow nanostructures with permeable thin metal walls

• Carlos Angulo Barrios and
• Víctor Canalejas-Tejero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1231–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.124

• permeability (e.g., role of porosity, pore size control, diffusion constants, effect of Al thickness and degree of oxidation), which is beyond the scope of this preliminary proof-of-concept work, should provide deeper insight into the mechanisms of the demonstrated emptying process. Figure 3a shows the

Hierarchically structured nanoporous carbon tubes for high pressure carbon dioxide adsorption

• Julia Patzsch,
• Deepu J. Babu and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1135–1144, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.115

• [49] might be one reason for the observed changes in the pore size distribution. Interestingly, changes in the pore structure induced by the high pressure CO2 adsorption are similar to the porosity changes caused by thermal annealing (Table 1). Annealing, similar to high pressure CO2 adsorption, leads

Needs and challenges for assessing the environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)

• Michelle Romero-Franco,
• Hilary A. Godwin,
• Muhammad Bilal and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 989–1014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.101

• composition, surface coating, molecular structure, crystal structure, physical, form/shape, particle size, size distribution and surface area, agglomeration state, particle density, ENM bulk density, porosity, dispersibility, solubility in water and biologically relevant fluids, surface charge, and surface

Relationships between chemical structure, mechanical properties and materials processing in nanopatterned organosilicate fins

• Gheorghe Stan,
• Richard S. Gates,
• Qichi Hu,
• Kevin Kjoller,
• Craig Prater,
• Kanwal Jit Singh,
• Ebony Mays and
• Sean W. King

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 863–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.88

• interconnectivity. Numerous additional blanket/unpatterned film studies have shown a direct correlation between the concentration of such terminal organic groups and porosity and mechanical properties [45][46]. Figure 2a presents AFM-IR spectra of the symmetric SiC–H3 deformation band collected from both the 20, 90

• attributed to the limited penetration depth and diffusion length for ions, radicals and other chemically active species present during plasma etching and ashing, and wet cleans through the overlying hard mask and the interconnected porosity in the organosilicate. More specifically, as the fin dimensions

• by converting the hydroxyl groups back to terminal organic groups via a chemical silylation process that utilizes various alkoyxysilane or organosilazanes and takes advantage of the intrinsic porosity present to allow the silylating agent to easily penetrate the silicate matrix and react with

First examples of organosilica-based ionogels: synthesis and electrochemical behavior

• Andreas Taubert,
• Ruben Löbbicke,
• Barbara Kirchner and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 736–751, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.77

• transformed into 1D radial averages of the scattering intensity [36]. The pore sizes of the monoliths were evaluated via SAXS using the Porod approach [37][38][39][40] with data obtained from BJH pore analysis [35]. The porosity φ of the samples was calculated from BJH data via Equation 1 where ρ is the

• distance (including all oxygen atoms of the SO3H group), and the O(cation)–H(ring) distances, respectively. Synthesis of the IL [BmimSO3H][PTS]. Surface areas, pore volumes, porosity, and BJH average pore sizes derived from SAXS and nitrogen sorption (BET). Tg values obtained from DSC measurements (second

Investigation of the photocatalytic efficiency of tantalum alkoxy carboxylate-derived Ta₂O₅ nanoparticles in rhodamine B removal

• Subia Ambreen,
• Mohammad Danish,
• Narendra D. Pandey and
• Ashutosh Pandey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 604–613, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.65

• and CeO2, serve as potential photocatalysts [1][2][3][4]. The properties of the metal oxide nanoparticles (surface area, band gap, porosity) determine its photocatalytic activity for the degradation of organic pollutants from water. Because of properties such as high refractive index and large band

Liquid permeation and chemical stability of anodic alumina membranes

• Dmitrii I. Petukhov,
• Dmitrii A. Buldakov,
• Alexey A. Tishkin,
• Alexey V. Lukashin and
• Andrei A. Eliseev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 561–570, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.60

• and exceptional transport characteristics. A very narrow pore size distribution, low pore tortuosity and controllable membrane porosity make AAO one of the top performers given its permeability/pore diameter ratio [1]. The synthetic procedure of AAO membranes enables significant tunability of the

• various porosity parameters (channel diameter 5–400 nm, interpore distance 20–600 nm, porosity 10–50%, thickness from 500 nm to 300 µm) [2][3][4]. It also allows membranes with a hierarchical porous structure to be obtained, where a supporting macroporous layer (aimed to provide mechanical durability

• experiments. (a) Dependence of liquid flux vs transmembrane pressure for membrane AAO_120V with average pore diameter of 90 ± 10 nm and thickness of 100 μm and (b) dependence of liquid permeance on the inverse viscosity of the liquid for 100 μm membranes AAO_40V (Dpore = 40 nm; 10% porosity), AAO_120V (Dpore

Diffusion and surface alloying of gradient nanostructured metals

• Zhenbo Wang and
• Ke Lu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 547–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.59

• the grain sizes are usually in the sub-micrometer scale (>200 nm) and numerous dislocations exist in grains [28]. The microstructural observations revealed that the GNS layers on metals processed by surface mechanical attrition treatments (SMAT) are porosity-free, and the mean grain sizes are on the

Thin SnO_x films for surface plasmon resonance enhanced ellipsometric gas sensing (SPREE)

• Daniel Fischer,
• Andreas Hertwig,
• Uwe Beck,
• Volkmar Lohse,
• Detlef Negendank,
• Martin Kormunda and
• Norbert Esser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 522–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.56

• < 0.2 nm). Due to the low Rq value, roughness effects were not taken into account for explanation of the results. Furthermore, no indication of changes in the porosity of the layers which probably could effect the gas sensing ability was found. The gas sensing technique called surface plasmon resonance

• providing additional binding sites using a doped overcoating or by enhancing the porosity of the layer, the sensitivity of the gas measurement will be raised. Additionally, the pressure of the gas volume will have an effect to the measured signal because it is proportional to the amount of adsorbed