Hydroxyapatite–bioglass nanocomposites: Structural, mechanical, and biological aspects

• Olga Shikimaka,
• Mihaela Bivol,
• Bogdan A. Sava,
• Marius Dumitru,
• Christu Tardei,
• Beatrice G. Sbarcea,
• Daria Grabco,
• Constantin Pyrtsac,
• Daria Topal,
• Andrian Prisacaru,
• Vitalie Cobzac and
• Viorel Nacu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1490–1504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.123

• (HA), obtained by precipitate (HAP) and sol–gel (HAG) methods, and a boro-silico-phosphate bioglass. The microstructure and chemical, mechanical, and biological properties as functions of three factors, namely (i) the type of hydroxyapatite, (ii) glass content, and (iii) sintering temperature, were

• sintering temperature [21][22][23]. Moreover, the addition of the glass can contribute to the improvement of mechanical characteristics of the HA-BG composites, such as hardness, fracture toughness, and compressive strength, which is important for load-bearing applications [21][22][24][25][26]. Thus, BGs

• can induce new chemical, biological, and mechanical properties to HA-BG composites, which can be controlled by modifying glass fraction and composition. In this study, we have elaborated and investigated HA-BG composites containing a boro-silico-phosphate bioglass of the following composition: 10B2O3

Frequency-dependent nanomechanical profiling for medical diagnosis

• Santiago D. Solares and
• Alexander X. Cartagena-Rivera

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1483–1489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.122

• Santiago D. Solares Alexander X. Cartagena-Rivera Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington, District of Columbia, USA Section on Mechanobiology, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and

• mechanical changes in the affected tissues. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; healthcare; mechanical properties; mechanobiology; medical diagnosis; Introduction Since its invention in the early 1980s, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been extensively used for topographical, mechanical, electrical, and

• chemical characterization of surfaces ranging from semiconductors and metals to polymers and biological materials [1][2][3][4][5]. In particular, a variety of mechanical property measurement methods have been developed, although most of them are restricted to relatively simple physical descriptions, such

Structural studies and selected physical investigations of LiCoO₂ obtained by combustion synthesis

• Monika Michalska,
• Paweł Ławniczak,
• Tomasz Strachowski,
• Adam Ostrowski and
• Waldemar Bednarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1473–1482, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.121

• produced in the form of powders, fibers, and films by using various processing techniques including wet chemical synthesis, such as the sol–gel method [33][34][35], precipitation [36], hydrothermal [37][38][39] and spray pyrolysis [40][41]. Also, solid-state synthesis methods, such as mechanical synthesis

Double-layer symmetric gratings with bound states in the continuum for dual-band high-Q optical sensing

• Chaoying Shi,
• Jinhua Hu,
• Xiuhong Liu,
• Junfang Liang,
• Jijun Zhao,
• Haiyan Han and
• Qiaofen Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1408–1417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.116

• substrate in an adhesive bonding process. Next, another bare SOI chip was bonded to the previously fabricated recipient substrate as a donor substrate, which is spin-coated using SU-8 on both the recipient and donor substrates. The silicon handle of the donor substrate is then removed by mechanical

Straight roads into nowhere – obvious and not-so-obvious biological models for ferrophobic surfaces

• Wilfried Konrad,
• Christoph Neinhuis and
• Anita Roth-Nebelsick

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1345–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.111

• gas/liquid interface and the forces acting on this interface should be in stable mechanical equilibrium, that is, the (extra) forces generated by a (small) displacement of the interface should be able to push the system back to its equilibrium position. In case of liquid iron flowing over the tuyère

• that this is the case for all physically reasonable values of θ and ε. The mechanical stability of the interface is treated in appendix C. It turns out that the simple cone geometry (simple compared to the indentations shown in Figure 9) with a maximum radius sc ≈ 5 mm is a good choice. Interfaces that

• in situations compatible with these specifications an interface forms that has the shape of a spherical surface [46]. C. Mechanical stability of a gas/liquid interface An gas/liquid interface is mechanically stable if it reacts to a perturbation (such as a pressure fluctuation causing a small shift

Recent trends in Bi-based nanomaterials: challenges, fabrication, enhancement techniques, and environmental applications

• Vishal Dutta,
• Ankush Chauhan,
• Ritesh Verma,
• C. Gopalkrishnan and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1316–1336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.109

• . It has been shown that the hydrothermal method of fabricating Bi-based semiconductor photocatalysts offers some significant benefits. Nanostructured materials have several advantages, including a more adaptable area for more detailed reconstruction, confinement effects, superior mechanical stability

Bending and punching characteristics of aluminum sheets using the quasi-continuum method

• Man-Ping Chang,
• Shang-Jui Lin and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.108

• Man-Ping Chang Shang-Jui Lin Te-Hua Fang Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan 10.3762/bjnano.13.108 Abstract The nano-punching characteristics of single-crystalline aluminum are investigated using the quasi

• , nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), environmental science, and semiconductors [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. The increased requirements for advanced nanostructures simultaneously give rise to extensive researches in precision machining techniques, including nanoimprinting lithography (NIL) [11][12], mechanical nano

• investigating the nano-punching processing was the quasi-continuum (QC) method, which has been extensively studied in recent decades [45][46][47][48][49][50]. Wu et al. used the QC method to simulate the fracture and cracking of metallic bilayer materials and found that those materials have lower mechanical

Growing up in a rough world: scaling of frictional adhesion and morphology of the Tokay gecko (Gekko gecko)

• Anthony J. Cobos and
• Timothy E. Higham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1292–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.107

• size will have varying clinging and locomotor performance on rough surfaces. Allometry plays a significant role in natural systems by imparting physical constraints of supporting different body sizes, but also in the mechanical consequences in relation to locomotion [40][41][42][43]. Scaling becomes

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• . Applications range from mechanical and electrical sample characterization to measurements in liquids [1][2][3][4] and even in living cells [5][6][7][8]. The critical element of an AFM is the scanning probe itself, which is usually represented by a micro-cantilever beam equipped with a conical scanning tip. As

• mechanical properties of the cantilever beam directly affect the performance, measurement resolution, and image quality of the AFM instrument. AFM probe tips [9][10] are generally fabricated with coatings, carbon nanotubes, magnetic nanoparticles, or even protein functionalization. A combination of probe

• can also be used as a nanolight source or nanoscalpel to manipulate and operate on cells directly. Carbon nanotube probe Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered an ideal AFM tip material due to their small diameter, high aspect ratio, mechanical robustness, large Young's modulus, and well-defined

Role of titanium and organic precursors in molecular layer deposition of “titanicone” hybrid materials

• Arbresha Muriqi and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1240–1255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.103

• deposition of conformal and smooth films with a controlled thickness at Angstrom level [3][9]. The advantages offered by hybrid organic–inorganic MLD films are that they are ultrathin films with high flexibility, have tunable properties and excellent mechanical and electronic properties resulting from the

• are described as O–M–O–(CHx)y–O–M–O. Metalcones are known to be flexible in nature due to the flexible organic backbones present in their architectures and with excellent mechanical properties at the atomic and molecular level arising from the organometallic precursors [16][17]. The first metalcone

Roll-to-roll fabrication of superhydrophobic pads covered with nanofur for the efficient clean-up of oil spills

• Patrick Weiser,
• Robin Kietz,
• Marc Schneider,
• Matthias Worgull and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1228–1239, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.102

• mechanical stability of nanofur during hot pulling is sufficient, and the sacrificial layer is not needed. Future research might show how other polymers, especially biodegradable ones, can be hot-pulled in a R2R process. Furthermore, it might be possible to produce thin nanofur without sacrificial layer

A super-oscillatory step-zoom metalens for visible light

• Yi Zhou,
• Chao Yan,
• Peng Tian,
• Zhu Li,
• Yu He,
• Bin Fan,
• Zhiyong Wang,
• Yao Deng and
• Dongliang Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1220–1227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.101

• , China Sichuan Jiuzhou Electric Group Co., Ltd, Mianyang 621000, China School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies for Micro-fabrication, Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu

• -layer step-zoom metalens can be switched between two different focal lengths by controlling the handedness of the incident circularly polarized light. It is superior to the traditional zoom lens since there is no mechanical movement and the image plane of the double-layer step-zoom metalens keeps

Application of nanoarchitectonics in moist-electric generation

• Jia-Cheng Feng and
• Hong Xia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1185–1200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.99

• nanoarchitectonics concept in functional devices has been a hot research topic in recent years, and nanoarchitectonics has a significant impact on the improvement of mechanical structural strength, electrical conductivity, and optoelectronic properties [1][2][3]. The high porosity of nanostructured materials has a

Microneedle-based ocular drug delivery systems – recent advances and challenges

• Piotr Gadziński,
• Anna Froelich,
• Monika Wojtyłko,
• Antoni Białek,
• Julia Krysztofiak and
• Tomasz Osmałek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1167–1184, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.98

• deliver the full amount of the drug is usually a few minutes; therefore, these microneedles are frequently designed to separate from the pedestal and remain in the tissue [114]. Among the most important disadvantages of dissolving microneedles, a low mechanical strength resulting in difficulties with

• fluconazole, a widely known antifungal agent, employed in this formulation for potential keratitis treatment. As justification for the use of PLA, the authors indicated poor mechanical properties of HA and the associated risk of needle deformation during production and application. PLA served both as a

• . Multiple parameters were evaluated, namely the physical and mechanical properties, ocular permeation, FS remaining in ocular tissue, dissolution time, insertion force, insertion depth, and ex vivo ocular drug delivery. The permeation studies on porcine eyeballs showed that, after application of the MN

A cantilever-based, ultrahigh-vacuum, low-temperature scanning probe instrument for multidimensional scanning force microscopy

• Hao Liu,
• Zuned Ahmed,
• Sasa Vranjkovic,
• Manfred Parschau,
• Andrada-Oana Mandru and
• Hans J. Hug

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1120–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.95

• conditions are performed with tuning fork-based AFM, the vast majority of the AFM works performed under ambient conditions rely on microfabricated cantilevers that detect based on various mechanical properties and tips. Microfabricated cantilevers can be optimized for different AFM applications and

• is achieved through electrical connections between the microscope and the connectors on the cryostat bottom plate together with gold-coated Cu braids that connect the Cu cone to the cryostat bottom but keep a high mechanical flexibility (Figure 2b). Note that for the electrical connections between

• pulley system that locks in at the microscope bottom such that a mechanical contact between the Cu cone and the cone-shaped part of the LHe microscope shield is achieved. To obtain access to the microscope, the LN2 shield can be rotated such that it connects to the inner LHe shield to open up an access

Biomimetic chitosan with biocomposite nanomaterials for bone tissue repair and regeneration

• Se-Kwon Kim,
• Sesha Subramanian Murugan,
• Pandurang Appana Dalavi,
• Sebanti Gupta,
• Sukumaran Anil,
• Gi Hun Seong and
• Jayachandran Venkatesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1051–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.92

• phosphatase, bone morphogenic protein, runt-related transcription factor-2, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin. In vitro and in vivo studies highlight the scientific findings of antibacterial activity, tissue integration, stiffness, mechanical strength, and degradation behaviour of composite materials for

• combination of materials, growth factors, and cells [4]. Both natural and synthetic materials have been extensively studied for bone graft substitutes [5][6]. Natural biomaterials often are biocompatible, biodegradable, and less toxic to cells, whereas synthetic biomaterials have excellent mechanical strength

• . The rough surface of the materials at the nanoscale helps cellular peptide adhesion for better stem cell growth and differentiation [12][13]. Nanomaterials have several advantages such as high surface area, increased mechanical strength, and induction of several important genes for bone tissue repair

Effects of focused electron beam irradiation parameters on direct nanostructure formation on Ag surfaces

• Jānis Sniķeris,
• Vjačeslavs Gerbreders,
• Andrejs Bulanovs and
• Ēriks Sļedevskis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1004–1010, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.87

• surfaces undergoing irradiation by a focused electron beam. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; electron beam; lithography; nanostructure; silver; sputtering; surface; Introduction Metallic nanostructures have various uses, including in nano-electro-mechanical systems [1], plasmonic biosensors [2], and

• nanostructures could be controlled and modified in a beneficial way. This, however, would require further research on the various properties (electric, magnetic, optical, and mechanical) of nanostructures obtained through irradiation by a focused EB on metal surfaces. Conclusion In this work we explored how

Interaction between honeybee mandibles and propolis

• Leonie Saccardi,
• Franz Brümmer,
• Jonas Schiebl,
• Oliver Schwarz,
• Alexander Kovalev and
• Stanislav Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 958–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.84

• substances. Similar to tree resins, which contaminate the surfaces of processing tools, propolis also adheres well to different types of surfaces [1]. Bees use propolis as a building material, for example to seal cracks and smooth out the internal walls of the hive [2][3]. In addition to its mechanical

• experiments. (A) Experimental set-up for adhesion testing with the Basalt-01 mechanical tester (Tetra GmbH). (B) Propolis contact in the presence of fluid (mineral oil) and without fluid. (C) Schematic of a bee mandible. Adhesion measurements were conducted along the arrow, the circle represents the size of

Design of a biomimetic, small-scale artificial leaf surface for the study of environmental interactions

• Miriam Anna Huth,
• Axel Huth,
• Lukas Schreiber and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 944–957, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.83

• functions (Figure 1). Among other things, it protects against herbivores and pathogens, provides mechanical stability, reflects harmful UV radiation [2][3][4][5][6], and mainly protects the plant from desiccation [7][8]. The cuticular waxes contribute significantly to this barrier function. Plant waxes

• cell development, (4) resistance to mechanical stress, (5) control of water loss, (6) control of solute uptake, (7) protection from hazardous radiation, (8) reduction of spore, bacterial, and viral attachment, (9) self-cleaning ability (modified after [9]). Schematic drawing of the device for wax

Comparing the performance of single and multifrequency Kelvin probe force microscopy techniques in air and water

• Jason I. Kilpatrick,
• Emrullah Kargin and
• Brian J. Rodriguez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 922–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.82

• forces in KPFM is generally expressed as the minimum detectable CPD [53], and is directly limited by the geometry of the interaction, thermal noise of the cantilever, and the detection noise limits of the AFM [36][54]. Cantilevers have a number of eigenmodes, ωn, where there is a mechanical enhancement

• ]. The regulation of tip–sample distance in KPFM imaging is generally performed by employing a feedback loop that maintains the mechanical oscillation amplitude of the cantilever at the fundamental eigenmode, ω1, at a fixed value. This precludes simultaneous measurement of electrostatic forces on this

• eigenmode (the SNR is highest on ω1). As such, strategies for achieving high SNRs generally focus on three areas: (1) Lift mode – here the surface under investigation is mapped in two passes, the first pass with only a mechanical excitation applied at ω1 and the second pass with only the electrical

Bioselectivity of silk protein-based materials and their bio-inspired applications

• Hendrik Bargel,
• Vanessa T. Trossmann,
• Christoph Sommer and
• Thomas Scheibel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 902–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.81

• , natural biological adhesives are complex materials that have evolved to meet the various functional demands. Bioadhesion can be found in the range of the micro- to the macroscale [7]. Adhesion principles include contact mechanical principles such as capillary interactions, viscous forces, non-covalent

• junctions, which are critical for electrical and mechanical coupling between adjacent cardiomyocytes [9]. The immunoglobulin superfamily is one of the largest and most diverse protein families. They are characterized by the presence of at least one immunoglobulin or immunoglobulin-like domain. Most members

• environment are surrounded by a unique, complex ECM consisting of a variety of molecules and proteins showing a diversity of assembled morphologies, structures and folding states, which are essential for their assigned functions. Besides structural and mechanical support, the present proteins are direct

Micro-structures, nanomechanical properties and flight performance of three beetles with different folding ratios

• Jiyu Sun,
• Pengpeng Li,
• Yongwei Yan,
• Fa Song,
• Nuo Xu and
• Zhijun Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 845–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.75

• Jiyu Sun Pengpeng Li Yongwei Yan Fa Song Nuo Xu Zhijun Zhang Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China Key Laboratory of CNC Equipment Reliability (Ministry of Education) and School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

Temperature and chemical effects on the interfacial energy between a Ga–In–Sn eutectic liquid alloy and nanoscopic asperities

• Yujin Han,
• Pierre-Marie Thebault,
• Corentin Audes,
• Xuelin Wang,
• Haiwoong Park,
• Jian-Zhong Jiang and
• Arnaud Caron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 817–827, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.72

• . The authors compared different modifications of the Hertzian contact mechanical model for elastic solids to account for adhesion. The authors found that the measured adhesion significantly depends on the maximum load applied before retraction. In the case of a plastic contact, adhesion was larger than

Optimizing PMMA solutions to suppress contamination in the transfer of CVD graphene for batch production

• Chun-Da Liao,
• Andrea Capasso,
• Tiago Queirós,
• Telma Domingues,
• Fatima Cerqueira,
• Nicoleta Nicoara,
• Jérôme Borme,
• Paulo Freitas and
• Pedro Alpuim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 796–806, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.70

• average molecular weight (AMW) and weight concentration in anisole, to be deposited by spin coating. Optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy showed that the amount of PMMA residues on transferred graphene is proportional to the AMW and concentration in the solvent. At the same time, the mechanical

• strength of the PMMA layer is proportional to the AMW. These tests served to design an optimized PMMA solution made of a mixture of 550,000 (550k) and 15,000 (15k) AMW PMMA in anisole at 3% concentration. In this design, PMMA-550k provided suitable mechanical strength against breakage during the transfer

• as a supporting layer to (i) retain the integrity of graphene during the wet-etching bath required to dissolve the metallic substrate and (ii) provide mechanical stability when transferring graphene to the target substrates. During this process, two primary external sources of contamination need to

Efficient liquid exfoliation of KP₁₅ nanowires aided by Hansen's empirical theory

• Zhaoxuan Huang,
• Zhikang Jiang,
• Nan Tian,
• Disheng Yao,
• Fei Long,
• Yanhan Yang and
• Danmin Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 788–795, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.69

• weak interaction between these chains [3][4]. Therefore, those 1D materials have defect-free surfaces, high anisotropy, and carrier mobility. For example, TiS3 nanowires obtained by mechanical stripping have a large carrier mobility of about 10000 cm2·V−1·s−1 [5][6][7]. Fibrous phosphorus is also a new